Gas dynamic cold spray

SEM image of a cold sprayed titanium particle bonded to steel surface

Gas dynamic cold spray (GDCS) is a coating deposition method.[1] Solid powders (1 to 50 micrometers in diameter) are accelerated in a supersonic gas jet to velocities up to 500–1000 m/s. During impact with the substrate, particles undergo plastic deformation and adhere to the surface. To achieve a uniform thickness the spraying nozzle is scanned along the substrate. Metals, polymers, ceramics, composite materials and nanocrystalline powders can be deposited using cold spraying.[2] The kinetic energy of the particles, supplied by the expansion of the gas, is converted to plastic deformation energy during bonding. Unlike thermal spraying techniques, e.g., plasma spraying, arc spraying, flame spraying, or high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF), the powders are not melted during the spraying process.[3]

Types

There are two types of GDCS. High pressure cold spray (HPCS) in which the working gas is nitrogen or helium at pressures above 1.5 MPa, a flow rate of more than 2 m3/min, heating power of 18 kW. It is used for spraying are used a pure metal powders with the sizes of 5-50 µm. In low pressure cold spray (LPCS), the working gas is a compressed air with pressure 0.5-1.0 MPa, flow rate 0.5–2 m3/min and the heating power 3-5 kW. It is used for spraying are used a mechanical mixture of metal and ceramic powders. The inclusion of a ceramic component in the mixture provides high-quality coatings with relatively low energy consumption.[4]

Basic principles

The most prevailing bonding theory in cold spraying is attributed to "adiabatic shear instability" which occurs at the particle substrate interface at or beyond a certain velocity called critical velocity. When a spherical particle travelling at critical velocity impacts a substrate, a strong pressure field propagates spherically into the particle and substrate from the point of contact. As a result of this pressure field, a shear load is generated which accelerates the material laterally and causes localized shear straining. The shear loading under critical conditions leads to adiabatic shear instability where thermal softening is locally dominant over work strain and strain rate hardening, which leads to a discontinuous jump in strain and temperature and breakdown of flow stresses. This adiabatic shear instability phenomena results in viscous flow of material at an outward flowing direction with temperatures close to melting temperature of the material. This material jetting is also a known phenomenon in explosive welding of materials.[5][6][7]

Key parameters in cold spray

There are several factors that can affect the quality of cold-sprayed coatings and the deposition efficiency. Main influential factors are:

Cold spray parameters are selected with respect to the desired coating characteristics and economic considerations. This can be done by considering correlations between process parameters and final coating properties.[9] There are also software packages available for this purpose.

Advantages and disadvantages

GDCS has many advantages that make the technology potentially very competitive. Being a cold process, the initial physical and chemical particle properties are retained and the heating of the substrate is minimal, resulting in cold-worked microstructure of coatings where no melting and solidification happen. Furthermore, the technology allows to spray thermally sensitive materials and highly dissimilar materials combinations, due to the fact that the adhesion mechanism is purely mechanical.

Other advantages are:[10]

The jet obtained is a high-density particle beam due to the small size of the nozzle (10–15 mm2) and the short stand-off distance (25 mm). This results in high focus of the jet and precise control over the deposition area. Finally, inducing compressive stresses allows to obtain dense uniform and ultra-thick (20 μm - 50 mm) coatings.

On the other side, some difficulties can be found. For instance, it is difficult to spray hard and brittle materials because, in this case, mechanical adhesion through plastic deformation could be not as effective as it is for ductile particles. Other problems could include:[10]

Applications

Coatings

The ability for GDCS to deposit materials that are phase-sensitive or temperature-sensitive has positioned the technique to prepare coatings not possible with other thermal spray techniques. GDCS can generally be used to produce coatings of a wide variety of metals, alloys, and metal-based composites, including those materials that have an exceptionally high melting temperatures (e.g. tantalum, niobium, superalloys). The process is also valuable for depositing materials that are extremely sensitive to the presence of oxygen and will readily oxidize at modest elevated temperatures - a result which is deleterious to the performance of these materials. Some examples of oxygen sensitive coatings that are commonly produced with GDCS are aluminum, copper, titanium, and carbide composites (e.g. tungsten carbide),[11] as well as coatings made from amorphous alloys.[12]

Additional developments in GDCS are related to the deposition of ceramic materials on metals, notably titanium dioxide for photocatalytic effects,[13] and the use of GDCS in additive manufacturing.[14]

Repair

Cold spray is now used to repair machine parts in a matter of minutes. Metal (nickel alloys) particles travel in a blend of nitrogen and helium gas and gradually stack up on the damaged part to recreate the desired surface. A robot controls the movement of the sprayer. The U.S. Army uses the technology to repair a component in Blackhawk helicopters. General Electric is adapting the technology for civilian applications.[15]

Economics

GDCS is viable for high-cost materials and for obtaining dense and porous coatings. Also from the economic point of view GDCS is a viable solution. Many different cost models have been proposed, but the most common and general GDCS cost model has been proposed by Helfritch, Stier and Villafuerte.

References

  1. ↑ developed in the mid-1980s at the The Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
  2. ↑ Moridi, A.; Hassani-Gangaraj, S. M.; Guagliano, M.; Dao, M. "Cold spray coating: review of material systems and future perspectives". Surface Engineering 30: 369–395. doi:10.1179/1743294414Y.0000000270.
  3. ↑ Kuroda, Seiji; Kawakita, Jin; Watanabe, Makoto; Katanoda, Hiroshi (2008). "Warm spraying—a novel coating process based on high-velocity impact of solid particles" (PDF). Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 9 (3): 033002. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/9/3/033002.
  4. ↑ The review presents of patents and patent applications on GDSC, from the first mention of a few ideas at the beginning of the 20th century, its practical discovery in Russia in the 1980s and its subsequent development and commercialization.
  5. ↑ Hussain, T.; McCartney, D. G.; Shipway, P. H.; Zhang, D. (2009). "Bonding Mechanisms in Cold Spraying: The Contributions of Metallurgical and Mechanical Components". Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 18 (3): 364–379. doi:10.1007/s11666-009-9298-1.
  6. ↑ Assadi, Hamid; Gärtner, Frank; Stoltenhoff, Thorsten; Kreye, Heinrich (2003). "Bonding mechanism in cold gas spraying". Acta Materialia 51 (15): 4379–4394. doi:10.1016/S1359-6454(03)00274-X.
  7. ↑ Schmidt, Tobias; Gärtner, Frank; Assadi, Hamid; Kreye, Heinrich (2006). "Development of a generalized parameter window for cold spray deposition". Acta Materialia 54 (3): 729–742. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2005.10.005.
  8. ↑ Saden H. Zahiri, Christian I. Antonio, Mahnaz Jahedi. "Elimination of porosity in directly fabricated titanium via cold gas dynamic spraying". Int. J. Journal of Materials processing Technology 209 (2009) 922-929. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924013608002112
  9. ↑ Assadi, H., Schmidt, T., Richter, H., Kliemann, J.-O., Binder, K., Gärtner, F., Klassen, T., Kreye, H."On parameter selection in cold spraying"(2011) Journal of Thermal Spray Technology, 20 (6), pp. 1161-1176. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84855676344&partnerID=40&md5=3c4a28fcd4692fdc990a52f565b469d6
  10. 1 2 Champagne, Victor K. (2007). The cold spray materials deposition process. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 63–70. ISBN 9781845691813.
  11. ↑ J. Karthikeyan. "Cold Spray Technology: international status and USA efforts". ASB Industries. December, 2004. http://www.asbindustries.com/documents/int_status_report.pdf
  12. ↑ A.P. Wang "Ni-based fully amorphous metallic coating with high corrosion resistance". Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research. January 2006. http://www.inovati.com/information/literature/amorphous-ni.pdf
  13. ↑ Kliemann, J. -O.; Gutzmann, H.; Gärtner, F.; Hübner, H.; Borchers, C.; Klassen, T. (2010). "Formation of Cold-Sprayed Ceramic Titanium Dioxide Layers on Metal Surfaces". Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 20: 292. doi:10.1007/s11666-010-9563-3.
  14. ↑ H. Gabel & R. Tapphorn. JOM. August 1997. "Solid-State Spray Forming of Aluminum Near-Net Shapes." http://www.inovati.com/information/literature/jom97.pdf
  15. ↑ Repairing an airplane engine on a tight budget might become a lot easier - The Washington Post

Further reading

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