Gas-discharge lamp

See also: Gas-filled tube
Germicidal lamps are simple low-pressure mercury vapor discharges in a fused quartz envelope.

Gas-discharge lamps are a family of artificial light sources that generate light by sending an electrical discharge through an ionized gas, a plasma. Typically, such lamps use a noble gas; (argon, neon, krypton, and xenon) or a mixture of these gases. Some include additional substances, like mercury, sodium, and metal halides, which are vaporized during startup to become part of the gas mixture. In operation the gas is ionized, and free electrons, accelerated by the electric field in the tube, collide with gas atoms. Some electrons in the atomic orbitals of these atoms are excited by these collisions to a higher energy state. When the excited electron falls back to a lower energy state, it emits a photon of light of a characteristic frequency. The color of the light produced depends on the emission spectra of the atoms making up the gas, as well as the pressure of the gas and other variables. Gas discharge lamps can produce a wide range of colors. Some lamps produce ultraviolet radiation which is converted to visible light by a fluorescent coating on the inside of the lamp's glass surface. The fluorescent lamp is perhaps the best known gas-discharge lamp.

Compared to incandescent lamps, gas-discharge lamps offer higher efficiency,[1][2] but are more complicated to manufacture and require auxiliary electronic equipment such as ballasts to control current flow through the gas. Some gas-discharge lamps also have a perceivable start-up time to achieve their full light output. Still, due to their greater efficiency, gas-discharge lamps are replacing incandescent lights in many lighting applications.

History

The history of gas-discharge lamps began in 1675 when French astronomer Jean-Felix Picard observed that the empty space in his mercury barometer glowed as the mercury jiggled while he was carrying the barometer.[3] Investigators, including Francis Hauksbee, tried to determine the cause of the phenomenon. Hauksbee first demonstrated a gas-discharge lamp in 1705. He showed that an evacuated or partially evacuated glass globe, in which he placed a small amount of mercury, while charged by static electricity could produce a light bright enough to read by. The phenomenon of electric arc was first described by Vasily V. Petrov, a Russian scientist, in 1802; Sir Humphry Davy demonstrated in the same year the electric arc at the Royal Institution of Great Britain. Since then, discharge light sources have been researched because they create light from electricity considerably more efficiently than incandescent light bulbs.

The father of the low-pressure gas discharge tube was German glassblower Heinrich Geissler, who beginning in 1857 constructed colorful artistic cold cathode tubes with different gases in them which glowed with many different colors, called Geissler tubes. It was found that inert gases like the noble gases neon, argon, krypton or xenon, as well as carbon dioxide worked well in tubes. This technology was commercialized by French engineer Georges Claude in 1910 and became neon lighting, used in neon signs.

The introduction of the metal vapor lamp, including various metals within the discharge tube, was a later advance. The heat of the gas discharge vaporized some of the metal and the discharge is then produced almost exclusively by the metal vapor. The usual metals are sodium and mercury owing to their visible spectrum emission.

One hundred years of research later led to lamps without electrodes which are instead energized by microwave or radio frequency sources. In addition, light sources of much lower output have been created, extending the applications of discharge lighting to home or indoor use.

Color

Each gas, depending on its atomic structure emits certain wavelengths, its emission spectrum, which determines the color of the light from the lamp. As a way of evaluating the ability of a light source to reproduce the colors of various objects being lit by the source, the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) introduced the color rendering index (CRI). Some gas-discharge lamps have a relatively low CRI, which means colors they illuminate appear substantially different from how they do under sunlight or other high-CRI illumination.

Gas Color Spectrum Notes Image
Helium White to orange; under some conditions may be gray, blue, or green-blue. Used by artists for special purpose lighting.
Neon Red-orange Intense light. Used frequently in neon signs and neon lamps.
Argon Violet to pale lavender blue Often used together with mercury vapor.
Krypton Gray off-white to green. At high peak currents, bright blue-white. Used by artists for special purpose lighting.
Xenon Gray or blue-gray dim white. At high peak currents, very bright green-blue. Used in flashtubes, xenon HID headlamps, and xenon arc lamps.
Nitrogen Similar to argon but duller, more pink; at high peak currents bright blue-white.
Oxygen Violet to lavender, dimmer than argon
Hydrogen Lavender at low currents, pink to magenta over 10 mA
Water vapor Similar to hydrogen, dimmer
Carbon dioxide Blue-white to pink, in lower currents brighter than xenon Used in Carbon Dioxide Lasers.
Mercury vapor Light blue, intense ultraviolet

Ultraviolet not shown

In combination with phosphors used to generate many colors of light. Widely used in mercury-vapor lamps.
Sodium vapor (low pressure) Bright orange-yellow Widely used in sodium vapor lamps.

Types

Lamps are divided into families based on the pressure of gas in the bulb, below. A second distinction used is whether the cathode is heated:

Low pressure discharge lamps

Low-pressure lamps have working pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. For example, common fluorescent lamps operate at a pressure of about 0.3% of atmospheric pressure.

High pressure discharge lamps

High-pressure lamps have a discharge that takes place in gas under slightly less to greater than atmospheric pressure. For example, a high pressure sodium lamp has an arc tube under 100 to 200 torr pressure, about 14% to 28% of atmospheric pressure; some automotive HID headlamps have up to 50 bar or fifty times atmospheric pressure.

High-intensity discharge lamps

15 kW xenon short-arc lamp used in IMAX projectors

A high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp is a type of electrical lamp which produces light by means of an electric arc between tungsten electrodes housed inside a translucent or transparent fused quartz or fused alumina arc tube. Compared to other lamp types, relatively high arc power exists for the arc length. Examples of HID lamps include:

HID lamps are typically used when high levels of light and energy efficiency are desired.

Other examples

Main article: Xenon flash lamp

The Xenon flash lamp produces a single flash of light in the millisecond-microsecond range and is commonly used in film, photography and theatrical lighting. Particularly robust versions of this lamp, known as strobe lights, can produce long sequences of flashes, allowing for the stroboscopic examination of motion. This has found use in the study of mechanical motion, in medicine and in the lighting of dance halls.

See also

References

  1. "Types of Lighting". Energy.gov. US Department of Energy. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  2. "LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES: A GUIDE TO ENERGY-EFFICIENT ILLUMINATION" (PDF). Energy Star. US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  3. See Wikipedia's article: Barometric light.
  4. http://bulbcollector.com/gateway/Gas_Discharge_Lamps/Neon

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gas discharge lamps.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Friday, April 22, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.