Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts

For other people named Frederick Roberts, see Frederick Roberts (disambiguation).
Field Marshal The Right Honourable
The Earl Roberts
VC KG KP GCB OM GCSI GCIE KStJ VD PC
Personal details
Born Frederick Sleigh Roberts
(1832-09-30)30 September 1832
Cawnpore, British India
Died 14 November 1914(1914-11-14) (aged 82)
St Omer, France
Relations Frederick Roberts (son)
Sir Abraham Roberts (father)
Military service
Nickname(s) Bobs
Allegiance  United Kingdom
Service/branch  British Army
Years of service 1851–1904
Rank Field Marshal
Unit Royal Artillery
Commands Kuram field force
Kabul and Kandahar field forces
Governor of Natal
Commander-in-Chief of British forces in South Africa
Commander-in-Chief in Madras
Commander-in-Chief, India
Commander-in-Chief, Ireland
Command of British troops in Second Anglo-Boer War
Commander-in-Chief of the Forces
Battles/wars

Indian Rebellion of 1857

Umbeyla Campaign
1868 Expedition to Abyssinia

Lushai Expedition (1871–1872)
Second Anglo-Afghan War

Second Boer War

Awards Victoria Cross
Knight of the Order of the Garter
Knight of the Order of St Patrick
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Member of the Order of Merit
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Knight of the Order of St John

Field Marshal Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts, VC, KG, KP, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCIE, KStJ, VD, PC (30 September 1832 – 14 November 1914) was a British soldier who was one of the most successful commanders of the 19th century. He served in the Indian rebellion, the Expedition to Abyssinia and the Second Anglo-Afghan War before leading British Forces to success in the Second Boer War. He also became the last Commander-in-Chief of the Forces before the post was abolished in 1904.

Early life

Born at Cawnpore, India, on 30 September 1832, Roberts was the son of General Sir Abraham Roberts,[1] a native of County Waterford in the south-east of Ireland.[1] At the time Sir Abraham was commanding the 1st Bengal European Regiment.[2] Roberts was named Sleigh in honour of the garrison commander, Major-General William Sleigh.[1] His mother was Edinburgh-born Isabella Bunbury,[1] daughter of Major Abraham Bunbury from Kilfeacle in County Tipperary.[3]

Roberts was educated at Eton,[1] Sandhurst,[1] and Addiscombe Military Seminary[1] before entering the East India Company Army as a second lieutenant with the Bengal Artillery on 12 December 1851.[1] He became Aide-de-Camp to his father in 1852, transferred to the Bengal Horse Artillery in 1854 and was promoted to lieutenant on 31 May 1857.[4]

Indian Rebellion of 1857

Roberts fought in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (also known as the Indian Mutiny) seeing action during the siege and capture of Delhi where he was slightly wounded,[5] and being present at the relief of Lucknow, where, as Deputy Assistant Quartermaster-General, he was attached to the staff of Sir Colin Campbell, Commander-in-Chief, India.[1] He was awarded the Victoria Cross medal for actions on 2 January 1858 at Khudaganj.[1] The citation reads:

Lieutenant Roberts' gallantry has on every occasion been most marked.

On following the retreating enemy on 2 January 1858, at Khodagunge, he saw in the distance two Sepoys going away with a standard. Lieutenant Roberts put spurs to his horse, and overtook them just as they were about to enter a village. They immediately turned round, and presented their muskets at him, and one of the men pulled the trigger, but fortunately the caps snapped, and the standard-bearer was cut down by this gallant young officer, and the standard taken possession of by him. He also, on the same day, cut down another Sepoy who was standing at bay, with musket and bayonet, keeping off a Sowar. Lieutenant Roberts rode to the assistance of the horseman, and, rushing at the Sepoy, with one blow of his sword cut him across the face, killing him on the spot.[6]

He was also mentioned in despatches for his service at Lucknow in March 1858.[7] In common with other officers he transferred from the East India Company Army to the Indian Army that year.[4]

Abyssinia and Afghanistan

Roberts and his staff on horseback inspecting captured Afghan artillery in the Sherpur Cantonment, 1.5 kilometers north of Kabul. British artillery was usually superior to Afghan armament, but occasionally it was ineffective, as at the Battle of Maiwand in July 1880

Having been promoted to second captain on 12 November 1860[8] and to brevet major on 13 November 1860,[9] he transferred to the British Army in 1861 and served in the Umbeyla and Abyssinian campaigns of 1863 and 1867–1868 respectively.[1] Having been promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel on 15 August 1868[10] and to the substantive rank of captain on 18 November 1868,[11] Roberts also fought in the Lushai campaign of 1871–1872.[1]

He was promoted to the substantive rank of major on 5 July 1872,[12] appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) on 10 September 1872[13] and promoted to brevet colonel on 30 January 1875.[14] That year he became Quartermaster-General of the Bengal Army.[10]

He was given command of the Kurram field force in March 1878 and took part in the Second Anglo-Afghan War, distinguishing himself enough at the Battle of Peiwar Kotal in November 1878 to receive the thanks of Parliament, be promoted to the substantive rank of major-general on 31 December 1878[15] and be advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) on 25 July 1879.[16]

In September 1879 he was despatched, along with Maurice Abraham Cohen an expert in the Urdu language, to Kabul to seek retribution for the death of Sir Louis Cavagnari, the British envoy there.[10] He was also given the local rank of lieutenant-general on 11 November 1879.[17] He was commander of the Kabul Field Force and brought at least 20 field guns (usually horse-drawn mobile cannons) with his army during the conquest and occupation of Kabul during the second phase of the war. His move against Kabul was sparked by the assassination of Cavagnari, the British envoy in Kabul and the official who had signed the Treaty of Gandamak with Amir Mohammad Yaqub Khan in May of that year.[18]

After completing his mission to occupy Kabul, he was appointed commander of the Kabul and Kandahar field force and led his 10,000 troops across 300 miles of rough terrain in Afghanistan to relieve Kandahar and defeat Ayub Khan at the Battle of Kandahar on 1 September 1880.[1] For his services, Roberts again received the thanks of Parliament, and was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) on 21 September 1880[19] and appointed Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) during 1880.[20]

Roberts

After a very brief interval as Governor of Natal and Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Transvaal Province and High Commissioner for South Eastern Africa with effect from 7 March 1881,[21] Roberts (having become a baronet on 11 June 1881)[22] was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Madras Army on 16 November 1881.[23] Promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-general on 26 July 1883,[24] he became Commander-in-Chief, India on 28 November 1885[25] and was advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) on 15 February 1887[26] and to Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE) on reorganisation of the Order on 21 June 1887.[27] This was followed by his promotion to a supernumerary general on 28 November 1890[28] and to the substantive rank of general on 31 December 1891.[29] On 23 February 1892 he was created Baron Roberts of Kandahar in Afghanistan and of the City of Waterford.[30]

After relinquishing his Indian command and becoming Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI) on 3 June 1893,[31] Lord Roberts was relocated to Ireland as Commander-in-Chief of British forces there from 1 October 1895.[32] He was promoted field marshal on 25 May 1895[33] and received the Order of St Patrick during 1897.[34]

Second Anglo-Boer War

Lord Roberts enters the city of Kimberley after the relief of the besieged city during February 1900.

On 23 December 1899 Roberts returned to South Africa on the RMS Dunottar Castle to take overall command of British forces in the Second Boer War, subordinating the previous commander, General Redvers Buller. His appointment was a response to a string of defeats in the early weeks of the war and was accompanied by the despatch of huge reinforcements.[35] For his headquarters staff, he appointed military men from far and wide: Lord Kitchener (Chief of Staff) from the Sudan, Frederick Burnham (Chief of Scouts), the American scout, from the Klondike, David Henderson from the Staff College, Neville Chamberlain from Afghanistan and William Nicholson (Military Secretary) from Calcutta.[36] Roberts launched a two-pronged offensive, personally leading the advance across the open veldt into the Orange Free State, while Buller sought to eject the Boers from the hills of Natal. Having raised the Siege of Kimberley, at the Battle of Paardeberg on 27 February 1900 Roberts forced the Boer General Piet Cronjé to surrender with some 4,000 men.[37] After another victory at Poplar Grove, Roberts captured the Free State capital Bloemfontein on 13 March. His further advance was delayed by his disastrous attempt to reorganise his army's logistic system on the Indian Army model in the midst of the war. The resulting chaos and shortage of supplies contributed to a severe typhoid epidemic that inflicted far heavier losses on the British forces than they suffered in combat.[38] On 3 May Roberts resumed his offensive towards the Transvaal, capturing its capital Pretoria on 31 May. Having defeated the Boers at Diamond Hill and linked up with Buller, he won the last victory of his career at Bergendal on 27 August.[39] The Boers continued to fight using guerrilla tactics. Strategies devised by Roberts to force the Boer commandos to submit, included concentration camps and the burning of farms. Conditions in the concentration camps, which had been conceived by Roberts as a form of control of the families whose farms he had destroyed, began to degenerate rapidly as the large influx of Boers outstripped the ability of the minuscule British force to cope. The camps lacked space, food, sanitation, medicine, and medical care, leading to rampant disease and a very high death rate for those Boers who entered. Eventually 26,370 women and children (81% were children) died in the concentration camps.[40] The Boer forces disintegrated, and with the war apparently effectively over, Roberts handed over command on 12 December to Lord Kitchener.[41] He returned to England to receive yet more honours: he was made a Knight of the Garter[42] and also created Earl Roberts of Kandahar in Afghanistan and Pretoria in the Transvaal Colony and of the City of Waterford and Viscount St Pierre.[43]

He became a Knight of Grace of the Order of St John on 11 March 1901[44] and then a Knight of Justice of that order on 3 July 1901.[45] On 9 August 1902 he was also appointed one of the first members of the Order of Merit.[46] He was also awarded the German Order of the Black Eagle during the Kaiser´s visit to the United Kingdom in February 1901.[47][48]

Later life

Lord Roberts became the last Commander-in-Chief of the Forces on 3 January 1901.[49] During his time in office he introduced the Short Magazine Lee Enfield Rifle and the 18-pounder Gun and provided improved education and training for soldiers.[50] He served as Commander-in-Chief for three years before the post was abolished as recommended by Lord Esher in the Esher Report in February 1904.[1]

He was the initial president of the Pilgrims Society during 1902.[51]

National Service League

In retirement he was a keen advocate of introducing conscription in Britain (directing the National Service League) to prepare for a great European war.[1] Following his return from the Boer War, he was instrumental in promoting the mass training of civilians in rifle shooting skills through membership of shooting clubs, and a facsimile of his signature appears to this day on all official targets of the National Smallbore Rifle Association.[52]

Roberts on his 82nd birthday, in First World War uniform.

In 1907 a selection of his speeches was published under the title A Nation in Arms. Roberts provided William Le Queux with information for his novel The Invasion of 1910 and checked the proofs.[53] In 1910 Roberts' friend Ian Hamilton, in co-operation with the Secretary of State for War, Richard Haldane, published Compulsory Service in which he attacked Roberts' advocacy of conscription. This caused much hurt to Roberts. He replied, with the help of Leo Amery and J. A. Cramb, with Fallacies and Facts (1911).[54]

In an important speech in Manchester's Free Trade Hall on 22 October 1912 Roberts pointed out that Cobden and Bright's prediction that peace and universal disarmament would follow the adoption of free trade had not happened. He further warned of the threat posed by Germany:

In the year 1912, just as in 1866 and just as in 1870, war will take place the instant the German forces by land and sea are, by their superiority at every point, as certain of victory as anything in human calculation can be made certain...We may stand still. Germany always advances and the direction of her advance, the line along which she is moving, is now most manifest. It is towards...complete supremacy by land and sea.[55]

He claimed that Germany was making enormous efforts to prepare for war and ended his speech by saying:

Gentlemen, only the other day I completed my eightieth year...and the words I am speaking to-day are, therefore, old words—the result of years of earnest thought and practical experience. But, Gentlemen, my fellow-citizens and fellow-Britishers, citizens of this great and sacred trust, this Empire, if these were my last words, I still should say to you—“arm yourselves” and if I put to myself the question, How can I, even at this late and solemn hour, best help England,—England that to me has been so much, England that for me has done so much—again I say, “Arm and prepare to acquit yourselves like men, for the day of your ordeal is at hand.”[56]

The historian A. J. A. Morris claimed that this speech caused a sensation due to Roberts' warnings about Germany.[57] It was much criticised by the Liberal and Radical press. The Manchester Guardian was disgusted at the "insinuation that the German Government's views of international policy are less scrupulous and more cynical than those of other Governments...Prussia's character among nations is, in fact, not very different from the character which Lancashire men give to themselves as compared with other Englishmen. It is blunt, straightforward, and unsentimental".[58] The Nation claimed Roberts had an "unimaginative soldier's brain" and that Germany was "a friendly Power" who since 1870 "has remained the most peaceful and the most self-contained, though doubtless not the most sympathetic, member of the European family".[59] The historian John Terraine, writing in 1993, said: "At this distance of time the verdict upon Lord Robert's Manchester speech must be that, in speaking out clearly on the probability of war, he was doing a patriotic service comparable to Churchill's during the Thirties".[60]

Honours

Roberts became vice-president of the Public Schools Alpine Sports Club during 1903.[61] Part of the history of skiing, a forerunner of the downhill ski race, the Roberts of Kandahar Cup occurred during Crans-Montana (Crans-sur-Sierre) eight years later on 11 January 1911, organised by winter sports pioneer Arnold Lunn,[62] with the trophies donated by Lord Roberts.[63] The name Kandahar is still used for the premier races of the World Cup circuit.[64]

On 28 February 1908 he was awarded the Volunteer Officers' Decoration in recognition of his service in the Volunteer Force.[65] His long list of honorary military posts included: honorary colonel of the 2nd London Corps from 24 September 1887,[66] honorary colonel of the 5th Battalion, the Sherwood Foresters (Derbyshire Regiment) from 29 December 1888,[67] honorary colonel of the 1st Newcastle upon Tyne (Western Division), Royal Artillery from 18 April 1894,[68] honorary colonel of the Waterford Artillery (Southern Division) from 4 March 1896,[69] colonel-commandant of the Royal Artillery from 7 October 1896,[70] honorary colonel of the 3rd Battalion, the Loyal North Lancashire Regiment from 1 January 1898,[71] honorary colonel of the City of London Imperial Volunteers from 10 March 1900,[72] honorary colonel of the 3rd Volunteer Battalion, the Gloucestershire Regiment from 5 September 1900,[73] colonel of the Irish Guards from 17 October 1900,[74] honorary colonel of the 2nd Hampshire (Southern Division), Royal Garrison Artillery from 15 August 1901,[75] honorary colonel of the 3rd (Dundee Highland) Volunteer Battalion, the Black Watch (Royal Highlanders) from 19 September 1903,[76] honorary colonel of the North Somerset Yeomanry from 1 April 1908,[77] honorary colonel of the 6th Battalion, the City of London (Rifles') Regiment from 1 April 1908,[78] honorary colonel of the 1st Wessex Brigade from 1 April 1908,[79] honorary colonel of 6th Battalion, The Gloucestershire Regiment from 1 April 1908,[80] honorary colonel of The Waterford Royal Field Reserve Artillery from 2 August 1908[81] and honorary colonel of 1st (Hull) Battalion, The East Yorkshire Regiment from 11 November 1914 (three days before his death).[82] Additionally he was Colonel of the National Reserve from 5 August 1911.[83]

He took part in the funeral procession following the death of Queen Victoria in January 1901[84] and the funeral procession following the death of King Edward VII in May 1910.[85]

Curragh incident

Roberts was approached for advice about the Ulster Voluntary Force, formed in January 1913 by Ulstermen who had no wish to be part of a Home Rule Ireland. Too old himself to take active command, Roberts recommended Lt-Gen Sir George Richardson, formerly of the Indian Army, as commander.[86]

On the morning of 20 March — the morning of Paget's speech which provoked the Curragh incident, in which Hubert Gough and other officers threatened to resign rather than coerce Ulster — Roberts, aided by Wilson, drafted a letter to the Prime Minister, urging him not to cause a split in the army.[87]

Roberts had asked the CIGS John French to come and see him at Ascot on 19 March; French had been too busy but invited Roberts to visit him when next in London. On the morning of 21 March Roberts and French had an acrimonious telephone conversation in which Roberts told French that he would share the blame if he collaborated with the Cabinet's "dastardly" attempt to coerce Ulster, and then, after French told him that he would "do his duty as a soldier" and obey lawful orders, put the phone down on him. Soon after, Roberts received a telegram from Hubert Gough, purporting to ask for advice, although possibly designed to goad him into further action. Roberts requested an audience with King George V, who told him that Seely (Secretary of State for War), to whom the King had recently spoken, had complained that Roberts was "at the bottom" of the matter, had incited Gough, and had called the politicians "swine and robbers" in his phone conversation with French. Roberts indignantly denied this, claiming that he had not been in contact with Gough for "years" and that he had advised officers not to resign.[88] Roberts' claim may not be the whole truth as Gough was on first name terms with Roberts' daughter and later gave her copies of key documents relating to the Incident.[89]

Lord Roberts of Kabul and Kandahar on his Celebrated Charger[90]

Roberts also had an interview with Seely (he was unable to locate French, who was in fact himself having an audience with the King at the time) but came away thinking him "drunk with power", although he learned that Paget had been acting without authority (in talking of "commencing active operations" against Ulster and in offering officers a chance to discuss hypothetical orders and to threaten to resign) and left a note for Hubert Gough to this effect. This note influenced the Gough brothers in being willing to remain in the Army, albeit with a written guarantee that the Army would not have to act against Ulster. After Roberts's lobbying, the King insisted that Asquith make no further troop movements in Ulster without consulting him.[88]

Roberts wrote to French (22 March) denying the "swine and robbers" comment, although French's reply stressed his hurt that Roberts had thought so ill of him.[91]

Death

Roberts died of pneumonia at St Omer, France, on 14 November 1914 while visiting Indian troops fighting in the First World War.[1] After lying in state in Westminster Hall (one of two individuals who were not members of the royal family to do so during the 20th century, the other being Sir Winston Churchill), he was given a state funeral and was then buried in St. Paul's Cathedral.[1]

Roberts had lived at Englemere House at Ascot in Berkshire. His estate was probated during 1915 at £77,304[1] (equivalent to £6.69 million today).[92]

Family

Roberts married Nora Henrietta Bews on 17 May 1859; they had six children of whom three, a son and two daughters, survived infancy.[1] His son Frederick Hugh Sherston Roberts VC was killed in action on 17 December 1899 at the Battle of Colenso during the Boer War. Roberts and his son were one of only three pairs of fathers and sons to be awarded the VC. Today, their Victoria Crosses are in the National Army Museum. His barony became extinct, but by the special remainder granted with them he was succeeded in the earldom and viscountcy by his elder surviving daughter, Aileen.[93] She was succeeded by her younger sister Edwina, who died in 1955, when the title became extinct.[1]

Lord Roberts by John Singer Sargent.

Legacy

In 1914, Lady Roberts unveiled a memorial statue [94] to her late husband in Kelvingrove Park, Glasgow.[95]

There is an equestrian statue of Roberts on Horse Guards Parade in London.[96]

The main street of Ladysmith, BC, Canada is named after Lord Roberts.

Roberts Barracks at Larkhill Garrison[97] and the town of Robertsganj in Uttar Pradesh are named after him.[98]

Lord Roberts French Immersion Public School in London, Ontario,[99] Lord Roberts Junior Public School in Scarborough, Ontario,[100] and Lord Roberts Elementary Schools in Vancouver, British Columbia,[101] and Winnipeg, Manitoba are named after him.[102] Roberts is also a Senior Boys house at the Duke of York's Royal Military School.[103]

The Lord Roberts Centre – a facility at the National Shooting Centre built for the 2002 Commonwealth Games, and HQ of the National Smallbore Rifle Association (which Roberts was fundamental in founding) is named in his honour.[104]

On 29 May 1900 Pretoria surrendered to the British commander-in-chief, Lord Roberts.[105] Due to the frequency of malaria and because the area had become too small, he relocated his headquarters from the vicinity of the Normal College to a high-lying site 10 km south-west of the city – hence the name Roberts Heights.[105] Roberts Heights, a busy military town, the largest in South Africa and resembling Aldershot, soon developed.[105] On 15 December 1938 the name was changed to Voortrekkerhoogte[105] and again to Thaba Tshwane on 19 May 1998.[106]

The grave of Roberts' charger Vonolel (named after a Lushai warrior whose descendants Roberts had fought in 1871) is marked by a headstone in the gardens of The Royal Hospital Kilmainham in Dublin.[107]

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Robson, Brian (2008). "Roberts, Frederick Sleigh, first Earl Roberts (1832–1914)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press). doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35768. Retrieved 25 February 2009.
  2. ↑ "ny times". The New York Times. 16 January 1897. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  3. ↑ "Bunbury of Kilfeacle Family History". Turtlebunbury.com. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
  4. 1 2 Heathcote, p. 246.
  5. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 22095. p. 673. 10 February 1858. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  6. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 22212. p. 5516. 24 December 1858. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  7. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 22143. p. 2589. 25 May 1858. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  8. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 22621. p. 2232. 29 April 1862. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  9. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 22480. p. 655. 15 February 1861. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  10. 1 2 3 Heathcote, p. 247.
  11. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 23442. p. 5924. 17 November 1868. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  12. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 23876. p. 3193. 16 July 1872. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  13. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 23895. p. 3969. 10 September 1872. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  14. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 24188. p. 1528. 9 March 1875. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  15. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 24668. p. 174. 14 January 1879. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  16. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 24747. p. 4697. 29 July 1879. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  17. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 24837. p. 2658. 23 April 1880. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  18. ↑ Caption to Captured Guns, Kabul WDL11485.png, Library of Congress
  19. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 24886. p. 5069. 28 September 1880. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  20. ↑ "The Story of Lord Roberts by Edmund Francis Sellar". 1906. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
  21. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 24947. p. 1071. 8 March 1881. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  22. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 24984. p. 3002. 14 June 1881. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  23. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 25034. p. 5401. 4 November 1881. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  24. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 25268. p. 4452. 11 September 1883. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  25. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 25546. p. 65. 5 January 1886. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  26. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 25673. p. 787. 15 February 1887. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  27. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 25773. p. 219. 5 January 1888. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  28. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 26109. p. 6463. 25 November 1890. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  29. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 26239. p. 4. 1 January 1892. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  30. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 26260. p. 990. 23 February 1892. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  31. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 26409. p. 3252. 3 June 1893. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  32. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 26667. p. 5406. 1 October 1895. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  33. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 26628. p. 3080. 25 May 1895. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  34. ↑ "Field Marshal Lord Roberts of Kandahar". Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
  35. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27146. p. 8541. 22 December 1899. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  36. ↑ Daily Mail, 16 November 1914.
  37. ↑ "From the Front, AB Paterson's Dispatches from the Boer War", edited by RWF Droogleever, Pan MacMillan Australia, 2000.
  38. ↑ Pakenham, p. 574.
  39. ↑ Heathcote 1999, p193
  40. ↑ "Concentration camps". Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  41. ↑ Pakenham, p. 575; Heathcote, p. 249.
  42. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27290. p. 1498. 1 March 1901. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  43. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27283. p. 1058. 12 February 1901. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  44. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27293. p. 1763. 17 March 1901. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  45. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27330. p. 4469. 5 July 1901. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  46. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27470. p. 5679. 2 September 1902. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  47. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27311. p. 3124. 7 May 1901. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  48. ↑ The Times (London). Wednesday, 6 February 1901. (36371), p. 7.
  49. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27263. p. 83. 4 January 1901. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  50. ↑ Atwood, Rodney. "'Across our fathers' graves': Kipling and Field-Marshall Lord Roberts". The Kipling Society. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  51. ↑ The Pilgrims of Great Britain: A Centennial History (2002) – Anne Pimlott Baker, ISBN 1-86197-290-3.
  52. ↑ SHOT Backwards Design Company. "W. W. Greener Martini Target Rifles". Rifleman.org.uk. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
  53. ↑ David James, Lord Roberts (London: Hollis & Carter, 1954), p. 424.
  54. ↑ James, pp. 449–451.
  55. ↑ James, p. 457.
  56. ↑ James, p. 458.
  57. ↑ A. J. A. Morris, The Scaremongers. The Advocacy of War and Rearmament 1896–1914 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984) , p. 320.
  58. ↑ John Terraine, Impacts of War: 1914 & 1918 (London: Leo Cooper, 1993), p. 36.
  59. ↑ Terraine, p. 36.
  60. ↑ Terraine, p. 38.
  61. ↑ "History of "Kandahar"". Kandahar-taos.com. 11 January 1911. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
  62. ↑ The Daily Telegraph, "Switzerland: Strap on the poultice" 20 January 2001
  63. ↑ "''From Afghanistan to Vermont'' By Allen Adler". Vermontskimuseum.org. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
  64. ↑ "History of Alpine Skiing". Wamonline.com. 1 May 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
  65. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 28114. p. 1402. 28 February 1908. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  66. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 25741. p. 5101. 23 September 1887. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  67. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 25888. p. 7421. 28 December 1888. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  68. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 26504. p. 2176. 17 April 1894. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  69. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 26717. p. 1271. 3 March 1896. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  70. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 26791. p. 6008. 3 November 1896. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  71. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 26924. p. 7856. 31 December 1897. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  72. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27172. p. 1632. 9 March 1900. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  73. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27226. p. 5469. 4 September 1900. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  74. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27238. p. 6324. 16 October 1900. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  75. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27357. p. 6175. 20 September 1901. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  76. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27598. p. 5791. 18 September 1903. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  77. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 28180. p. 6944. 25 September 1908. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  78. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 28188. p. 7652. 23 October 1908. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  79. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 28180. p. 6946. 25 September 1908. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  80. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 28253. p. 3874. 21 May 1909. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  81. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 28200. p. 9032. 27 November 1908. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  82. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 28969. p. 9135. 10 November 1914. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  83. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 28520. p. 5919. 8 August 1911. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  84. ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 27316. p. 3550. 22 May 1901. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  85. ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 28401. p. 5481. 26 July 1910. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  86. ↑ Holmes 2004, p. 166.
  87. ↑ Holmes 2004, pp. 179–180.
  88. 1 2 Holmes 2004, pp. 181–183.
  89. ↑ Holmes 2004, p. 172.
  90. ↑ Harper's Magazine, European Edition, December 1897, p. 27.
  91. ↑ Holmes 2004, p. 189.
  92. ↑ UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Gregory Clark (2016), "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" MeasuringWorth.
  93. ↑ Heathcote, p. 250.
  94. ↑ "Lord Roberts statue".
  95. ↑ "British Pathe news".
  96. ↑ Tabor, inside front cover
  97. ↑ "Hermes UAV reaches 30,000-hour milestone in Afghanistan". Ministry of Defence. 9 December 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
  98. ↑ "Communists to boycott poll in Robertsganj". Times of India. 2 April 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
  99. ↑ "Welcome to Lord Roberts French Immersion Public School". Lord Roberts French Immersion Public School. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
  100. ↑ "Welcome to Lord Roberts Junior Public School". Lord Roberts Junior Public School. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
  101. ↑ "Our mission statement". Lord Roberts Elementary School. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
  102. ↑ "Lord Roberts School – Our School". Lord Roberts School. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
  103. ↑ "Structure". Duke of York's Royal Military School. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
  104. ↑ "National Small-bore Rifle Association Home Site". National Small-bore Rifle Association. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
  105. 1 2 3 4 "Voortrekkerhoogte, Tvl". Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa 11. Nasou Limited. 1971. pp. 282–3. ISBN 978-0-625-00324-2.
  106. ↑ "The 1998 speech by South Africa's Minister of Defence on the renaming of Voortrekkerhoogte to Thaba Tshwane". South African Government. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
  107. ↑ "The grave of Vonolel, the famous and bemedalled horse". 22 June 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2011.

References

Monument of Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts, in Glasgow.

Public Domain This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "article name needed". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

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Military offices
Preceded by
Sir Neville Chamberlain		 Commander-in-Chief, Madras Army
1880–1885 		Succeeded by
Sir Herbert MacPherson
Preceded by
Sir Donald Stewart, Bt		 Commander-in-Chief, India
1885–1893 		Succeeded by
Sir George White
Preceded by
The Viscount Wolseley		 Commander-in-Chief, Ireland
1895–1900 		Succeeded by
Prince Arthur, Duke of
Connaught and Strathearn
Preceded by
Sir Redvers Buller		 Commander-in-Chief of
British Forces in South Africa
1900 		Succeeded by
The Lord Kitchener of Khartoum
Preceded by
The Viscount Wolseley		 Commander-in-Chief of the Forces
1900–1904 		Succeeded by
Sir Neville Lyttelton
as Chief of the General Staff
Honorary titles
Preceded by
Sir Collingwood Dickson		 Master Gunner, St James's Park
1904–1914 		Succeeded by
Sir Robert Biddulph
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation Earl Roberts
1901–1914 		Succeeded by
Aileen Mary Roberts
Baron Roberts of Kandahar
1892–1914 		Extinct
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