List of Governors of New York

Andrew Cuomo the 56th and current Governor of New York.

The Governor of New York is the head of the executive branch of New York's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces.[1] The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, to convene the New York legislature,[1] the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the legislature,[2] and to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment.[3]

Fifty-six individuals have served as governor, four of whom served non-consecutive terms, totaling 60 distinct terms; the official numbering only lists each governor once, so there have officially been fifty-six governors. This numbering includes one acting governor: the lieutenant governor who filled the vacancy after the resignation of the governor, under the 1777 State Constitution.[4] The list does not include people who have acted as governor when the governor was out of state, such as Lt. Gov. Timothy L. Woodruff during Theodore Roosevelt's vice presidential campaign in 1900, or Acting Speaker of the New York State Assembly Moses M. Weinstein, who acted as governor for ten days in 1968 while the governor, the lieutenant governor, and the senate majority leader were out of the state, attending the Republican National Convention in Miami, Florida.[5]

Four men have become President of the United States after serving as Governor of New York: Martin Van Buren, Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and six were Vice President of the United States. (Van Buren and Theodore Roosevelt held both offices.) Two governors have been Chief Justice of the United States: John Jay held that position when he was elected governor in 1795, and Charles Evans Hughes became chief justice in 1930, two decades after leaving the governorship.

The longest-serving governor was the first, George Clinton, who first took office on July 30, 1777, and served seven terms in two different periods, totaling just under 21 years in office. (As 18 of those years were consecutive, Clinton also served the longest consecutive period in office for a New York governor.) Charles Poletti had the shortest term, serving 29 days following the resignation of the previous governor in 1942. The current governor is Andrew Cuomo, who took office on January 1, 2011.

Governors

New York was one of the original thirteen colonies, and was admitted as a state on July 26, 1788. Prior to declaring its independence, New York was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, which it in turn obtained from the Dutch as the colony of New Netherland; see the lists of colonial governors and of directors-general of New Netherland for the pre-statehood period.

The office of governor was established by the first New York State Constitution in 1777. The governor was originally for a term of three years,[6] though the constitution did not specify when the term began. A 1787 law set the start of the term at July 1.[7] The New York State Constitutional Convention of 1821 amended the state constitution, reducing the term of office to two years,[8] moving the election to November,[9] and moving the beginning and the end of the term to coincide with the calendar year.[10] An 1874 amendment extended the term of office back to three years,[11] but the 1894 constitution again reduced it to two years.[12] The most recent constitution of 1938 extended the term to the current four years.[13] There is no limit to the number of consecutive terms a governor may serve.

The state constitution has provided since 1777 for the election of a lieutenant governor, who is also ex officio president of the state senate, to the same term (keeping the same term lengths as the governor throughout all the constitutional revisions). Originally, in the event of the death, resignation or impeachment of the governor, the lieutenant governor would become acting governor until the end of the yearly legislative term, the office being filled in a special election, if there was a remainder of the term.[14] Since the 1821 constitution, the lieutenant governor explicitly becomes governor upon such vacancy in the office and serves for the entire remainder of the term.[15] Should the office of lieutenant governor become vacant, the president pro tempore of the state senate[note 1] performs all the duties of the lieutenant governor until the vacancy is filled either at the next gubernatorial election or by appointment.[note 2] Likewise, should both offices become vacant at the same time, the president pro tempore acts as governor, with the office of lieutenant governor remaining vacant. Should the presidency pro tempore be vacant too, or the incumbent unable to fulfill the duties, the speaker of the assembly is next in the line of succession.[16] The lieutenant governor is elected on the same ticket as the governor, since 1954 with a single joint vote cast for both offices, but is nominated separately.[17]

List of governors

      Democratic-Republican (9)       Federalist (1)       Democratic (26)       Whig (5)       Republican (18)

Portrait Governor Term of office Party Term Lt. Governor
1   George Clinton
July 26, 1739 – April 20, 1812
(aged 72)
July 30, 1777

June 30, 1795
Democratic–
Republican
1   Pierre Van Cortlandt
2
3
4
5
6
2   John Jay
December 23, 1745 – May 17, 1829
(aged 83)
July 1, 1795

June 30, 1801
Federalist 7   Stephen Van Rensselaer
8
1   George Clinton
July 26, 1739 – April 20, 1812
(aged 72)
July 1, 1801

June 30, 1804
Democratic-
Republican
9   Jeremiah Van Rensselaer
3   Morgan Lewis
October 16, 1754 – April 7, 1844
(aged 89)
July 1, 1804

June 30, 1807
Democratic-
Republican
10   John Broome
4   Daniel D. Tompkins
June 21, 1774 – June 11, 1825
(aged 50)
July 1, 1807

February 24, 1817
Democratic-
Republican
[note 3]
11
12
John Tayler
DeWitt Clinton
13 John Tayler
5   John Tayler
July 4, 1742 – March 19, 1829
(aged 86)

(Acting)
February 24, 1817

June 30, 1817

[note 4]
Democratic-
Republican
  Philetus Swift
6   DeWitt Clinton
March 2, 1769 – February 11, 1828
(aged 58)
July 1, 1817

December 31, 1822
Democratic-
Republican
14   John Tayler
15
7   Joseph C. Yates
November 9, 1768 – March 19, 1837
(aged 68)
January 1, 1823

December 31, 1824
Democratic-
Republican
16   Erastus Root
6   DeWitt Clinton
March 2, 1769 – February 11, 1828
(aged 58)
January 1, 1825

February 11, 1828
Democratic-
Republican
17   James Tallmadge, Jr.
18   Nathaniel Pitcher
8   Nathaniel Pitcher
November 30, 1777 – May 25, 1836
(aged 58)
February 11, 1828

December 31, 1828
Democratic-
Republican
  Peter R. Livingston
  Charles Dayan
9   Martin Van Buren
December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862
(aged 79)
January 1, 1829

March 12, 1829
Democratic 19   Enos T. Throop
10   Enos T. Throop
August 21, 1784 – November 1, 1874
(aged 90)
March 12, 1829

December 31, 1832
Democratic   Charles Stebbins
20   William M. Oliver
21   Edward Philip Livingston
11   William L. Marcy
December 12, 1786 – July 4, 1857
(aged 70)
January 1, 1833

December 31, 1838
Democratic 22   John Tracy
23
24
12   William H. Seward
May 16, 1801 – October 10, 1872
(aged 71)
January 1, 1839

December 31, 1842
Whig 25   Luther Bradish
26
13   William C. Bouck
January 7, 1786 – April 19, 1859
(aged 73)
January 1, 1843

December 31, 1844
Democratic 27   Daniel S. Dickinson
14   Silas Wright
May 24, 1795 – August 27, 1847
(aged 52)
January 1, 1845

December 31, 1846
Democratic 28   Addison Gardiner
15   John Young
June 12, 1802 – April 23, 1852
(aged 49)
January 1, 1847

December 31, 1848
Whig 29   Addison Gardiner
  Albert Lester
  Hamilton Fish
16   Hamilton Fish
August 3, 1808 – September 7, 1893
(aged 85)
January 1, 1849

December 31, 1850
Whig 30   George W. Patterson
17   Washington Hunt
August 5, 1811 – February 2, 1867
(aged 55)
January 1, 1851

December 31, 1852
Whig 31   Sanford E. Church
18   Horatio Seymour
May 31, 1810 – February 12, 1886
(aged 75)
January 1, 1853

December 31, 1854
Democratic 32   Sanford E. Church
19   Myron H. Clark
October 23, 1806 – August 23, 1892
(aged 85)
January 1, 1855

December 31, 1856
Whig (fusion) 33   Henry Jarvis Raymond
20   John Alsop King
January 3, 1788 – July 7, 1867
(aged 79)
January 1, 1857

December 31, 1858
Republican 34   Henry R. Selden
21   Edwin D. Morgan
February 8, 1811 – February 14, 1883
(aged 72)
January 1, 1859

December 31, 1862
Republican 35   Robert Campbell
36
18   Horatio Seymour
May 31, 1810 – February 12, 1886
(aged 75)
January 1, 1863

December 31, 1864
Democratic 37   David R. Floyd-Jones
22   Reuben Fenton
July 4, 1819 – August 25, 1885
(aged 66)
January 1, 1865

December 31, 1868
Union 38   Thomas G. Alvord
39   Stewart L. Woodford
23   John Thompson Hoffman
January 10, 1828 – March 24, 1888
(aged 60)
January 1, 1869

December 31, 1872
Democratic 40   Allen C. Beach
24   John Adams Dix
July 24, 1798 – April 21, 1879
(aged 80)
January 1, 1873

December 31, 1874
Republican 41   John C. Robinson
25   Samuel J. Tilden
February 9, 1814 – August 4, 1886
(aged 72)
January 1, 1875

December 31, 1876
Democratic 42   William Dorsheimer
26   Lucius Robinson
November 4, 1810 – March 23, 1891
(aged 80)
January 1, 1877

December 31, 1879
Democratic 43
[note 5]
  William Dorsheimer
27   Alonzo B. Cornell
January 22, 1832 – October 15, 1904
(aged 72)
January 1, 1880

December 31, 1882
Republican 44   George Gilbert Hoskins
28   Grover Cleveland
March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908
(aged 71)
January 1, 1883

January 6, 1885
Democratic 45
[note 6]
  David B. Hill
29   David B. Hill
August 29, 1843 – October 20, 1910
(aged 67)
January 6, 1885

December 31, 1891
Democratic   Dennis McCarthy
46   Edward F. Jones
47
30   Roswell P. Flower
August 7, 1835 – May 12, 1899
(aged 63)
January 1, 1892

December 31, 1894
Democratic 48   William F. Sheehan
31   Levi P. Morton
May 16, 1824 – May 16, 1920
(aged 96)
January 1, 1895

December 31, 1896
Republican 49
[note 7]
  Charles T. Saxton
32   Frank S. Black
March 8, 1853 – March 22, 1913
(aged 60)
January 1, 1897

December 31, 1898
Republican 50   Timothy L. Woodruff
33   Theodore Roosevelt
October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919
(aged 60)
January 1, 1899

December 31, 1900
Republican 51   Timothy L. Woodruff
34   Benjamin Barker Odell
January 14, 1854 – May 9, 1926
(aged 72)
January 1, 1901

December 31, 1904
Republican 52   Timothy L. Woodruff
53   Frank W. Higgins
35   Frank W. Higgins
August 18, 1856 – February 12, 1907
(aged 50)
January 1, 1905

December 31, 1906
Republican 54   M. Linn Bruce
  John Raines
36   Charles Evans Hughes
April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948
(aged 86)
January 1, 1907

October 6, 1910
Republican 55   Lewis Stuyvesant Chanler
56
[note 8]
  Horace White
37   Horace White
October 7, 1865 – November 27, 1943
(aged 78)
October 6, 1910

December 31, 1910
Republican   George H. Cobb
38   John Alden Dix
December 25, 1860 – April 9, 1928
(aged 67)
January 1, 1911

December 31, 1912
Democratic 57   Thomas F. Conway
39   William Sulzer
March 18, 1863 – November 6, 1941
(aged 78)
January 1, 1913

October 17, 1913
Democratic 58
[note 9]
  Martin H. Glynn
40   Martin H. Glynn
September 27, 1871 – December 14, 1924
(aged 53)
October 17, 1913

December 31, 1914
Democratic   Robert F. Wagner
41   Charles S. Whitman
September 29, 1868 – March 29, 1947
(aged 78)
January 1, 1915

December 31, 1918
Republican 59   Edward Schoeneck
60
42   Al Smith
December 30, 1873 – October 4, 1944
(aged 70)
January 1, 1919

December 31, 1920
Democratic 61   Harry C. Walker
43   Nathan L. Miller
October 10, 1868 – June 26, 1953
(aged 84)
January 1, 1921

December 31, 1922
Republican 62   Jeremiah Wood
  Clayton R. Lusk
42   Al Smith
December 30, 1873 – October 4, 1944
(aged 70)
January 1, 1923

December 31, 1928
Democratic 63   George R. Lunn
64   Seymour Lowman
65   Edwin Corning
44   Franklin D. Roosevelt
January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945
(aged 63)
January 1, 1929

December 31, 1932
Democratic 66   Herbert H. Lehman
67
45   Herbert H. Lehman
March 28, 1878 – December 5, 1963
(aged 85)
January 1, 1933

December 3, 1942
Democratic 68   M. William Bray
69
70
71
[note 10]
[note 11]
  Charles Poletti
46   Charles Poletti
July 2, 1903 – August 8, 2002
(aged 99)
December 3, 1942

December 31, 1942
Democratic   Joe R. Hanley
47   Thomas Dewey
March 24, 1902 – March 16, 1971
(aged 68)
January 1, 1943

December 31, 1954
Republican 72   Thomas W. Wallace
  Joe R. Hanley
73
74   Frank C. Moore
  Arthur H. Wicks
  Walter J. Mahoney
48   W. Averell Harriman
November 15, 1891 – July 26, 1986
(aged 94)
January 1, 1955

December 31, 1958
Democratic 75   George DeLuca
49   Nelson Rockefeller
July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979
(aged 70)
January 1, 1959

December 18, 1973
Republican 76   Malcolm Wilson
77
78
79
[note 12]
 
50   Malcolm Wilson
February 26, 1914 – March 13, 2000
(aged 86)
December 18, 1973

December 31, 1974
Republican   Warren M. Anderson
51   Hugh Carey
April 11, 1919 – August 7, 2011
(aged 92)
January 1, 1975

December 31, 1982
Democratic 80   Mary Anne Krupsak
81   Mario Cuomo
52   Mario Cuomo
June 15, 1932 – January 1, 2015
(aged 82)
January 1, 1983

December 31, 1994
Democratic 82   Alfred DelBello
  Warren M. Anderson
83   Stan Lundine
84
53   George Pataki
June 24, 1945
January 1, 1995

December 31, 2006
Republican 85   Betsy McCaughey Ross
86   Mary O. Donohue
87
54   Eliot Spitzer
June 10, 1959
January 1, 2007

March 17, 2008
Democratic 88
[note 13]
  David Paterson
55   David Paterson
May 20, 1954
March 17, 2008

December 31, 2010
Democratic   Joseph Bruno
  Dean Skelos
  Malcolm Smith
  Pedro Espada
[note 14]
  Richard Ravitch
(Contested)
[note 15]
  Malcolm Smith
[note 16]
  Richard Ravitch
[note 17]
56   Andrew Cuomo
(1957-12-06) December 6, 1957
January 1, 2011

Incumbent
Democratic 89   Robert Duffy
90   Kathy Hochul
Denotes that Governor or Lieutenant Governor was acting.

Other high offices held

This is a table of congressional and other federal offices, and ranking diplomatic positions to foreign countries held by New York governors. All representatives and senators mentioned represented New York.

* Denotes those offices for which the governor resigned the governorship.
 Denotes those offices from which the governor resigned to take the governorship.
Governor Gubernatorial term U.S. Congress Other offices held Source
House Senate
George Clinton 17771795
18011804
Delegate to the Continental Congress, Vice President of the United States [19]
John Jay 17951801 President of the Continental Congress, U.S. Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Minister to Spain, Chief Justice of the United States [20]
Daniel D. Tompkins 18071817 H Vice President of the United States* [21]
DeWitt Clinton 18171822
18251828
S [22]
Nathaniel Pitcher 1828 H [23]
Martin Van Buren 1829 S† U.S. Secretary of State*, Minister to the United Kingdom, Vice President of the United States, President of the United States [24]
Enos T. Throop 18291832 H [25]
William L. Marcy 18331838 S† U.S. Secretary of War, U.S. Secretary of State [26]
William H. Seward 18391842 S U.S. Secretary of State [27]
Silas Wright 18451846 H S† [28]
John Young 18471848 H [29]
Hamilton Fish 18491850 H S U.S. Secretary of State [30]
Washington Hunt 18511852 H [31]
John Alsop King 18571858 H [32]
Edwin D. Morgan 18591862 S [33]
Reuben Fenton 18651868 H† S [34]
John Adams Dix 18731874 S Minister to France, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury [35]
Grover Cleveland 18831884 President of the United States* [36]
David B. Hill 18851891 S [37]
Roswell P. Flower 18921894 H [38]
Levi P. Morton 18951896 H Minister to France, Vice President of the United States [39]
Frank S. Black 18971898 H† [40]
Theodore Roosevelt 18991900 Vice President of the United States, President of the United States [41]
Benjamin B. Odell, Jr. 19011904 H [42]
Charles Evans Hughes 19071910 U.S. Secretary of State, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court*, Chief Justice of the United States.
William Sulzer 1913 H† [43]
Martin H. Glynn 19131914 H [44]
Franklin D. Roosevelt 19291932 President of the United States [45]
Herbert H. Lehman 19331942 S [46]
W. Averell Harriman 19551958 U.S. Secretary of Commerce, Ambassador to the United Kingdom, Ambassador to the Soviet Union [47]
Nelson Rockefeller 19591973 Vice President of the United States [48]
Hugh Carey 19751982 H† [49]
Andrew Cuomo 2011 U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development

Living former U.S. governors of New York

As of April 2016, there are three former U.S. governors of New York who are currently living at this time, the oldest being George Pataki (served 19952006, born 1945). The most recent governor to die was Mario Cuomo (served 1983–1994, born 1932), on January 1, 2015; he is also the most recently serving governor to have died.

Governor Gubernatorial term Date of birth (and age)
George Pataki 19952006 June 24, 1945
Eliot Spitzer 20072008 June 10, 1959
David Paterson 20082010 May 20, 1954

See also

Notes

  1. The state constitutions refer to this position as the "temporary president of the senate"
  2. On September 22, 2009, the New York Court of Appeals upheld the right of the governor to appoint a lieutenant governor to fill the vacancy.
  3. Resigned to be Vice President of the United States.
  4. Under the Constitution of 1777, Tayler was acting governor until the end of the legislative year.
  5. As per an 1874 amendment to the constitution (taking effect January 1, 1875), Robinson's term was the first to last three years instead of two. As Tilden had been elected prior to the amendment taking effect, he served the old two-year term.[18]
  6. Resigned to be President of the United States.
  7. As per the 1894 constitution, Morton's term was the first to last two years instead of three.
  8. Resigned to be an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.
  9. Impeached and removed from office for campaign contribution fraud.
  10. As per the 1938 constitution, Lehman's fourth term, commencing January 1, 1939, was the first scheduled to last four years instead of two.
  11. Resigned to be Director of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation Operations at the U.S. Department of State
  12. Resigned to devote himself to his Commission on Critical Choices for Americans.
  13. Spitzer resigned due to a prostitution scandal
  14. Espada is a Democrat, but combined with the Republicans in a change of leadership which triggered the 2009 New York State Senate leadership crisis.
  15. Ravitch was appointed on July 8, 2009, but the appointment was contested in the courts. On August 20, the Appellate Division rejected the appointment, and Ravitch de facto vacated the office.
  16. Smith succeeded Espada on July 9 as Temporary President of the New York State Senate, and claimed to be Acting Lt. Gov. under the provisions of the New York State Constitution while the appointment of Ravitch was contested. Smith was de facto the sole occupant of the office from August 20 to September 22.
  17. On September 22, the New York Court of Appeals reversed the Appellate Division's ruling, and thus re-instated Ravitch to the lieutenant governorship, beginning de jure on July 8.

References

General
Constitutions
Specific
  1. 1 2 New York Constitution article IV, § 3
  2. New York Constitution article IV, § 7
  3. New York Constitution article IV, § 4
  4. "Governors of New York". State of New York. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  5. McFadden, Robert D. (December 3, 2007). "Moses Weinstein, 95, Legislator and Judge, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
  6. 1777 New York Constitution article XVIII
  7. "Governors of New York". New York Department of State. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  8. 1821 New York Constitution article III, § 1
  9. 1821 New York Constitution article I, § 15
  10. 1821 New York Constitution article I, § 16
  11. John Joseph Lalor, ed. (1883). "New York". Cyclopædia of Political Science, Political Economy, and the Political History of the United States II. Chicago: Melbert B. Cary & Company. p. 1017. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  12. 1894 New York Constitution article IV, § 1
  13. New York Constitution article IV, § 1
  14. 1777 New York Constitution article X
  15. New York Constitution article IV § 5
  16. New York Constitution article IV § 6
  17. "Executive Branch of the Several States". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  18. Lincoln, Charles Z. (1906). The Constitutional History of New York II. Rochester, New York: The Lawyers Co-Operative Publishing Company. p. 512. ISBN 0-8476-9431-3. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  19. "Clinton, George". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. July 12, 2010.
  20. "John Jay". The Supreme Court Historical Society. Archived from the original on July 10, 2010. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
  21. "Tompkins, Daniel D.". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. July 12, 2010.
  22. "Clinton, DeWitt". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. July 12, 2010.
  23. "Pitcher, Nathaniel". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. July 12, 2010.
  24. "Martin, Van Buren". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. March 28, 2008.
  25. "Throop, Enos Thompson". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. July 12, 2010.
  26. "March, William Learned". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. March 28, 2008.
  27. "Seward, William Henry". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. July 12, 2010.
  28. "Wright, Silas Jr.". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. March 28, 2008.
  29. "Young John". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. July 12, 2010.
  30. "Fish, Hamilton". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. July 12, 2010.
  31. "Hunt, Washington". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. July 12, 2010.
  32. "King, John Alsop". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. July 12, 2010.
  33. "Morgan, Edwin Denison". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. July 12, 2010.
  34. "Fenton, Reuben Eaton". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. March 28, 2008.
  35. "Dix, John Adams". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. July 12, 2010.
  36. "Grover Cleveland". The White House. Retrieved July 12, 2010.
  37. "Hill, David Bennett". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. July 12, 2010.
  38. "Flower, Roswell Pettibone". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. July 12, 2010.
  39. "Morton, Levi Parsons". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. July 12, 2010.
  40. "Black, Frank Swett". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. March 28, 2008.
  41. "Theodore Roosevelt". The White House. Retrieved July 12, 2010.
  42. "Odell, Benjamin Barker". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. July 12, 2010.
  43. "Sulzer, William". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. March 28, 2008.
  44. "Glynn, Martin Henry". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. July 12, 2010.
  45. "Franklin D. Roosevelt". The White House. Retrieved July 12, 2008.
  46. "Lehman, Herbert Henry". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. July 12, 2010.
  47. "Averell Harriman". HistoryCenteral.com. Retrieved July 12, 2010.
  48. "Rockefeller, Nelson Aldrich". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. July 12, 2010.
  49. "Carey, Hugh Leo". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. March 28, 2008.

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