Golden algae

Golden algae
Dinobryon divergens, a tree like sessile form with cells in the cup-like shells
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukarya
(unranked): SAR
Phylum: Heterokontophyta
Class: Chrysophyceae
Pascher, 1914[1]
Orders[2]

Chromulinales
Chrysosphaerales
Hibberdiales
Hydrurales
Phaeothamniales

Synonyms

The Chrysophyceae, usually called chrysophytes, chrysomonads, golden-brown algae or golden algae are a large group of algae, found mostly in freshwater.[5] Golden algae is also commonly used to refer to a single species, Prymnesium parvum, which causes fish kills.[6]

The Chrysophyceae should not be confused with the Chrysophyta, which is a more ambiguous taxon. Although "chrysophytes" is the anglicization of "Chrysophyta", it generally refers to the Chrysophyceae.

Members

Originally they were taken to include all such forms of the diatoms and multicellular brown algae, but since then they have been divided into several different groups (e.g., Haptophyceae,[7] Synurophyceae) based on pigmentation and cell structure. Some heterotrophic flagellates as the bicosoecids and choanoflagellates were sometimes seen as related to golden algae too.

They are now usually restricted to a core group of closely related forms, distinguished primarily by the structure of the flagella in motile cells, also treated as an order Chromulinales. It is possible membership will be revised further as more species are studied in detail.

Traits, locomotion, and classification

A "primary" cell contains two specialized flagella. The active, "feathered" (with mastigonemes) flagellum is oriented toward the moving direction. The smooth passive flagellum, oriented toward the opposite direction, may be present only in rudimentary form in some species.

Classifications

Pascher (1914)

Classification of the class Chrysophyceae according to Pascher (1914):[8][9][10]

Smith (1938)

According to Smith (1938):

Bourrely (1957)

According to Bourrely (1957):[11]

Starmach (1985)

According to Starmach (1985):[12]

Kristiansen (1986)

Classification of the class Chrysophyceae and splinter groups according to Kristiansen (1986):[13]

Margulis et al. (1990)

Classification of the phylum Chrysophyta according to Margulis et al. (1990):[14]

van den Hoek et al., 1995

According to van den Hoek, Mann and Jahns (1995):

Preisig (1995)

Classification of the class Chrysophyceae and splinter groups according to Preisig (1995):[15]

Guiry and Guiry (2014)

According to Guiry and Guiry (2014):[16]

Evolution

Chrysophytes contain the pigment fucoxanthin.[17] Because of this, they were once considered to be a specialized form of cyanobacteria. Because many of these organisms had a silica capsule, they have a relatively complete fossil record, allowing modern biologists to confirm that they are, in fact, not derived from cyanobacteria, but rather an ancestor that did not possess the capability to photosynthesize. Many of the chrysophyta precursor fossils entirely lacked any type of photosynthesis-capable pigment. Most biologists believe that the chrysophytes obtained their ability to photosynthesize from an endosymbiotic relationship with fucoxanthin-containing cyanobacteria.

References

  1. Pascher, A. (1914) Über Flagellaten und Algen. Ber. dt. Bot. Ges., 32: 136–160, .
  2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2825&lvl=2
  3. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/63778#page/41/mode/1up
  4. 1 2 http://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/biologie/chrysophyceae/14070
  5. "Introduction to the Chrysophyta". Retrieved 2009-06-13.
  6. "Golden Alga: Management Data Series 236: Management of Prymnesium parvum at Texas State Fish Hatcheries".
  7. Medlin, L. K., W. H. C. F. Kooistra, D. Potter, G. W. Saunders, and R. A. Anderson. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships of the “golden algae” (haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and their plastids. Plant Systematics and Evolution (Supplement) 11: 187–219.
  8. Pascher A (1914). "Über Flagellaten und Algen". Berichte der deutsche botanischen Gesellschaft 32: 136–160.
  9. Round, F.E. (1986). The Chrysophyta - a reassessment. In: Chrysophytes: Aspects and Problems. Kristiansen, J. and R.A. Andersen [Eds.]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 12.
  10. Sharma, O. P. (1986). Textbook of Algae. McGraw Hill. p. 23, .
  11. Andersen, R.A. (2007). Molecular systematics of the Chrysophyceae and Synurophyceae. In: Unravelling the algae: the past, present, and future of algal systematics. The Systematics Association Special Volume Series, 75. (Brodie, J. & Lewis, J. Eds), pp. 285-313. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
  12. Preisig, H. R. (1995). A modern concept of chrysophyte classification. In Chrysophyte Algae, ed. C. D. Sandgren, J. R. Smol, and J. Kristiansen, p. 47.
  13. Preisig, H. R. (1995). A modern concept of chrysophyte classification. In Chrysophyte Algae, ed. C. D. Sandgren, J. R. Smol, and J. Kristiansen, p. 48.
  14. Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, D.J. Chapman. Handbook of Protoctista. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, 1990.
  15. Preisig, H. R. (1995). A modern concept of chrysophyte classification. In Chrysophyte Algae, ed. C. D. Sandgren, J. R. Smol, and J. Kristiansen, pp. 49–50.
  16. Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2014. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?id=87256; searched on 08 March 2014.
  17. "Chrysophyta". Retrieved 2009-06-13.

Bibliography

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