Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians

For other people of the same name, see Géza of Hungary.
Géza

Depicted in the Illuminated Chronicle
Grand Prince of the Hungarians
Reign early 970s – 997
Predecessor Taksony
Successor Stephen
Born c. 940
Died 997
Esztergom (suspected)
Burial St. Peter and Paul Cathedral,
Székesfehérvár[1] (suspected)
Spouse Sarolt of Transylvania
Adelaide (Adleta) of Poland (?)
Issue Unnamed daughter, wife of Boleslaus I of Poland
Unnamed daughter, wife of Gavril Radomir of Bulgaria
King Stephen I of Hungary
Unnamed daughter, wife of Otto Orseolo, Doge of Venice
Unnamed daughter, wife of Samuel Aba, King of Hungary
Dynasty Árpád dynasty
Father Taksony

Géza (c. 940 – 997), also Gejza, was Grand Prince of the Hungarians from the early 970s. He was the son of Grand Prince Taksony and his Oriental—Khazar, Pecheneg or Volga Bulgarian—wife. He married Sarolt, a daughter of an Orthodox Hungarian chieftain. After ascending the throne, Géza made peace with the Holy Roman Empire. Within Hungary, he consolidated his authority with extreme cruelty, according to the unanimous narration of nearly contemporaneous sources. He was the first Hungarian monarch to support Christian missionaries from Western Europe. Although he was baptised (his baptismal name was Stephen), his Christian faith remained shallow and continued to perform acts of pagan worship. He was succeeded by his son, Stephen who was crowned the first King of Hungary in 1000 or 1001.

Early life

Géza was the elder son of Taksony, Grand Prince of the Hungarians.[2] His mother was his father's wife "from the land of the Cumans",[3] according to the anonymous author of the Gesta Hungarorum.[4] This anachronistic reference to the Cumans suggests that she was of Khazar, Pecheneg or Volga Bulgarian origin.[5] The Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, who listed the descendants of Grand Prince Árpád around 950, did not mention Géza.[5] Even so, Gyula Kristó wrote that Géza was born around 940 and the emperor ignored him because of his youth.[5] The genuine form of his name was either "Gyeücsa" or "Gyeusa", which is possibly a diminutive form of the Turkic title yabgu.[5] Géza's father arranged his marriage with Sarolt—a daughter of a Hungarian chieftain called Gyula, [5][6] who ruled Transylvania independently of the grand prince[6] and had converted to Christianity in Constantinople.[7] Sarolt seems to have also adhered to Orthodox Christianity, according to Bruno of Querfurt's remark on her "languid and muddled Christianity".[7]

Reign

Géza succeeded his father around 972.[5][8][9] He adopted a centralizing policy, which gave rise to his fame as a merciless ruler.[10][8] The longer version of his son's Life even states that Géza's hands were "defiled with blood".[8] Pál Engel wrote that Géza carried out a "large-scale purge"[8] against his relatives, which explains the lack of references to other members of the Árpád dynasty from around 972. Koppány, who continued to rule the southern parts of Transdanubia, is the only exception to this dearth of references.[8] A marriage alliance between the German and Byzantine dynasties brought about a rapproachement between the two powers neighboring Hungary in 972.[11] Géza decided to make peace with the Holy Roman Empire.[10] First, a monk named Bruno sent by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor arrived in Hungary around 972.[12] Hungarian "legates"[13] were present at a conference held by the emperor in Quedlinburg in 973.[8]

Geyza, who was strict and cruel, acting in a domineering way, as it were, with his own people, but compassionate and generous with strangers, especially with Christians, although [he was] still entangled in the rite of paganism. At the approach of the light of spiritual grace, he began to discuss peace attentively with all the neighboring provinces ... Moreover, he laid down a rule that the favor of hospitality and security be shown to all Christians wishing to enter to his domains. He gave clerics and monks leave to enter his presence; he offered them a willing hearing, and delighted them in the germination of the seed of true faith sown in the garden of his heart.
— Hartvic: Life of King Stephen of Hungary[14]
Statue of Grand Prince Géza in Székesfehérvár

A record on one Bishop Prunwart in the Abbey of Saint Gall mentions his success in baptising many Hungarians, including their "king".[12] The nearly contemporaneous Thietmar of Merseburg confirms that the conversion to Christianity of the pagan Hungarians started under Géza,[15] who became the first Christian ruler of Hungary.[11] His baptismal name was Stephen.[5] However, Géza continued to observe pagan cults, which proves that his conversion to Christianity was never complete.[16] Kristó and other historians have said that the first Roman Catholic diocese in Hungary, with its seat in Veszprém, was set up in Géza's reign,[5] but their view has not been unanimously accepted.[17][18] A charter issued during his son's reign states that Géza was the founder of the Benedictine Pannonhalma Archabbey.[19][20]

[Géza] was very cruel and killed many people because of his quick temper. When he became a Christian, however, he turned his rage against his reluctant subjects, in order to strengthen this faith. Thus, glowing with zeal for God, he washed away his old crimes. He sacrificed both to the omnipotent God and to various false gods. When reproached by his priest for doing so, however, he maintained that the practice had brought him both wealth and great power.
— Thietmar of Merseburg: Chronicum[21]

Taking advantage of internal conflicts which emerged in the Holy Roman Empire after Emperor Otto I's death, Géza invaded Bavaria and took the fortress of Melk in 983.[22] In 991, the Bavarians launched a counter-attack which forced Géza to withdraw Hungarian forces from the territories east of the Vienna Woods.[22] Furthermore, he renounced the lands east of the river Leitha in his peace treaty of 996 with Henry IV of Bavaria.[8] Géza also arranged the marriage of his son and heir Stephen to Henry IV's sister Giselle.[8][5] Even before this marriage alliance, Géza convoked the Hungarian leaders to an assembly and forced them to take an oath confirming his son's right to succeed him.[23]

Family

Sarolt gave birth to at least three of Géza's children; Stephen, who succeeded his father on the throne, and two unnamed daughters.[24] Sarolt survived Géza, which suggests that she was also the mother of Géza's daughters.[24] Based on the Polish-Hungarian Chronicle,[24][25] Szabolcs de Vajay wrote that the daughters' mother was Géza's alleged second wife Adelaide (Adleta) of Poland, but this has not been widely accepted.[5] The following family tree presents Géza's ancestry and his offspring.[26]

 
 
 
 
 
Árpád
 
 
Menumorut*
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Zoltán
 
 
daughter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gyula of Transylvania
 
 
 
 
Taksony
 
 
a "Cuman" lady**
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sarolt
 
 
Géza
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Michael
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
daughter (Judith?)
 
Boleslaus I of Poland
 
daughter
 
Gavril Radomir of Bulgaria
 
 
 
 
Kings of Hungary
(from 1046)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Giselle of Bavaria
 
 
Stephen I of Hungary
 
daughter
 
 
Doge Otto Orseolo
 
daughter
 
 
Samuel of Hungary***
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Emeric
 
Adalbert of Austria
 
Frowila
 
Peter of Hungary
 
 
Issue****
 
 
 
 

*Whether Menumorut is an actual or an invented person is debated by modern scholars.
**A Khazar, Pecheneg or Volga Bulgarian lady.
***Samuel Aba might have been Géza's grandson instead of his son-in-law.
****The Aba family descending from them still flourished in the 14th century.

References

  1. ↑ Hankó Ildikó: Királyaink tömegsírban
  2. ↑ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 26.
  3. ↑ Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 57), p. 127.
  4. ↑ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 24.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Kristó 1994, p. 235.
  6. 1 2 Sălăgean 2005, p. 150.
  7. 1 2 Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 28.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Engel 2001, p. 26.
  9. ↑ Molnár 2001, p. 26.
  10. 1 2 Kirschbaum 1995, p. 41.
  11. 1 2 Kontler 1999, p. 51.
  12. 1 2 Berend, Laszlovszky & Szakács 2007, p. 329.
  13. ↑ The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg (ch. 2.31), p. 115.
  14. ↑ Hartvic, Life of King Stephen of Hungary (ch. 2), pp. 379–380.
  15. ↑ Berend, Laszlovszky & Szakács 2007, p. 331.
  16. ↑ Engel 2001, p. 27.
  17. ↑ Berend, Laszlovszky & Szakács 2007, pp. 350–351.
  18. ↑ Engel 2001, p. 42.
  19. ↑ Berend, Laszlovszky & Szakács 2007, p. 352.
  20. ↑ Engel 2001, p. 43.
  21. ↑ The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg (ch. 8.4), p. 364.
  22. 1 2 Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 30.
  23. ↑ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 33.
  24. 1 2 3 Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 29.
  25. ↑ Macartney 1953, p. 175.
  26. ↑ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. Appendices 1–2.

Sources

Primary sources

  • Hartvic, Life of King Stephen of Hungary (Translated by Nora Berend) (2001). In: Head, Thomas (2001); Medieval Hagiography: An Anthology; Routledge; ISBN 0-415-93753-1.
  • Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg (Translated and annotated by David A. Warner) (2001). Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-4926-1.

Secondary sources

  • Berend, Nora; Laszlovszky, József; Szakács, Béla Zsolt (2007). "The kingdom of Hungary". In Berend, Nora. Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus', c. 900-1200. Cambridge University Press. pp. 319–368. ISBN 978-0-521-87616-2. 
  • Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3. 
  • Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (1995). A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 963-482-113-8. 
  • Kontler, László (1999). Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary. Atlantisz Publishing House. ISBN 963-9165-37-9. 
  • Kristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996). Az Árpád-ház uralkodói [=Rulers of the House of Árpád] (in Hungarian). I.P.C. Könyvek. ISBN 963-7930-97-3. 
  • Kristó, Gyula (1994). "Géza". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc. Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9–14. század) [=Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th-14th centuries)] (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 235. ISBN 963-05-6722-9. 
  • Macartney, C. A. (1953). The Medieval Hungarian Historians: A Critical & Analytical Guide. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-08051-4. 
  • Molnár, Miklós (2001). A Concise History of Hungary. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66736-4. 
  • Sălăgean, Tudor (2005). "Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages (9th–14th Centuries AD)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan. History of Romania: Compendium. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 133–207. ISBN 978-973-7784-12-4. 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Géza I of Hungary.
Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians
Born: c. 940 Died: 997
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Taksony		 Grand Prince of the Hungarians
early 970s – 997 		Succeeded by
Stephen I (Vajk)

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