Governor of Hong Kong

Governor of Hong Kong
Standard of the Governor, 1959–1997
Style	His/Her Excellency
Residence	Government House, Hong Kong
Appointer	Monarch of the United Kingdom
Formation	26 June 1843
First holder	Sir Henry Pottinger, Bt
Final holder	Baron Chris Patten of Barnes, The Rt Hon.
Abolished	30 June 1997
Salary	HK$3,036,000 per annum

Governor of Hong Kong
Traditional Chinese	香港總督
Transcriptions Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Hoeng^1 gong^2 zung^2 duk^1 Yale Romanization Hēung góng júng dūk
Abbreviation
Traditional Chinese	港督
Transcriptions Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Gong^2 duk^1 Yale Romanization Góng dūk

The Governor of Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港總督) was the representative in Hong Kong of the British Crown from 1843 to 1997. In this capacity, the Governor was President of the Executive Council and Commander-in-Chief of the British Forces Overseas Hong Kong. The Governor's roles were defined in the Hong Kong Letters Patent and Royal Instructions. Upon the end of British rule and the transfer of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China in 1997, most of the civil functions of this office went to the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, and military functions went to the Commander of the People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison.

The Governor

Uniform of the Governor of Hong Kong

Authorities and duties of the Governor were defined in the Hong Kong Letters Patent and Royal Instructions in 1843. The Governor, appointed by the British monarch (on the advice of the Foreign Secretary), exercise the executive branch of Hong Kong Government throughout British sovereignty and, with the exception of a brief experiment after World War II, no serious attempt was made to introduce representative government, until the final years of British rule.

The Governor of Hong Kong chaired the colonial cabinet, the Executive Council (ExCo), and until 1993, also the President of Legislative Council. The Governor appointed most, if not all, of the members of the colony's legislature, (known colloquially as LegCo), which was largely an advisory body until the first indirect elections of LegCo was held in 1985. Initially both Councils were dominated by British expatriates, but this progressively gave way to local Hong Kong Chinese appointees in later years. Historically, the Governors of Hong Kong were professional diplomats, save the last Governor, Chris Patten, who was a career politician. In December 1996, the Governor's salary was HK$3,036,000 per annum, tax-free. It was fixed at 125% of the Chief Secretary's salary.^[1]

In the absence of the Governor, the Chief Secretary immediately became the acting Governor of the colony. The Chief Secretaries were historically drawn from the Colonial Office or British military. One Royal Navy Vice Admiral served as administrator after World War II. Four Japanese military officers (3 Army officers and 1 naval Vice Admiral) served as administrator during World War II.

Transport

The Governor of Hong Kong used a Daimler DS420 for day to day transport and a Rolls-Royce Phantom V landaulette for ceremonial occasions. Both vehicles were removed by the Royal Navy immediately following the handover to China on 1 July 1997.

Residences

• The first Governor, Sir Henry Pottinger, 1st Bt., resided in the Former French Mission Building from 1843 to 1846. It was used as the home of the Provisional Government after Japanese surrender from 1945 to 1946. The building now houses the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal. His successor, Sir John Davis, 1st Bt., also lived there before moving to Caine Road.
• Since the 4th Governor, Sir John Bowring, the Governors resided at Government House, excluding the period from 1941 to 1946.
• From 1941 to 1945 the Commandant of Japanese Forces as Military Governor of Hong Kong occupied Flagstaff House as their residence. The residence was return to the Commander of British Forces following the end of World War II.

List of Governors

British Administrators and Governors (1841–1941)

№	Portrait	Name (Born–Died)	Term of office			Origin	Background	Ref
			Took office	Left office	Duration
		Sir Charles Elliot 義律 (1801–1875) Administrator	26 January 1841	12 August 1841	198 days	Dresden, Saxony	Chief Superintendent of British Trade in China
		Alexander Robert Johnston 莊士敦 (1812–1888) Acting Administrator	22 June 1841	December 1841	190 days	Colombo, Ceylon	Deputy Superintendent of British Trade in China
		Sir Henry Pottinger, 1st Bt. 砵甸乍 (1789–1856) Administrator	12 August 1841	26 June 1843	1 year, 318 days	County Down, Ireland	Lieutenant-General, East India Company
		Alexander Robert Johnston 莊士敦 (1812–1888) Acting Administrator	June 1842	December 1842	211 days	Colombo, Ceylon	Assistant and Registrar to the Superintendent of Trade
1		Sir Henry Pottinger, 1st Bt. 砵甸乍 (1789–1856)	26 June 1843	8 May 1844	317 days	County Down, Ireland	Lieutenant-General
2		Sir John Francis Davis, 1st Bt. 戴維斯 (1795–1890)	8 May 1844	18 March 1848	3 years, 315 days	London, England	Factor/President, East India Company; Second Superintendent of British Trade in China
		William Staveley 士他花利 (1784–1854) Administrator	18 March 1848	21 March 1848	3 days	York, England	Commander and Lieutenant Governor, British Army
3		Sir George Bonham 文咸 (1803–1863)	21 March 1848	13 April 1854	6 years, 23 days	London, England	East India Company
4		Sir John Bowring 寶靈 (1792–1872)	13 April 1854	5 May 1859	5 years, 22 days	Exeter, England	Member of Parliament
		William Caine 堅 (1799–1871) Administrator	5 May 1859	9 September 1859	127 days	England	Colonial Secretary
5		Sir Hercules Robinson 羅士敏 (1824–1897)	9 September 1859	15 March 1865	5 years, 187 days	London, England	Colonial administrator
		William Thomas Mercer 孖沙 (1821–1879) Administrator	15 March 1865	11 March 1866	361 days	London, England	Colonial Secretary
6		Sir Richard Graves MacDonnell 麥當奴 (1814–1881)	11 March 1866	11 April 1872	6 years, 31 days	Dublin, Ireland	Colonial administrator
		Henry Wase Whitfield 威非路 (1814–1877) Administrator	11 April 1872	16 April 1872	5 days	England	Commander and Lieutenant Governor
7		Sir Arthur Kennedy 堅尼地 (1809–1883)	16 April 1872	1 March 1877	4 years, 319 days	County Down, Ireland	Colonial administrator
		John Gardiner Austin 柯士甸 (1811–1900) Administrator	1 March 1877	22 April 1877	52 days	Unknown	Colonial administrator
8		Sir John Pope Hennessy 軒尼詩 (1834–1891)	22 April 1877	7 March 1882	4 years, 319 days	County Cork, Ireland	Colonial administrator
		Malcolm Struan Tonnochy 杜老誌 (1841–1882) Administrator	7 March 1882	28 March 1882	21 days	Uttar Pradesh, Bengal, India	Colonial administrator
		Sir William Henry Marsh 馬殊 (1827–1906) Administrator	28 March 1882	30 March 1883	1 year, 2 days	England	Colonial administrator
9		Sir George Bowen 寶雲 (1821–1899)	30 March 1883	21 December 1885	2 years, 266 days	County Donegal, Ireland	Colonial administrator
		Sir William Henry Marsh 馬殊 (1827–1906) Administrator	21 December 1885	25 April 1887	1 year, 125 days	England	Colonial administrator
		William Gordon Cameron 金馬倫 (1827–1913) Administrator	25 April 1887	6 October 1887	164 days	France	Commander and Lieutenant Governor, British Army
10		Sir William Des Voeux 德輔 (1834–1909)	6 October 1887	7 May 1891	3 years, 213 days	Baden-Baden, German Confederation	Colonial administrator
		Sir George Digby Barker 白加 (1833–1914) Administrator	7 May 1891	10 December 1891	217 days	Unknown	Commander and Lieutenant Governor, British Army
11		Sir William Robinson 羅便臣 (1836–1912)	10 December 1891	1 February 1898	6 years, 53 days	Wetherden, England	Colonial administrator
		Sir Wilsone Black 布力 (1837–1909) Administrator	1 February 1898	25 November 1898	297 days	Unknown	Commander and Lieutenant Governor
12		Sir Henry Arthur Blake 卜力 (1840–1918)	25 November 1898	21 November 1903	4 years, 361 days	Limerick, Ireland	Colonial administrator
		Sir Francis Henry May 梅含理 (1860–1922) Administrator	21 November 1903	29 July 1904	251 days	Dublin, Ireland	Colonial Secretary
13		Sir Matthew Nathan 彌敦 (1862–1939)	29 July 1904	20 April 1907	2 years, 265 days	London, England	Colonial administrator
		Sir Francis Henry May 梅含理 (1860–1922) Administrator	20 April 1907	29 July 1907	100 days	Dublin, Ireland	Colonial Secretary
14		Sir Frederick Lugard 盧吉 (1858–1945)	29 July 1907	16 March 1912	4 years, 231 days	Madras, India	Colonial administrator
		Claud Severn 施勳 (1869–1933) Administrator	16 March 1912	24 July 1912	130 days	Adelaide, South Australia	Colonial administrator
15		Sir Francis Henry May 梅含理 (1860–1922)	24 July 1912	12 September 1918	6 years, 50 days	Dublin, Ireland	Colonial Secretary
		Claud Severn 施勳 (1869–1933) Administrator	12 September 1918	30 September 1919	1 year, 18 days	Adelaide, South Australia	Colonial administrator
16		Sir Reginald Edward Stubbs 司徒拔 (1876–1947)	30 September 1919	19 March 1925	5 years, 170 days	Oxford, England	Colonial administrator
		Claud Severn 施勳 (1869–1933) Administrator	19 March 1925	1 November 1925	227 days	Adelaide, South Australia	Colonial administrator
17		Sir Cecil Clementi 金文泰 (1875–1947)	1 November 1925	1 February 1930	4 years, 92 days	Cawnpore, India	Colonial administrator
		Thomas Southorn 修頓 (1879–1957) Administrator	1 February 1930	9 March 1930	36 days	Durham, England	Colonial Secretary
18		Sir William Peel 貝璐 (1875–1945)	9 May 1930	17 May 1935	5 years, 8 days	Hexham, England	Colonial administrator
		Thomas Southorn 修頓 (1879–1957) Administrator	17 May 1935	13 September 1935	119 days	Unknown	Colonial Secretary
		Norman Lockhart Smith 史美 (1887–1968) Administrator	13 September 1935	1 November 1935	49 days	Durham, England	Colonial administrator
		Thomas Southorn 修頓 (1879–1957) Administrator	1 November 1935	12 December 1935	41 days	Unknown	Colonial Secretary
19		Sir Andrew Caldecott 郝德傑 (1884–1951)	12 December 1935	16 April 1937	1 year, 125 days	Kent, England	Colonial administrator
		Norman Lockhart Smith 史美 (1887–1968) Administrator	16 April 1937	28 October 1937	195 days	Durham, England	Colonial Secretary
20		Sir Geoffry Northcote 羅富國 (1881–1948)	28 October 1937	6 September 1941	3 years, 313 days	London, England	Colonial administrator
		Norman Lockhart Smith 史美 (1887–1968) Administrator	6 September 1941	10 September 1941	4 days	Durham, England	Colonial Secretary
21		Mark Aitchison Young 楊慕琦 (1886–1974)	6 September 1941	25 September 1941	110 days	India	Colonial administrator

Japanese occupation (1941–1945)

№	Portrait	Name (Born–Died)	Term of office			Ref
			Took office	Left office	Duration
		Takashi Sakai 酒井隆 (1886–1967) Administrator	25 December 1941	20 February 1942	57 days
		Masaichi Niimi 新見政一 (1887–1993) Administrator
1		Rensuke Isogai 磯谷廉介 (1886–1967)	20 February 1942	24 December 1944	2 years, 308 days
2		Hisakazu Tanaka 田中久一 (1889–1947)	1 February 1945	16 August 1945	196 days

British Administrators and Governors (1945–1997)

№	Portrait	Name (Born–Died)	Term of office			Origin	Background	Ref
			Took office	Left office	Duration
		Sir Franklin Charles Gimson 詹遜 (1890–1975) Provisional Governor	28 August 1945	30 August 1945	2 days	Leicestershire, England	Colonial Secretary
		Sir Cecil Harcourt 夏愨 (1892–1959) Administrator of Military Administration	1 September 1945	1 May 1946	242 days	London, England	Admiral (Royal Navy)
21		Sir Mark Aitchison Young 楊慕琦 (1886–1974)	1 May 1946	17 May 1947	1 year, 16 days	India	Colonial administrator
		David Mercer MacDougall 麥道高 (1904–1991) Administrator	17 May 1947	25 July 1947	69 days	Unknown	Colonial Secretary
22		Sir Alexander Grantham 葛量洪 (1899–1978)	25 July 1947	31 December 1957	10 years, 159 days	London, England	Colonial administrator
		Edgeworth Beresford David 戴維德 (1908–1965) Administrator	31 December 1957	23 January 1958	23 days	Unknown	Colonial Secretary
23		Sir Robert Brown Black 柏立基 (1906–1999)	23 January 1958	31 March 1964	6 years, 68 days	Edinburgh, Scotland	Colonial administrator
		Edmund Brinsley Teesdale 戴斯德 (1915–1997) Administrator	31 March 1964	14 April 1964	14 days	Shanghai, China	Colonial Secretary
24		Sir David C.C. Trench 戴麟趾 (1915–1988)	14 April 1964	19 October 1971	7 years, 188 days	Quetta, India	Colonial administrator
		Sir Hugh Norman-Walker 羅樂民 (1916–1985) Administrator	19 October 1971	19 November 1971	31 days	London, England	Colonial Secretary
25		Sir Murray MacLehose 麥理浩 (1917–2000)	19 November 1971	8 May 1982	10 years, 170 days	Glasgow, Scotland	UK Ambassador to Denmark
		Sir Philip Haddon-Cave 夏鼎基 (1925–1999) Administrator	8 May 1982	20 May 1982	12 days	Hobart, Australia	Chief Secretary
26		Sir Edward Youde 尤德 (1924–1986)	20 May 1982	4 December 1986	4 years, 198 days	Penarth, Wales	UK Ambassador to China
		Sir David Akers-Jones 鍾逸傑 (1927–) Acting Governor	4 December 1986	9 April 1987	126 days	Sussex, England	Chief Secretary
27		Sir David Wilson 衛奕信 (1935–)	9 April 1987	9 July 1992	5 years, 91 days	Clackmannanshire, Scotland	Diplomat
28		Chris Patten 彭定康 (1944–)	9 July 1992	30 June 1997	4 years, 356 days	Lancashire, England	Chairman of Conservative Party

Firsts

• Charles Elliot, first administrator
• Sir Henry Pottinger, first Governor and first Irishman to serve in the rôle
• Sir John Francis Davis, first Sinologist to serve as Governor
• Sir John Bowring, first Puritan to serve as Governor
• Sir John Pope Hennessy, first Irish Catholic to serve as Governor
• Sir Matthew Nathan, first Jew to serve as Governor
• Sir Francis H. May, first police chief to serve as Governor and first Governor being to suffer an assassination attempt (which failed)
• Sir Cecil Clementi, first Indian-born and Cantonese-speaking Governor
• Sir Mark Young, first prisoner of war to serve as Governor
• Takashi Sakai, first Japanese administrator to serve as Governor
• Cecil Harcourt, first British military administrator to serve as Governor (all past Governors' with military service had retired before assuming the post)
• Sir Murray MacLehose, first non-colonial officer to serve as Governor; he was a diplomat, a foreign service officer
• Sir Edward Youde, first Governor fluent in Mandarin; only Governor to die in office
• Chris Patten, first politician to serve as Governor; only Governor not to don the formal dress as Governor; only Governor never to have held any title of nobility or knighthood during his tenure, the last Governor of Hong Kong under British rule before 1 July 1997

See also

• History of Hong Kong
• Lieutenant Governor of Hong Kong – second in command and acting Governor when the Governor was not in Hong Kong
• Commander British Forces in Hong Kong

References

1. House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 17 Dec 1996 (pt 3)

External links

• Places named after British monarchs, members of the Royal Family and colonial officials in Hong Kong
• Photos of all Hong Kong Governors