Fort William, India

Fort William
ফোর্ট উইলিয়াম
Kolkata, India

Fort William, a view from the inside, c. 1828
Fort William
ফোর্ট উইলিয়াম
Coordinates 22°33′28″N 88°20′17″E / 22.5577°N 88.3380°E / 22.5577; 88.3380
Type Fortress , garrisoned and armoured Army Headquarters.
Site information
Controlled by British East India Company, Siraj Ud Daulah, Indian Army
Site history
Built 1781
In use 1781 - present
Battles/wars Battle of Plassey
Garrison information
Garrison Eastern Command

Fort William is a fort built in Calcutta (presently Kolkata) on the eastern banks of the River Hooghly, the major distributary of the River Ganges, during the early years of the Bengal Presidency of British India. It was named after King William III of England and Ireland and II of Scotland.[1] In front of the Fort is the Maidan, which used to be a part of the Fort and is the largest urban park in Calcutta.

History

There are actually two Fort Williams, the old and the new. The original was built in 1696 by the British East India Company under the supervision of John Goldsborough. Sir Charles Eyre started construction near the bank of the River Hooghly with the South-East Bastion and the adjacent walls. It was named after King William III in 1700. John Beard, his successor, added the North-East Bastion in 1701, and in 1702 started the construction of the Government House (Factory) at the centre of the fort. Construction ended in 1706. The original building had two stories and projecting wings. An internal guard room became the Black Hole of Calcutta.

A view of Calcutta from Fort William (1807).

In 1756, the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj Ud Daulah, attacked the Fort, temporarily conquered the city, and changed its name to Alinagar. This led the British to build a new fort in the Maidan.

Plan (top-view) of Fort William, c. 1844

The rebuilding of the fort was started by Robert Clive in 1758, after the Battle of Plassey (1757), and completed in 1781 at a cost of approximately two million pounds. The area around the Fort was cleared, and the Maidan became "the Lungs of Kolkata". It stretches for around 3 km in the north-south direction and is around 1 km wide.Fort William is one of Kolkata's most enduring Raj era edifice. This is a fort of stupendous dimensions and is spread over an area of 70.9 hectares. It was built by Robert Clive in the year 1781. Fort William has the dubious distinction of being the only fort in the world from which not a single shot was fired.

The Old Fort was repaired and used as a customs house from 1766 onwards.

Today this fort located in the periphery of the lush green Maidan is the property of Indian Army. The headquarters of Eastern Command is based at Fort William and it has provisions for accommodating 10,000 army personnel. The Army guards it heavily, and civilian entry is restricted.

Much of Fort William is unchanged except for the fact that the St Peter's Church which used to serve as a chaplaincy centre for the British citizens of Kolkata is now a library for the troops of HQ Eastern Command.

Presidency of Fort William

Main article: Bengal Presidency

Structure

The Fort is built of brick and mortar in the shape of an irregular octagon with an area 5 km². Five of its sides face landward, and three towards the Hooghly River. The design is that of a star fort, suited to defence against cannon, but from before the advent of explosive shells. It is surrounded by a dry moat 9 m deep and 15 m broad, which can be flooded but is designed as an area in which to use enfilade (or "flanking") fire against any attackers reaching the walls. There are six gates: Chowringhee, Plassey, Calcutta, Water Gate, St Georges and the Treasury Gate. There are similar forts at places like Thalassery in Kerala.[2] It has a 9-hole golf course currently.

Gallery

  1. ^ Grant, James (1873). British Battles On Land and Sea. Cassell & Company, Limited. p. 69. 

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fort William (Kolkata).
  1. ↑ Krishna Dutta (2003). Calcutta: A Cultural and Literary History. p. 71.
  2. ↑ Nandakumar Koroth, History of Forts in North Malabar

Coordinates: 22°33′27.57″N 88°20′16.99″E / 22.5576583°N 88.3380528°E / 22.5576583; 88.3380528

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