Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg

Frederick I
Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Reign	1675–1691
Predecessor	New creation
Successor	Frederick II
Born	15 July 1646 Gotha
Died	2 August 1691 (aged 45) Friedrichswerth
Spouse	Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels Christine of Baden-Durlach
Issue among others...	Anna Sophie, Princess of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt Dorothea Marie, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen Frederick II
House	House of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Father	Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Altenburg
Mother	Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg
Religion	Lutheranism

Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (Gotha, 15 July 1646 – Friedrichswerth, 2 August 1691), was a duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. He was the fourth but eldest surviving son of Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Altenburg and Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg.

When Ernst inherited the duchy of Saxe-Altenburg (1672), he made Frederick the regent of that duchy. In 1674 Ernst, who was already ill, made Frederick the regent of his entire lands.

After the death of his father (1675) Frederick assumed the throne of both duchies. However, on the basis of his family's house law, he had to allow his six younger brothers to take part in the government. At first, they agreed to a common household of all seven brothers in the Schloss Friedenstein, though this arrangement endured only until 1676.

Afterwards, negotiations began for the division of the paternal inheritance. This was finally accomplished on 24 February 1680; Frederick kept Gotha, Tenneberg, Wachsenburg, Ichtershausen, Georgenthal, Schwarzwald, Reinhardsbrunn, Volkenrode, Oberkranichfeld, Orlamünde, Altenburg and Tonna. These towns virtually formed the old duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. They consisted of three large and coherent areas around Gotha, Kahla and Altenburg, as well as six smaller enclaves.

Frederick continued the work of his father. In order to prevent future disputes between his descendants, he established primogeniture for his house in 1685 (with Imperial assent granted in 1688). Around 1680 he established himself in the Lustschloss Friedrichswerth, near the village of Erffa, approximately 20 km of Gotha, which was renamed in his honour Friedrichswerth.

In 1683 Frederick created the (still in existence today) Theatre of Gotha (Gothaer Schloßtheater). He was also an eager diary writer; these diaries became one of the most important sources of his time. Frederick took part in the Great Turkish War against the Turks, and in the War of the Grand Alliance against France. He ruined the finances of his small duchy, however, using them to maintain a standing army, which by the time of his death counted over 10,000 men.

Marriage and children

Frederick married firstly in Halle on 14 November 1669, Magdalene Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels. They had eight children:

1. Anna Sophie (b. Gotha, 22 December 1670 – d. Rudolstadt, 28 December 1728), married on 15 October 1691 to Louis Frederick I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.
2. Magdalene Sibylle (b. Gotha, 30 September 1671 – d. Altenburg, 2 March 1673).
3. Dorothea Marie (b. Gotha, 22 January 1674 – d. Meiningen, 18 April 1713), married on 19 September 1704 to Ernst Ludwig I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen.
4. Fredericka (b. Gotha, 24 March 1675 – d. Karlsbad, 28 May 1709), married on 25 May 1702 to Johann August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst.
5. Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (b. Gotha, 28 July 1676 – d. Altenburg, 23 March 1732).
6. Johann Wilhelm (b. Gotha, 4 October 1677 – killed in battle, Toulon, 15 August 1707), General Imperial.
7. Elisabeth (b. Gotha, 7 February 1679 – d. of smallpox, Gotha, 22 June 1680).
8. Johanna (b. Gotha, 1 October 1680 – d. Strelitz, 9 July 1704), married on 20 June 1702 to Adolf Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

In Ansbach on 14 August 1681, Frederick married secondly Christine of Baden-Durlach. They had no children.

Ancestry

Ancestors of Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg

16. John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony               8. Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar                       17. Sybille of Cleves               4. John II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar                             18. Frederick III, Elector Palatine               9. Dorothea Susanne of Simmern                       19. Marie of Brandenburg-Kulmbach               2. Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha                                   20. John V, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst               10. Joachim Ernest, Prince of Anhalt                       21. Margaret of Brandenburg               5. Dorothea Maria of Anhalt                             22. Christoph, Duke of Württemberg               11. Eleonore of Württemberg                       23. Anna Maria of Brandenburg-Ansbach               1. Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg                                         24. Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (= 8)               12. Frederick Wilhelm I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar                       25. Dorothea Susanne of Simmern (= 9)               6. Johann Philipp, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg                             26. Philipp Ludwig of Pfalz-Neuburg               13. Anna Maria of the Palatinate-Neuburg                       27. Anna of Cleves               3. Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg                                   28. Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg               14. Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg                       29. Hedwig of Brandenburg               7. Elisabeth of Brünswick-Wolfenbüttel                             30. Frederick II, King of Denmark               15. Elizabeth of Denmark                       31. Sofie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

References

• Die Tagebücher 1667-1686 (Publications of the Thuringian State Archives Gotha IV), edited by Roswitha Jacobsen. 3 volumes, Weimar 1998-2003.
• Der alchemistische Nachlaß Friedrichs I. von Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg (Quellen und Forschungen zur Alchemie 1), described by Oliver Humberg, Elberfeld 2005.
• August Beck, Friedrich I., Herzog von Sachsen-Gotha und Altenburg. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). vol VIII. Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1878, p. 2.