FreeCell

FreeCell

A patience game
A game of Freecell on KDE
Named variants	Baker's Game
Family	Freecell
Deck	Single 52-card
See also Glossary of patience terms

FreeCell is a solitaire-based card game played with a 52-card standard deck. It is fundamentally different from most solitaire games in that very few hands are unsolvable.^[1] Although software implementations vary, most versions label the hands with a number (derived from the random number seed used to generate the hand).

A version of FreeCell was created by Microsoft for release with the Windows operating system.

Rules

Construction and layout

• One standard 52-card deck is used.
• There are four open cells and four open foundations. Some alternate rules use between one to ten cells.
• Cards are dealt face-up into eight cascades, four of which comprise seven cards and four of which comprise six. Some alternate rules will use between four to ten cascades.

Building during play

• The top card of each cascade begins a tableau.
• Tableaux must be built down by alternating colors.
• Foundations are built up by suit.

Moves

• Any cell card or top card of any cascade may be moved to build on a tableau, or moved to an empty cell, an empty cascade, or its foundation.
• Complete or partial tableaus may be moved to build on existing tableaus, or moved to empty cascades, by recursively placing and removing cards through intermediate locations. Computer implementations often show this motion, but players using physical decks typically move the tableau at once.

Victory

• The game is won after all cards are moved to their foundation piles.

Various computer versions of FreeCell occasionally deal unsolvable games.

History

One of the oldest ancestors of FreeCell is Eight Off. In the June 1968 edition of Scientific American, Martin Gardner described in his "Mathematical Games" column a game by C. L. Baker that is similar to FreeCell, except that cards on the tableau are built by suit rather than by alternate colors. Gardner wrote, "The game was taught to Baker by his father, who in turn learned it from an Englishman during the 1920s."^[2] This variant is now called Baker's Game. FreeCell's origins may date back even further to 1945 and a Scandinavian game called Napoleon in St. Helena (not the game Napoleon at St. Helena, also known as Forty Thieves).^[3]

Paul Alfille changed Baker's Game by making cards build according to alternate colors, thus creating FreeCell. He implemented the first computerised version of it in the TUTOR programming language for the PLATO educational computer system in 1978. Alfille was able to display easily recognizable graphical images of playing cards on the 512 × 512 monochrome display on the PLATO systems.^[4]

This original FreeCell environment allowed games with 4–10 columns and 1–10 cells in addition to the standard 8 × 4 game. For each variant, the program stored a ranked list of the players with the longest winning streaks. There was also a tournament system that allowed people to compete to win difficult hand-picked deals. Paul Alfille described this early FreeCell environment in more detail in an interview from 2000.^[5]

Solver complexity

The FreeCell game has a constant number of cards. This implies that in constant time, a person or computer could list all of the possible moves from a given start configuration and discover a winning set of moves or, assuming the game cannot be solved, the lack thereof. To perform an interesting complexity analysis one must construct a generalized version of the FreeCell game with 4 × n cards. This generalized version of the game is NP-complete;^[6] it is unlikely that any algorithm more efficient than a brute-force search exists that can find solutions for arbitrary generalized FreeCell configurations.

There are 52! (i.e., 52 factorial), or approximately 8×10⁶⁷, distinct deals. However, some games are effectively identical to others because suits assigned to cards are arbitrary or columns can be swapped. After taking these factors into account, there are approximately 1.75×10⁶⁴ distinct games.^[3]

See also

• Klondike (solitaire)
• Glossary of patience terms

References

1. Leonhard, Woody (2009). Windows 7 All-in-One for Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 293. ISBN 9780470487631.
2. Gardner, Martin (June 1968). "Mathematical Games". Scientific American 218 (6): 114.
3. Keller, Michael (November 1, 2010). "FreeCell -- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)". SolitaireLaboratory.com.
4. Kaye, Ellen (October 17, 2002). "One Down, 31,999 to Go: Surrendering to a Solitary Obsession". New York Times.
5. Cronin, Dennis (May 4, 2000). "Interview with Paul Alfille". Freecell.net. Retrieved March 4, 2011.
6. Helmert, Malte (March 2003). "Complexity results for standard benchmark domains in planning". Artificial Intelligence 143 (2): 219–262. doi:10.1016/S0004-3702(02)00364-8.

Additional sources

• "OHSU Scientists Say FreeCell Can Be Adapted To Spot Early Signs Of Dementia". Oregon Health & Science University. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
• O'Hale, Marty M. (August 14, 2007). "The Four Virtues of FreeCell". The Escapist Magazine. Retrieved June 9, 2012.