Frederick Muhlenberg

Frederick Muhlenberg
1st & 3rd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
In office December 2, 1793 – March 4, 1795
President	George Washington
Preceded by	Jonathan Trumbull, Jr.
Succeeded by	Jonathan Dayton
In office April 1, 1789 – March 4, 1791
President	George Washington
Preceded by	Office created
Succeeded by	Jonathan Trumbull, Jr.
1st Dean of the United States House of Representatives
Preceded by	Title Established
Succeeded by	Thomas Hartley & George Thatcher
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's At-large congressional district
In office March 4, 1789 – March 4, 1791
Preceded by	District created
Succeeded by	District eliminated
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district
In office March 4, 1791 – March 4, 1793
Preceded by	District created
Succeeded by	District eliminated
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's At-large congressional district
In office March 4, 1793 – March 4, 1795
Preceded by	District created
Succeeded by	District eliminated
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district
In office March 4, 1795 – March 4, 1797
Preceded by	District created
Succeeded by	Blair McClenachan
Personal details
Born	Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg January 1, 1750 Trappe, Pennsylvania
Died	June 4, 1801 (aged 51) Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Political party	Pro-Administration Anti-Administration
Alma mater	University of Halle-Wittenberg
Profession	Minister of religion
Religion	Lutheran
Signature

Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg (/ˈmjuːlᵻnbɜːrɡ/; January 1, 1750 – June 4, 1801) was an American minister and politician who was the first and third Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. A delegate to the Pennsylvania state constitutional convention and a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania and a Lutheran pastor by profession, Muhlenberg was born in Trappe, Pennsylvania. His home, known as The Speaker's House, is now a museum and is currently undergoing restoration to restore its appearance during Muhlenberg's occupancy.

The claim that Muhlenberg, as House Speaker, prevented German from becoming an official language of the United States is false.^[1][2]

Early life and ministerial career

Frederick Muhlenberg was born in Trappe, Pennsylvania, the son of Anna Maria (Weiser) and Heinrich Melchior Mühlenberg. His father, an immigrant from Germany, was considered the founder of the Lutheran Church in America. His maternal grandfather was Pennsylvania German colonial leader Conrad Weiser. His brother, Peter, was a General in the Continental Army and his brother Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst was a botanist.

In 1763, together with his brothers John Peter Gabriel and Gotthilf Henry Ernst, he attended the Latina at the Franckesche Stiftungen^[3] in Halle, Germany. In 1769, he attended the University of Halle, where he studied theology. He was ordained by the Pennsylvania Ministerium as a minister of the Lutheran Church on October 25, 1770. He preached in Stouchsburg, Pennsylvania, and Lebanon, Pennsylvania, from 1770 to 1774, and in New York City from 1774 to 1776. When the British entered New York at the onset of the American Revolutionary War, he felt obliged to leave and returned to Trappe. He moved to New Hanover Township, Pennsylvania and was pastor there and in Oley and New Goshenhoppen until August 1779.

On October 15, 1771, he married Catherine Schaeffer, the daughter of wealthy Philadelphia sugar refiner David Schaeffer. They had seven children.

Political career

Continental Congress

Muhlenberg was a member of the Continental Congress in 1779 and 1780, and served in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1780 to 1783. He was elected its speaker on November 3, 1780. He was a delegate to and president of the Pennsylvania state constitutional convention in 1787 called to ratify the Federal Constitution. He was the first signer of the Bill of Rights.

U.S. House of Representatives

He served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania in the first and the three succeeding United States Congresses (March 4, 1789 – March 4, 1797). Muhlenberg was also the first Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. He did not seek renomination as Speaker in 1796. On April 29, 1796, as chairman of the Committee of the Whole, he cast the deciding vote for the laws necessary to carry out the Jay Treaty.^[4]

In 1794, during Muhlenberg's second tenure as Speaker, the House voted 42-41 against a proposal to translate some of the laws into German. Muhlenberg, who himself abstained from the vote, commented later, "the faster the Germans become Americans, the better it will be."^[1] Despite not having voted against the bill, a legend called the Muhlenberg Legend developed in which he was responsible for prohibiting German as an official language of the United States.^[1]

According to another legend, Muhlenberg also suggested that the title of the President of the United States should be "Mr. President" instead of "His High Mightiness" or "His Elected Majesty", as John Adams had suggested.

Other offices

Muhlenberg was president of the council of censors of Pennsylvania, and was appointed receiver general of the Pennsylvania Land Office on January 8, 1800, serving until his death in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, on June 4, 1801.

Death and legacy

He was interred in Woodward Hill Cemetery in Lancaster. After his death, the Township of Muhlenberg, Pennsylvania, was named for him.

In World War II, the United States liberty ship SS F. A. C. Muhlenberg was named in his honor.

See also

• German in the United States
• The Home of Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg
• Muhlenberg College

References

• Frederick Muhlenberg at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Biography and portrait at the University of Pennsylvania

Notes

1. Bastian Sick: German as the official language of the USA?
2. Willi Paul Adams: The German Americans. Chapter 7: German or English
3. Archiv der Franckeschen Stiftungen, AF St/S B I 94 I, 575-577
4.  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Muhlenberg, John Peter Gabriel". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

External links

•  "Muhlenberg, Frederick Augustus Conrad". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
•  "Muhlenberg, Henry Melchior". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.
• Ritchie, Donald A. (2006). "Muhlenberg, Frederick Augustus". The Congress of the United States: A Student Companion. Oxford University Press. p. 146.
• Peters, Ronald M., Jr. (1990). The American Speakership: The Office in Historical Perspective. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Jenkins, Jeffery A., Charles Stewart, III (2012). "Appendix 2: Election of House Speaker, First-112th Congresses". Fighting for the Speakership: The House and the Rise of Party Government. Princeton University Press. p. 332.