Gustavo Díaz Ordaz

Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
49th President of Mexico
In office 1 December 1964 – 30 November 1970
Preceded by	Adolfo López Mateos
Succeeded by	Luis Echeverría
Governor of Puebla
In office 1942–1945
Preceded by	Carlos I. Betancourt
Succeeded by	Gonzalo Bautista Castillo
Personal details
Born	Gustavo Díaz Ordaz Bolaños 12 March 1911 Ciudad Serdán, Puebla
Died	15 July 1979 (aged 68) Mexico City, Mexico
Nationality	Mexican
Political party	Institutional Revolutionary Party
Spouse(s)	Guadalupe Borja (m. 1937–1974, her death)
Alma mater	University of Puebla
Profession	politician
Religion	Roman Catholic

Gustavo Díaz Ordaz Bolaños (Spanish pronunciation: [gusˈtaβo ˈðiaθ orˈðaθ]; 12 March 1911 – 15 July 1979) was a Mexican politician and member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He served as the President of Mexico from 1964 to 1970.

Political career

Díaz Ordaz Bolaños was born in San Andrés Chalchicomula (present-day Ciudad Serdán, Puebla). His father, Ramón Díaz Ordaz Redonet, worked as an accountant, while his mother, Sabina Bolaños Cacho de Díaz Ordaz, worked as a school teacher. Díaz Ordaz graduated from the University of Puebla on 8 February 1937 with a law degree. He became a professor at the university and served as vice rector from 1940 to 1941. In 1943 he became a federal deputy for the first district of the state of Puebla, and served as a senator for the same state from 1946 to 1952. He served as the Secretary of Government in the cabinet of president Adolfo López Mateos from 1958 to 1964. On 18 November 1963, he became the presidential candidate for the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).^[1] Despite facing only token opposition, Díaz Ordaz campaigned as if he were the underdog.^[2] He won the presidential election on 7 July 1964.

Presidential term

Díaz Ordaz at the Olympic Games 1968 in Mexico.

Domestic Policy

As president Díaz Ordaz was known for his authoritarian manner of rule over his cabinet and the country in general. His strictness was evident in his handling of a number of protests during his term, in which railroad workers, teachers, and doctors were fired for taking industrial action. A first demonstration of this new authoritarianism was given when he used force to end a strike by medics. Medics of the ISSSTE, especially residents and interns, had organized a strike to demand better working conditions and an increased salary.^[3] His authoritarian style of governing produced resistance, such as the emergence of a guerrilla movement in the state of Guerrero.^[4] Economically, the era of Díaz Ordaz was a time of economic growth.^[5] He established the Mexican Institute of Petroleum in 1965, an important step since oil has been one of Mexico's most productive industries.

Student movement

When university students in Mexico City protested the government's actions around the time of the 1968 Summer Olympics, Díaz Ordaz oversaw the occupation of the National Autonomous University of Mexico and the arrest of several students, leading to the shooting of hundreds of unarmed protesters during the Tlatelolco massacre in downtown Mexico City on 2 October 1968. The Mexican army fired ruthlessly because a group called "Battalion Olympia" started the shooting between the unarmed students as well as many other people who let the students take shelter inside their homes. Statistics concerning the casualties of this incident vary, often for political reasons. Some people were kept imprisoned for several years. The crackdown would eventually be denounced by Díaz Ordaz's successors, and ordinary Mexicans view the assault on unarmed students as an atrocity. The stain of Tlatelolco would remain on PRI rule for many years.

Every year, on the anniversary of the Tlatelolco massacre, the statue of Díaz Ordaz in Zapopan, Jalisco, is vandalized by having a bucket of red paint splattered on it.^[6]

Attempt to democratize the PRI

Díaz Ordaz's authoritarian manner of rule also prevented any attempt to democratize the PRI. The president of the PRI, Carlos Madrazo, made such an attempt by proposing inner-party elections in order to strengthen the party’s base. After his attempt failed, Madrazo resigned.^[7]

Foreign Policy

United States

During the administration of Díaz Ordaz relations with the US were largely harmonic and several bilateral treaties were formed.^[8] President Richard Nixon hosted the first White House state dinner to be held outside Washington, D.C. in Diaz Ordaz's honor at San Diego's Hotel Del Coronado on Sept. 3, 1970. However, there also existed some points of conflict with the US. One is the Operation Intercept, an anti-drug trafficking operation conducted by the US. Between September and October 1969 all vehicles entering the US from Mexico were inspected.^[9] Mexico embraced the doctrine of non-intervention and Díaz Ordaz condemned the US invasion into Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic.^[10]

President Diaz Ordaz by José Suárez Olvera

Treaty of Tlatelolco

Under the administration of Díaz Ordaz the Treaty of Tlatelolco was formed. The treaty prohibited the production, possession and utilization of nuclear weapons in Latin America and only allowed the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. The treaty made Latin America a nuclear weapon-free zone.^[11]

Life after the Presidency

President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz (left) riding a presidential motorcade in San Diego, with U.S. President Richard Nixon.

After his term expired, Díaz Ordaz and his family vanished completely from the public eye; he was occasionally mentioned in newspapers (usually in a derogatory manner), seldom gave interviews, and was usually spotted only when voting in elections. In 1977, a break from this obscurity came as he was appointed as the first Ambassador to Spain in 38 years, relations between the two countries having previously been broken due to the triumph of Falangism in the Spanish Civil War. During his brief stint as Ambassador, he met with a lot of hostility from both the Spanish media and the Mexican media, as he was persistently asked questions about his actions as President; he resigned within several months, due to this as well as health problems. Popular discontent led to a catchy phrase: "Al pueblo de España no le manden esa araña" ("To the people of Spain, do not send that spider.") He died in Mexico City on 15 July 1979 of colorectal cancer.

Bibliography

1. Camp, Roderic A. Mexican Political Biographies. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona, 1982.
2. Smith, Peter H., "Mexico Since 1946: Dynamics of an Authoritarian Regime," in Bethell, Leslie, ed., Mexico Since Independence. Cambridge, UK. Cambridge University Press. 1991.

References

1. "Mexican Party Picks Candidate", Milwaukee Journal, November 18, 1963, p2
2. Encyclopædia Britannica Yearbook, 1965
3. Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2007). Historia de México Vol. II. Pearson Educación de Mexico. p. 319.
4. Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2004). Historia de México Vol. II,. Pearson Educación de Mexico. p. 423.
5. Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2007). Historia de México Vol. II. Pearson Educación de Mexico. p. 335.
6. Amanece pintado de rojo el busto del presidente Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
7. Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2003). Historia de México Vol. II. Pearson Educación de Mexico. p. 314.
8. Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2003). Historia de México Vol. II. Pearson Educación de Mexico. p. 327.
9. Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2003). Historia de México Vol. II. Pearson Educación de Mexico. p. 328.
10. Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2003). Historia de México Vol. II. Pearson Educación de Mexico. p. 327.
11. Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2004). Historia de México Vol. II,. Pearson Educación de Mexico. p. 430.