Hominy

A bowl of cooked hominy.

Dried (uncooked) form of hominy (US Quarter and Mexican 1 peso coins pictured for size comparison.)

Hominy is a food which consists of dried maize kernels that have been treated with an alkali in a process called nixtamalization.

Production

To make hominy, field corn (maize) grain is dried, then treated by soaking and cooking the mature (hard) grain in a dilute solution of lye, slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) or wood ash, a process termed nixtamalization. The soaked maize is washed, and then ground into masa. When fresh masa is dried and powdered, it becomes masa seca or masa harina.

Lye, lime and ash are highly alkaline: the alkalinity helps the dissolution of hemicellulose, the major glue-like component of the maize cell walls, and loosens the hulls from the kernels and softens the corn. Some of the corn oil is broken down into emulsifying agents (monoglycerides and diglycerides), while bonding of the corn proteins to each other is also facilitated. The divalent calcium in lime acts as a cross-linking agent for protein and polysaccharide acidic side chains. As a result, while cornmeal made from untreated ground corn is unable by itself to form a dough with the addition of water, the chemical changes in masa allow dough formation, which is essential to the ability to fashion dough into tortillas. Also, soaking the corn in lime^[1] kills the seed's germ, which keeps it from sprouting while in storage. Finally, in addition to providing a source of dietary calcium, the lime reacts with the corn so that the nutrient niacin can be assimilated by the digestive tract.

Previously the consumption of untreated corn was thought to cause pellagra. It was thought that the cause was from the corn or some infectious element carried by untreated corn. However, further advancements have shown that it is merely a correlational relationship not causal. In the 1700 and 1800s, areas highly dependent on corn as a staple diet were more likely to have pellagra. This is due to the fact that the niacin (the deficiency present in pellagra) found in untreated corn is not available for absorption in humans. The process of nixtamalization frees niacin into a state where it can be absorbed into the intestines. This was primarily elucidated by exploring why persons in Mexico, who depended on maize in their diet, did not develop pellagra compared to other cultures during this time period. One reason was that Mayans treated corn in an alkaline solution to soften it. Thus, they freed niacin for absorption. This is process that we now refer to as nixtamalization.^[2]

The process of making hominy is also called nixtamalization and the ground product can be called masa nixtamalera.

The earliest known usage of nixtamalization was in what is present-day southern Mexico and Guatemala around 1500–1200 BC.

Recipes

In Central American and Mexican cuisine, masa nixtamalera is cooked with water and milk to make a thick, gruel-like beverage called atole. When made with chocolate and sugar, it becomes atole de chocolate. Adding anise and piloncillo to this mix creates champurrado, a popular breakfast drink.

The English term hominy is derived from the Powhatan language word for prepared maize.^[3] Many other Native American cultures also made hominy and integrated it into their diet. Cherokees, for example, made hominy grits by soaking corn in a weak lye solution obtained by leaching hardwood ash with water and beating it with a kanona (ᎧᏃᎾ), or corn beater.^[4] The grits were used to make a traditional hominy soup (gvnohenv amagii ᎬᏃᎮᏅ ᎠᎹᎩᎢ), a hominy soup that was allowed to ferment (gvwi sida amagii ᎬᏫ ᏏᏓ ᎠᎹᎩᎢ),^[5] cornbread, dumplings (digunvi ᏗᎫᏅᎢ),^[6] or, in post-contact times, fried with bacon and green onions.

Some recipes using hominy include pozole (a Mexican stew of hominy and pork, chicken, or other meat), hominy bread, hominy chili, hog 'n' hominy, casseroles and fried dishes. Hominy can be ground coarsely to make hominy grits, or into a fine mash (dough) to make masa, a dough used regularly in Latin American cuisine. Many islands in the West Indies, most notably Jamaica, also use hominy (known as cornmeal or polenta) to make a sort of porridge with corn starch or flour to thicken the mixture and condensed milk, vanilla and nutmeg to taste. In Italian cuisine a similar usually savoury dish is eaten, known as polenta (cornmeal) often accompanying meat.

Rockihominy, a popular trail food in the 19th and early 20th centuries, is dried corn roasted to a golden brown, then ground to a very coarse meal, almost like hominy grits. Hominy is also used as animal feed.

See also

• Arepa
• Atole
• List of maize dishes
• Mote (food)
• Pinole
• Popcorn
• Pozole
• Sagamite

References

1. Thigpen, Susan (October 1983). "Hominy - Mountain Recipe". The Mountain Laurel. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
2. Carpenter, KJ (1983). "The relationship of pellagra to corn and the low availability of niacin in cereals". Experientia Suppl. (44): 197–222. PMID 6357846. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
3. Galiano, Amanda. "Southern Slang: G-P". About.com. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
4. "Hominy Soup #3 (Gv-No-He-Nv A-Ma-Gi-i)". Native Way Cookbook. Wisdom Keepers, Inc. Archived from the original on 26 April 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
5. "Hominy Soup #1 (Gv-Wi Si-Da A-Ma-Gi-i)". Native Way Cookbook. Wisdom Keepers, Inc. Archived from the original on June 26, 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
6. "Dumplings, Lye (Di-Gu-Nv-I)". Native Way Cookbook. Wisdom Keepers, Inc. Archived from the original on 2 November 2000. Retrieved 17 November 2013.