General Order 40
The Federal Radio Commission's (FRC) General Order 40, issued on August 30, 1928, described the standards for a sweeping reorganization of radio broadcasting in the United States. This order grouped the AM radio band transmitting frequencies into three main categories, which became known as Clear Channel, Regional, and Local. It also included provisions for coordination with Canadian station assignments. The majority of the reassignments that resulted from the plan's implementation went into effect on November 11, 1928.
Background
Radio transmissions in the United States were originally regulated by the Department of Commerce, as authorized by the Radio Act of 1912. The first formal regulations governing broadcasts intended for the general public were adopted effective December 1, 1921. This initially established just two transmitting wavelengths — 360 meters (833 kHz) for "entertainment" broadcasts, and 485 meters (619 kHz) for "market news and weather reports". The number of broadcasting stations grew dramatically in 1922, reaching over 500 by the end of the year, and the government began making available additional frequencies. By November 1924 a band of frequencies, from 550 to 1500 kilocycles, had been established, with higher-powered stations, known as "Class B", assigned to the frequencies from 550 to 1070, while lower-powered "Class A" stations were assigned to 1080 to 1500.[1]
In 1926, the government's regulatory authority under the 1912 Radio Act was successfully challenged, and, for a chaotic period that lasted until early 1927, radio stations were free to use any frequency and power of their own choosing, while the number of stations increased to 732. The Radio Act of 1927 was passed to regain control of the situation. The Act established a Federal Radio Commission, which reduced the number of stations, including eliminating "temporary" and "portable" stations. The Commission also worked on a reallocation of frequency assignments in order to reduce interference and provide better service to smaller communities and underserved rural areas. A constraint was the "Davis Amendment", which specified that stations assignments had to be equitably assigned throughout the country.
Two technical issues limited the number of stations that could operate without interfering with each other. This was especially true at night, when a change in the ionosphere meant that radio signals traveled much greater distances. Most transmitters at this were unable to precisely control their output frequencies. Thus, signals from two stations operating on the same nominal frequency would combine to make a high-pitched "heterodyne" tone that interfered with the reception of both stations. Also, directional antennas would not be developed until the early 1930s, so there was no available method for limiting signals in a given direction.
General Order 40 provisions
On August 30, 1928, the Commission issued General Order 40, which set the new standards for radio broadcasting. A "broadcast band" was defined as consisting of 96 frequencies, spaced every 10 kilocycles from 550 to 1500 kc. Six frequencies — 690, 730, 840, 910, 960, and 1030 — were restricted for use only by Canadian stations, leaving 90 available for U.S. assignments. The country was further divided into five zones, in order to implement an equitable distribution of stations as required by the Davis Amendment.[2]
Clear channels
Forty of the U.S. frequencies — eight in each zone — which came to be known as "Clear Channels", were generally limited nationally to a single station. The maximum power for these stations was to be determined later, and in most cases would be set at 50,000 watts. In some cases secondary stations were assigned to the same frequency, with provisions to avoid interference to the primary station's coverage, by having the secondary stations located long distances from the primary station, using limited powers, or restricted to daytime-only operation.
Due to a lack of Clear Channel frequencies, in several cases two stations were paired and required to share time on a common frequency:
- 770 KFAB in Lincoln, Nebraska and WBBM in Chicago, Illinois. To avoid interference, at night KFAB carried the same network programming as WBBM and the stations closely synchronized their transmissions.
- 800 WFAA in Dallas, Texas and WBAP in Fort Worth, Texas. Eventually, these stations also shared a second, regional frequency (570), and until the early 1980s alternated between the two frequencies every 12 hours.
- 850 KWKH in Shreveport, Louisiana and WWL in New Orleans, Louisiana.
- 870 WLS and WENR, both in Chicago, Illinois. This continued until 1959 when ABC purchased both stations and WENR was deleted.
- 1000 WHO in Des Moines, Iowa and WOC in Davenport, Iowa. Both stations unsuccessfully fought the shared allocation. Initially the two stations transmitted the same programs using synchronized transmitters, but eventually WHO bought out WOC and consolidated operations as WHO-WOC in Des Moines. Still later WOC was split-off, leaving just WHO.
- 1070 WBAL in Baltimore, Maryland and WTIC in Hartford, Connecticut.
- 1160 WOWO in Fort Wayne, Indiana and WWVA in Wheeling, West Virginia.
Zone 5 Clear Channel frequency 790 kc. was assigned to General Electric's (GE) KGO in Oakland, California. Because of the separation between the stations, GE's WGY in Schenectady, New York was also assigned to this frequency, but with KGO's power limited to 7.5 kW.
Zone 2 Clear Channel frequency 1020 kc. was initially used by a high-powered station in Zone 4, KYW in Chicago, Illinois. This discrepancy was resolved when KYW moved to Philadelphia in 1934, and the Philadelphia station previously on 1020, WRAX, moved to regional frequency 920 kc, sharing time with WPEN.
Regional frequencies
Forty-four frequencies, which would come to be called "Regional", were designated to be used concurrently by stations located in multiple zones. Forty of these frequencies had power limits of 1,000 watts, while the remaining four, 1460-1490, which were referred to as "Super Regional", had 5,000-watt limits. In numerous cases up to four stations in a given location were assigned to the same frequency, which required them to establish timesharing agreements.
Local frequencies
The remaining six frequencies — 1200, 1210, 1310, 1370, 1420 and 1500 — which would come to be referred to "Local", were issued to stations located in all five zones, with a power limit of 100 watts.
Effects
The reorganization greatly reduced the interference caused by chaos that resulted from the earlier collapse of regulation. There was some controversy that the assignments had resulted in groups of "have" and "have not" stations, with the Clear Channel stations receiving a major economic boast, while many of the remaining stations, often with limited hours due to having to timeshare, had constricted futures. Moreover, although this reorganization accounted for Canada, it did not included any other nearby countries, most notably ignoring Mexico. Twelve years later this omission was dealt with by the North American Radio Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA), which went into effect in March, 1941.
November 11, 1928 assignments
General Order 40's implementation took effect at 3A.M. Eastern time on November 11, 1928, and required a majority of U.S. radio stations to move to a new broadcast frequency. [3]
The table below presents a general outline of the allocations made under the order. For "Clear" frequencies, the zone of that frequency's principal station is listed, followed by the principal station's call letters and location, then the frequency that had been previously used by the principal station, and any additional stations assigned to that frequency. Bolded stations call signs are the original primary assignments, while call signs shown in parentheses were owned by the same licensee as the principal station. The additional stations on a frequency were: 1) shared allocations, 2) daytimers, or 3) secondary stations which eventually achieved full-time status, but at lower power or using a directional antenna that protected the primary station's coverage.
| Freq. (kHz) |
Used for | Max. Power (watts) |
Zone | Principal station(s) | Other stations sharing frequency (zone) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calls, City | Prev. freq. | |||||
| 550 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 7 U.S. stations |
| 560 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 10 U.S. stations |
| 570 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 11 U.S. stations |
| 580 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 6 U.S. stations 8 Canadian stations |
| 590 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 5 U.S. stations |
| 600 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 7 U.S. stations 3 Canadian stations |
| 610 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 5 U.S. stations |
| 620 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 6 U.S. stations |
| 630 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 4 U.S stations 3 Canadian stations |
| 640 | Clear | TBD | 5 | KFI, Los Angeles, California | 640 | WOI, Ames, Iowa (4) WAIU, Columbus, Ohio (2) |
| 650 | Clear | TBD | 3 | WSM, Nashville, Tennessee | 890 | KPCB, Seattle, Washington (5) |
| 660 | Clear | TBD | 1 | WEAF, New York, New York | 610 | WAAW, Omaha, Nebraska (4) |
| 670 | Clear | TBD | 4 | WMAQ, Chicago, Illinois | 670 | none |
| 680 | Clear | TBD | 5 | KPO, San Francisco, California | 710 | KFEQ, Saint Joseph, Missouri (4) WPTF, Raleigh, North Carolina (3) |
| 690 | Clear | Canada | CFRB, Toronto, Ontario | CJCJ, Calgary, Alberta | ||
| 700 | Clear | TBD | 2 | WLW, Cincinnati, Ohio | 700 | none |
| 710 | Clear | TBD | 1 | WOR, New York, New York (Newark, New Jersey) | 710 | KMPC, Los Angeles, California (5) |
| 720 | Clear | TBD | 4 | WGN/(WLIB), Chicago, Illinois | 720 | none |
| 730 | Clear | Canada | CKAC, Montreal, Quebec | CKWX, Vancouver, British Columbia | ||
| 740 | Clear | TBD | 3 | WSB, Atlanta, Georgia | 630 | KMMJ, Clay Center, Nebraska (4) |
| 750 | Clear | TBD | 2 | WJR, Detroit, Michigan | 680 | none |
| 760 | Clear | TBD | — | WJZ, New York, New York (Newark, New Jersey) | 660 | WEW, Saint Louis, Missouri (4) KVI, Tacoma, Washington (5) |
| 770 | Clear | TBD | 4 | WBBM/(WJBT), Chicago, Illinois | 770 | none |
| KFAB, Lincoln, Nebraska | 940 | |||||
| 780 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 6 U.S. stations 3 Canadian stations |
| 790 | Clear | TBD | 5 | KGO, San Francisco, California (Oakland) | 790 | WGY, Schenectady, New York (1) |
| 800 | Clear | TBD | 3 | WFAA, Dallas, Texas | 550 | none |
| WBAP, Fort Worth, Texas | 600 | |||||
| 810 | Clear | TBD | 4 | WCCO, Minneapolis, Minnesota | 740 | WPCH, New York, New York (1) |
| 820 | Clear | TBD | 2 | WHAS, Louisville, Kentucky | 930 | none |
| 830 | Clear | TBD | 5 | KOA, Denver, Colorado | 920 | WRUF, Gainesville, Florida (3) WHDH, Boston, Massachusetts (1) |
| 840 | Clear | Canada | CFCA/CNRT, Toronto, Ontario | |||
| 850 | Clear | TBD | 3 | WWL, New Orleans, Louisiana | 1220 | none |
| KWKH, Shreveport, Louisiana | 760 | |||||
| 860 | Clear | TBD | 1 | WABC/(WBOQ), New York, New York | 970 | WHB, Kansas City, Missouri (4) KMO, Tacoma, Washington (5) |
| 870 | Clear | TBD | 4 | WLS, Chicago, Illinois | 870 | none |
| WENR/(WBCN), Chicago, Illinois | 1040 | |||||
| 880 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 7 U.S. stations 7 Canadian stations |
| 890 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 9 U.S. stations |
| 900 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 7 U.S. stations |
| 910 | Clear | Canada | CFCF/CHYC, Montreal, Quebec | CKY, Winnipeg, Manitoba CJAT, Trail, British Columbia | ||
| 920 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 6 U.S. stations |
| 930 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 8 U.S. stations 5 Canadian stations |
| 940 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 6 U.S. stations |
| 950 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 4 U.S. stations |
| 960 | Clear | — | Canada | CFRB, Toronto, Ontario | CFRN, Edmonton, Alberta | |
| 970 | Clear | TBD | 5 | KJR, Seattle, Washington | 970 | WCFL, Chicago, Illinois (4) |
| 980 | Clear | TBD | 2 | KDKA, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | 960 | none |
| 990 | Clear | TBD | 1 | WBZ, Springfield, Massachusetts / WBZA, Boston | 910 | none |
| 1000 | Clear | TBD | 4 | WHO, Des Moines | 560 | KFVD, Los Angeles, California (5) |
| WOC, Davenport, Iowa | 800 | |||||
| 1010 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 7 U.S. stations 2 Canadian stations |
| 1020 | Clear | TBD | 2 | KYW/(KFKX), Chicago, Illinois (4) | 570 | WRAX, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (2) |
| 1030 | Clear | Canada | CFCF, Montreal, Quebec | CNRV, Vancouver, British Columbia | ||
| 1040 | Clear | TBD | 3 | KRLD, Dallas, Texas | 650 | KTHS, Hot Springs, Arkansas (3) WKAR, East Lansing, Michigan (2) WMAK, Buffalo, New York (1) |
| 1050 | Clear | TBD | 5 | KNX, Los Angeles, California | 890 | KFKB, Milford, Kansas (4) |
| 1060 | Clear | TBD | 1 | WBAL, Baltimore, Maryland | 1050 | WJAG, Norfolk, Nebraska (3) KWJJ, Portland, Oregon (5) |
| WTIC, Hartford, Connecticut | 560 | |||||
| 1070 | Clear | TBD | 2 | WTAM/(WEAR), Cleveland, Ohio | 750 | KJBS, San Francisco, California (5) WCAZ, Carthage, Illinois/ WDZ, Tuscola, Illinois (4) |
| 1080 | Clear | TBD | 3 | WBT, Charlotte, North Carolina | 1160 | WMBI / WCBD, Chicago, Illinois (4) |
| 1090 | Clear | TBD | 4 | KMOX, Saint Louis, Missouri | 1000 | none |
| 1100 | Clear | TBD | 1 | WLWL, New York, New York | 810 | KGDM, Stockton, California (5) |
| WPG, Atlantic City, New Jersey | 1100 | |||||
| 1110 | Clear | TBD | 2 | WRVA, Richmond, Virginia | 1180 | KSOO, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (4) |
| 1120 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 10 U.S. stations 4 Canadian stations |
| 1130 | Clear | TBD | 5 | KSL, Salt Lake City, Utah | 990 | WJJD, Chicago, Illinois (4) WOV, New York, New York (1) |
| 1140 | Clear | TBD | 3 | WAPI, Birmingham, Alabama | 880 | none |
| KVOO, Tulsa, Oklahoma | 860 | |||||
| 1150 | Clear | TBD | 1 | WHAM, Rochester, New York | 1070 | none |
| 1160 | Clear | TBD | 4 | WOWO, Fort Wayne, Indiana | 1310 | none |
| WWVA, Wheeling, West Virginia (2) | 580 | |||||
| 1170 | Clear | TBD | 2 | WCAU, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | 1150 | KTNT, Muscatine, Iowa (4) |
| 1180 | Clear | TBD | 5 | KEX, Portland, Oregon | 1080 | WDGY/WHDI, Minneapolis, Minnesota (4) |
| KOB, Albuquerque, New Mexico | 760 | |||||
| 1190 | Clear | TBD | 3 | WOAI, San Antonio, Texas | 1070 | WICC, Bridgeport, Connecticut (1) |
| 1200 | Local | 100 | — | — | — | 48 U.S. stations |
| 1210 | Local | 100 | — | — | — | 44 U.S. stations 5 Canadian stations |
| 1220 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 6 U.S. stations |
| 1230 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 8 U.S. stations |
| 1240 | Regional | 1.000 | — | — | — | 3 U.S. stations |
| 1250 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 12 U.S. stations |
| 1260 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 6 U.S. stations |
| 1270 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 10 U.S. stations |
| 1280 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 6 U.S. stations |
| 1290 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 7 U.S. stations |
| 1300 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 12 U.S. stations |
| 1310 | Local | 100 | — | — | — | 53 U.S. stations |
| 1320 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 6 U.S. stations |
| 1330 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 5 U.S. stations |
| 1340 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 4 U.S. stations |
| 1350 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 5 U.S. stations |
| 1360 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 8 U.S. stations |
| 1370 | Local | 100 | — | — | — | 42 U.S. stations |
| 1380 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 4 U.S. stations |
| 1390 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 4 U.S. stations |
| 1400 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 9 U.S. stations |
| 1410 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 11 U.S. stations |
| 1420 | Local | 100 | — | — | — | 38 U.S. stations |
| 1430 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 7 U.S. stations |
| 1440 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 9 U.S. stations |
| 1450 | Regional | 1,000 | — | — | — | 9 U.S. stations |
| 1460 | Super Regional |
5,000 | 2 | WJSV, Washington, D.C. | 1480 | none |
| 4 | KSTP, Saint Paul, Minnesota | 1360 | ||||
| 1470 | Super Regional |
5,000 | 3 | WLAC/WTNT, Nashville, Tennessee | 1330 | none |
| 5 | KGA, Spokane, Washington | 1150 | ||||
| 1480 | Super Regional |
5,000 | 1 | WKBW, Buffalo, New York | 1380 | none |
| 3 | KFJF, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma | 1100 | ||||
| 1490 | Super Regional |
5,000 | 1 | WFBL, Syracuse, New York | 1160 | none |
| 2 | WCKY, Cincinnati, Ohio (Covington, Kentucky) | none | ||||
| 4 | WHT/WORD/WJAZ, Chicago, Illinois | var. | ||||
| 1500 | Local | 100 | — | — | — | 31 U.S. stations |
- ↑ Building the Broadcast Band
- ↑ Radio Service Bulletin, August 31, 1928, "General Orders of the Federal Radio Commission", pages 9-10.
- ↑ Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the United States: Edition June 30, 1928, "Broadcasting Stations by Wavelengths, Effective November 11, 1928", pages 172-176.
See also
External links
- Radio Service Bulletin, August 31, 1928, No. 137 Text of General Order 40 appears on pages 9–10.
- Behind the Clear Channel Matter, a series of six articles about the history of clear-channel AM radio stations, by Mark Durenberger