Food grading

A screenshot from the electronic grading system showing USDA Choice, Yield Grade 2 beef. The left is the natural color view of the cut; the right is the instrument enhanced view that details the amount of marbling, size, and fat thickness.
Optical sorting achieves non-destructive, 100 percent inspection in-line at full production volumes

Food grading involves the inspection, assessment and sorting of various foods regarding quality, freshness, legal conformity and market value.[1][2] Food grading often occurs by hand, in which foods are assessed and sorted.[1][2] Machinery is also used to grade foods, and may involve sorting products by size, shape and quality.[1][2] For example, machinery can be used to remove spoiled food from fresh product.[1][2]

By food type

Beef

Inspected beef carcasses tagged by the USDA

Beef grading in the United States is performed by the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Agricultural and Marketing Service.[3] There are eight beef quality grades, with U.S. Prime being the highest grade and U.S. Canner being the lowest grade. Beef grading is a complex and detailed process, requiring graders to think and calculate quickly with great accuracy. Using technology to complement and supplement the onsite human graders generates an efficient and more precise process.

Beer

Main article: Beer measurement

In beer grading, the letter "X" is used on some beers, and was traditionally a mark of beer strength, with the more Xs the greater the strength. Some sources suggest that the origin of the mark was in the breweries of medieval monasteries[4] Another plausible explanation is contained in a treatise entitled "The Art of Brewing" published in London in 1829. It says; "The duties on ale and beer, which were first imposed in 1643... at a certain period, in distinguishing between small beer and strong, all ale or beer, sold at or above ten shillings per barrel, was reckoned to be strong and was, therefore, subjected to a higher duty. The cask which contained this strong beer was then first marked with an X signifying ten; and hence the present quack-like denominations of XX (double X) and XXX (treble X) on the casks and accounts of the strong-ale brewers".[5]

In mid-19th century England, the use of "X" and other letters had evolved into a standardised grading system for the strength of beer.[6] Today, it is used as a trade mark by a number of brewers in the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth and the United States.

European Bitterness Units scale, often abbreviated as EBU, is a scale for measuring the perceived bitterness of beer,[7] with lower values being generally "less bitter" and higher values "more bitter". The scale and method are defined by the European Brewery Convention, and the numerical value should be the same as of the International Bitterness Units scale (IBU), defined in co-operation with the American Society of Brewing Chemists.[8] However, the exact process of determining EBU and IBU values differs slightly, which may in theory result with slightly smaller values for EBU than IBU.[9]

The International Bittering Units scale, or simply IBU scale, provides a measure of the bitterness of beer, which is provided by the hops used during brewing. Bittering units are measured through the use of a spectrophotometer and solvent extraction.[10]

Butter

Main article: Butter grading

Coconut milk

Several grades of coconut milk exist: from thick at 20-22% fat to thin at 5-7% fat level.

Coffee

Dark-roasted coffee beans

Coffee growers, traders, and roasters grade beans based on size, color, and a variety of other characteristics. Coffees of exceptional quality are traded as "specialty coffees" and fetch a higher price in the international market.[11]

After the roast, Coffee grading involves assessment of roasted coffee seed colorization and then labeling as light, medium light, medium, medium dark, dark, or very dark. A more accurate method of discerning the degree of roast involves measuring the reflected light from roasted seeds illuminated with a light source in the near infrared spectrum. This elaborate light meter uses a process known as spectroscopy to return a number that consistently indicates the roasted coffee's relative degree of roast or flavor development.

Eggs

In the United States, egg grading is performed by the USDA, and is based upon the interior quality of the egg (see Haugh unit) and the appearance and condition of the egg shell. Eggs of any quality grade may differ in weight (size). Egg grading is performed by candling, which involves observing the interior of eggs by placing them in front of a bright light.[2]

Guar gum

Guar gum grading involves analysis for coloration, viscosity, moisture, granulation, protein content and insolubles ash.

Honey

Honey grading in the United States is performed voluntarily based upon USDA standards (USDA does offer inspection and grading "as on-line (in-plant) or lot inspection...upon application, on a fee-for-service basis.") . Honey is graded based upon a number of factors, including water content, flavor and aroma, absence of defects and clarity. Honey is also classified by color though it is not a factor in the grading scale.[12] U.S. honey grade scales are Grade A, Grade B, Grade C and Grade substandard.

Lobster

A lobster

In the U.S., lobster grading involves denoting lobsters as new-shell, hard-shell or old-shell, and because lobsters which have recently shed their shells are the most delicate, there is an inverse relationship between the price of American lobster and its flavour. New-shell lobsters have paper-thin shells and a worse meat-to-shell ratio, but the meat is very sweet. However, the lobsters are so delicate that even transport to Boston almost kills them, making the market for new-shell lobsters strictly local to the fishing towns where they are offloaded. Hard-shell lobsters with firm shells, but with less sweet meat, can survive shipping to Boston, New York and even Los Angeles, so they command a higher price than new-shell lobsters. Meanwhile, old-shell lobsters, which have not shed since the previous season and have a coarser flavour, can be air-shipped anywhere in the world and arrive alive, making them the most expensive. One seafood guide notes that an eight-dollar lobster dinner at a restaurant overlooking fishing piers in Maine is consistently delicious, while "the eighty-dollar lobster in a three-star Paris restaurant is apt to be as much about presentation as flavor".[13]

Maple syrup

Maple syrup from Quebec, graded as No. 1, Light (enlarge image to read the label atop the can)

In Canada, the grading of maple syrup involves classification by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) of maple syrups into one of three grades, each with several colour classes: Canada No. 1, including Extra Light, Light, and Medium; No. 2 Amber; and finally No. 3 Dark or any other ungraded category. Producers in Quebec and Ontario may follow either federal or provincial grading guidelines, which differ slightly.

The United States uses different grading standards. Maple syrup is divided into two major grades: Grade A and Grade B. Grade A is further divided into three subgrades: Light Amber (sometimes known as Fancy), Medium Amber, and Dark Amber. The Vermont Agency of Agriculture Food and Markets uses a similar grading system of color, and is roughly equivalent, especially for lighter syrups, but using letters: "AA", "A", etc.[14][15] The Vermont grading system differs from the US system in maintaining a slightly higher standard of product density (measured on the Baumé scale). New Hampshire maintains a similar standard, but not a separate state grading scale. The Vermont-graded product has 0.9 percent more sugar and less water in its composition than US-graded. One grade of syrup not for table use, called commercial or Grade C, is also produced under the Vermont system.[16] Vermont inspectors enforce strict syrup grading regulations, and can fine producers up to US$1000 for labelling syrup incorrectly.[17]

Milk

In the United States, there are two grades of milk, with Grade A primarily used for direct sales and consumption in stores, and Grade B used for indirect consumption, such as in cheese making or other processing.

The differences between the two grades are defined in the Wisconsin administrative code for Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection, chapter 60.[18] Grade B generally refers to milk that is cooled in milk cans, which are immersed in a bath of cold flowing water that typically is drawn up from an underground water well rather than using mechanical refrigeration.

Oranges

The USDA has established the following grades for Florida oranges, which primarily apply to oranges sold as fresh fruit: US Fancy, US No. 1 Bright, US No. 1, US No. 1 Golden, US No. 1 Bronze, US No. 1 Russet, US No. 2 Bright, US No. 2, US No. 2 Russet, and US No. 3.[19] The general characteristics graded are color (both hue and uniformity), firmness, maturity, varietal characteristics, texture, and shape. Fancy, the highest grade, requires the highest grade of color and an absence of blemishes, while the terms Bright, Golden, Bronze, and Russet concern solely discoloration.

Peas

Peas

Pea grading involves sorting peas by size, in which smallest peas are graded as the highest quality for their tenderness.[2] Brines may be used, in which peas are floated in them, from which their density can be determined.[2]

Potatoes

In the U.S., potato grading for Idaho potatoes is performed in which No. 1 potatoes are the highest quality and No. 2 are rated as lower in quality due to their appearance (e.g. blemishes or bruises, pointy ends).[20] Density assessment can be performed by floating them in brines.[2] High density potatoes are desirable in the production of dehydrated mashed potatoes, potato crisps and french fries.[2]

Rice

The main criteria used by many countries and millers in rice grading are degree of milling, appearance (color), damaged (broken) and percentage of chalky kernels. In the United States rice is marketed according to three main properties size, color and condition (kernels damage), these properties are directly related to quality, milling percentage and other processing conditions.[21] All properties are considered important in grading. For instance, chalky kernels are not desirable because they give lower milling yields after processing and easily break during handling.

Spices

Cinnamon

In Sri Lanka, cinnamon grading is performed by dividing cinnamon quills into four groups, which are then further divided into specific grades.

Vanilla

People grading vanilla beans in Sambava, Madagascar

Several vanilla fruit grading systems are in use. Each country which produces vanilla has its own grading system,[22] and individual vendors, in turn, sometimes use their own criteria for describing the quality of the fruits they offer for sale.[23]

Tea

Main article: Tea leaf grading

In the western black tea industry, tea leaf grading is the process of evaluating products based on the quality and condition of the tea leaves themselves. The highest grades are referred to as "orange pekoe", and the lowest as "fannings" or "dust". This grading system is based upon the size of processed and dried black tea leaves. Despite a purported Chinese origin, these grading terms are typically used for teas from Sri Lanka, India and countries other than China; they are not generally known within Chinese-speaking countries.

Black tea

Black tea grading is usually based upon one of four scales of quality. Whole-leaf teas are the highest quality, followed by broken leaves, fannings, and dusts. Whole-leaf teas are produced with little or no alteration to the tea leaf. This results in a finished product with a coarser texture than that of bagged teas. Whole-leaf teas are widely considered the most valuable, especially if they contain leaf tips. Broken leaves are commonly sold as medium-grade loose teas. Smaller broken varieties may be included in tea bags.

Rooibos

Rooibos grades are largely related to the proportion of "needle" or leaf to stem content in the mix. A higher leaf content will result in a darker liquor, richer flavour and less "dusty" aftertaste. The high-grade rooibos is exported and does not reach local markets, with major consumers being in the EU, particularly Germany, where it is used in creating flavoured blends for loose-leaf tea markets. In development within South Africa are a small number of specialty tea companies producing similar blends.

Food additives and preservatives

Carrageenan

There are two basic grades of carrageenan, refined carrageenan (RC) and semi-refined carrageenan (SRC). In the United States, RC and SRC are both labeled as carrageenan. In the European Union, RC is designated by the E number E-407, and SRC is E-407a. RC has a 2% maximum for acid-insoluble material and is produced through an alcohol precipitation process or potassium chloride gel press process. SRC contains a much higher level of cellulosic content and is produced in a less complex process. Indonesia, the Philippines, and Chile are three main sources of raw material and extracted carrageenan.

Lye

Lye is used to cure foods such as lutefisk, olives (making them less bitter), canned mandarin oranges, hominy, lye rolls, century eggs, and pretzels. It is also used as a tenderizer in the crust of baked Cantonese moon cakes, and in lye-water "zongzi" (glutinous rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves), chewy southern Chinese noodles popular in Hong Kong and southern China, and Japanese ramen noodles. In the United States, food-grade lye must meet the requirements outlined in the Food Chemicals Codex (FCC),[24] as prescribed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).[25] Lower or more caustic grades of lye are commonly used as drain de-cloggers and oven cleaners. As a result, such grades should not be used for food preparation, as they would be too poisonous for human consumption.[25]

Sodium bisulfate

Sodium bisulfate is used as a food additive to leaven cake mixes (make them rise) as well as being used in meat and poultry processing and most recently in browning prevention of fresh-cut produce. The food-grade product meets the requirements set out in the Food Chemicals Codex. It is denoted by E number E514ii in the EU and is approved for use in Australia and New Zealand[26] where it is listed as additive 514. Food-grade sodium bisulfate is used in a variety of food products, including beverages, dressings, sauces, and fillings. It has many synonyms[27] (bisulfate of soda, sodium bisulfate, sodium acid sulfate, monosodium hydrogen sulfate, monosodium salt, sodium hydrogen sulfate, sodium hydrosulfate, sodium pyrosulfate, sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid sodium salt (1:1)).

By country

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Saravacos, George D.; Maroulis, Zacharias B. (2011).Food Process Engineering Operations. CRC Press. pp. 198-199. ISBN 1439877858
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sivasankar, B. (2002). Food Processing and Preservation. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. pp. 175-177. ISBN 8120320867
  3. ↑ Parker, R.O. (2001).Introduction to Food Science.Cengage Learning. pp. 272-277. ISBN 0766813142
  4. ↑ Beer: Health and Nutrition, Charles W. Bamforth, Blackwell Science Ltd 2004 ISBN 0-632-06446-3 p.34
  5. ↑ The Art of Brewing (Published under the superintendance of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge), Baldwin & Craddock, London 1829 p.2
  6. ↑ http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/beer_strengths_1860_1900.pdf
  7. ↑ Lehigh Valley Homebrewers (2007). "Beer and Brewing Glossary". Retrieved 2009-08-05. IBUs (International Bittering Units) - The accepted worldwide standard for measuring bitterness in beer, also known as EBU, based on the estimated alpha acid percentage of the hops used and the length of time they are boiled.
  8. ↑ European Brewery Convention. "The Analysis Committee". Retrieved 2009-08-05. The EBC Analysis Committee also works closely together with the 'American Society of Brewing Chemists' (ASBC) to establish so-called 'International methods' with world-wide recognition of applicability. A partnership declaration between EBC and ASBC has been signed. The integration of the IOB methods of analysis and EBC methods is nearing completion.
  9. ↑ ajdelange (2009-06-11). "Difference between IBU and EBU". Retrieved 2009-08-05. Because the absorption decreases pretty quickly with time at the completion of extraction the EBC reported value will, in general, be a little smaller than ASBC reported value unless the beer requires centrifugation. For all practical considerations the two systems should give the same results.
  10. ↑ "Methods of Analysis". American Society of Brewing Chemists. 1996: Beer–23:1–4. |contribution= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ Specialty Coffee Association of America. Green Coffee Protocols Accessed April 20, 2015.
  12. ↑ "United States Standards for Grades of Extracted Honey". USDA. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
  13. ↑ Johnson, Paul (2007). "Lobster". Fish Forever: The Definitive Guide to Understanding, Selecting, and Preparing Healthy, Delicious, and Environmentally Sustainable Seafood. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 163–175. ISBN 978-0-7645-8779-5.
  14. ↑ "Maple Syrup Grades Vermont". Vermont Maple Syrup. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  15. ↑ Ciesla 2002, p. 41.
  16. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". Cornell Sugar Maple Research & Extension Program. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  17. ↑ Eagleson & Hasner 2006, p. 33.
  18. ↑ Wisconsin administrative code for Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection, Chapter ATCP 60. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-11-24.
  19. ↑ United States Standards for Grades of Florida Oranges and Tangelos (USDA; February, 1997)
  20. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". Idaho Potato Commission. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  21. ↑ Serna-Saldivar, S.O. 2012. Cereal grains Laboratory Reference and Procedures Manual. Food Preservation Technology Series. LLC NW. CRC Press. Taylor and Francis Group.
  22. ↑ Havkin-Frenkel, Daphna; Belanger, Faith C. (2011). Handbook of Vanilla Science and Technology. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 142–145. ISBN 978-1-4051-9325-2.
  23. ↑ "Vanilla". VanillaReview.com. Retrieved 2012-01-15.
  24. ↑ "USP Food Ingredient Standards". Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  25. 1 2 "Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act)". Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  26. ↑ "Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code - Standard 1.2.4 - Labelling of Ingredients". Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  27. ↑ Noshly. "Sodium hydrogen sulfate - 514ii - Noshly - Food Additive & Ingredients Reference". Noshly. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  28. ↑ Directorate of Marketing and Inspection. 'Promotion of Standardisation and Grading of Agricultural and Allied Produce'.
  29. ↑ ":: Ministry of Food Processing Industries ::". Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  30. ↑ "Slush and stench". The Hindu. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  31. ↑ K. Santhosh. "Nectar of kindness". The Hindu. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  32. ↑ Staff Reporter. "Minister inaugurates open auction system at market". The Hindu. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  33. ↑ National Institute of Open Schooling. 'Wise Buying.'

Further reading

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