Kainantu–Goroka languages

Kainantu–Goroka
East Highlands
Geographic distribution:	highlands of Papua New Guinea
Linguistic classification:	Trans–New Guinea Kainantu–Goroka
Subdivisions:	Goroka Kainantu
Glottolog:	kain1273[1]
Map: The Kainantu–Goroka languages of New Guinea   The Kainantu–Goroka languages   Other Trans–New Guinea languages   Other Papuan languages   Austronesian languages   Uninhabited

The Kainantu–Goroka language are a family of Papuan languages established by Arthur Capell in 1948 under the name East Highlands. They formed the core of Stephen Wurm's 1960 East New Guinea Highlands family (the precursor of Trans–New Guinea), and are one of the larger branches of Trans–New Guinea in the 2005 classification of Malcolm Ross.

Languages

The constituent Kainantu and Goroka families are clearly valid groups, and William A. Foley considers their TNG identity to be established. However, the internal classification is merely impressionistic.

• Goroka family
  • Siane
  • Yaweyuha
  • Benabena
  • Fore
  • Gimi
  • Isabi, Gende
  • Gahuku: Dano (Upper Asaro), Alekano (Gahuku), Tokano (Lower Asaro)
  • Kamono–Yagaria: Kamono, Kanite, Ke’yagana, Yagaria, Inoke-Yate, ?Abaga
• Kainantu family
  • Kenati
  • Tairora: Binumarien, Tairoa, Kambaira, Waffa
  • Gauwa
    • Gadsup, Agarabi
    • Awa, Oweina
    • Auyana: Awiyaana–Kosena, Usarufa
    • (unclassified) Ontenu

The pronouns reconstructed for proto-Kainantu–Goroka, proto-Kainantu, and proto-Goroka are as follows:

proto-Kainantu–Goroka sg pl 1 *ná *tá[za] 2 *ká[za] *tá-na- 3 *[y]á, *wá *yá[na]

proto-Kainantu sg du pl 1 *né *té[ze]- *té[ze] 2 *é[ze] *[te]né- 3 *wé

proto-Goroka sg pl 1 *ná *tá[za] 2 *ká *tá-na-gaza, *tí-na-gaza 3 *[y]á *[y]á-na-gaza, *í-na-gaza

The possessive forms are:

proto-Kainantu–Goroka

	sg	pl
1	*na-i	*ta-i
2	*ka	*tana-i
3	*[y]a, *wa	*ya-i, *yana-i

See also

• East New Guinea Highlands languages, an expansion of Kainantu–Goroka in Wurm 1975 which was abandoned by Ross due to a lack of unifying morphological data.

References

1. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Kainantu–Goroka". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

Bibliography

• Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley, Robert Attenborough, Robin Hide, Jack Golson, eds. Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.