Greek legislative election, 2009

Greek legislative election, 2009

4 October 2009

All 300 seats of the Hellenic Parliament 151 seats needed for a majority Registered 9,929,065 0.1% Turnout 7,044,606 (70.9%) 3.3 pp   First party Second party Third party   Leader George Papandreou Kostas Karamanlis Aleka Papariga Party PASOK ND KKE Leader since 8 February 2004 21 March 1997 27 February 1991 Leader's seat Thessaloniki A Thessaloniki A Athens B Last election 102 seats, 38.1% 152 seats, 41.8% 22 seats, 8.2% Seats won 160 91 21 Seat change 58 61 1 Popular vote 3,012,542 2,295,719 517,249 Percentage 43.9% 33.5% 7.5% Swing 5.8 pp 8.3 pp 0.7 pp   Fourth party Fifth party   Leader Georgios Karatzaferis Alexis Tsipras Party LAOS SYRIZA Leader since 14 September 2000 9 February 2008 Leader's seat Athens B Athens A Last election 10 seats, 3.8% 14 seats, 5.0% Seats won 15 13 Seat change 5 1 Popular vote 386,205 315,665 Percentage 5.6% 4.6% Swing 1.8 pp 0.4 pp

Electoral districts won by ■ – Panhellenic Socialist Movement ■ – New Democracy

Prime Minister before election Kostas Karamanlis ND Elected Prime Minister George Papandreou PASOK

Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 4 October 2009.^[1] An election was not required until September 2011.

On 2 September Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis announced he would request President Karolos Papoulias to dissolve Parliament and call an election.^[2] Parliament was dissolved on 9 September.

Voting was mandatory; however there are no sanctions or penalties for not voting.

Participating parties

A total of 23 parties participated in the elections. Six of them participated in at most two parliamentary constituencies.

• New Democracy
• Panhellenic Socialist Movement
• Communist Party of Greece
• Popular Orthodox Rally
• Coalition of the Radical Left
• Ecologists Greens
• Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Greece
• Communist Party of Greece (Marxist-Leninist)
• Workers Revolutionary Party
• Democratic Revival (Stelios Papathemelis)
• Union of Centrists (Vassilis Leventis)
• Popular Union – Chrysi Avyi (Nikolaos Michaloliakos)
• Dimosthenis Vergis – Greek Ecologists
• Organization for the Reconstruction of the Communist Party of Greece
• Koinonia (Emmanouil Voloudakis)
• Democrats (Δημοκρατικοί) (M. Meletopoulos)
• Anticapitalist Left Cooperation for the Overthrow (ANTARSYA)
• Light – Truth – Justice (Φως – Αλήθεια – Δικαιοσύνη) (Konstantinos Melissourgos)²
• Friends of Man (Φίλοι του Ανθρώπου) (K. Stamoulis)¹
• Regional Urban Development (Περιφερειακή Αστική Ανάπτυξη) (South Kolitsi)¹
• Old Republic (Παλαιά Δημοκρατία) (A. Daskalopoulos)¹
• Smoking Groups for Art and Artistic Creation (Καπνιστικές Ομάδες για την Τέχνη και την Εικαστική Συγκρότηση, ΚΟΤΕΣ), (Nikos Louvros)¹
• I Give Away Land, I Give Away Debts - Panagrarian Labour Movement of Greece (Χαρίζω Οικόπεδα, Χαρίζω Χρέη' - Παναγροτικό Εργατικό Κίνημα Ελλάδος), (M. Tzalazidis)²
• ¹ The party ran in one parliamentary constituency.
• ² The party ran in two parliamentary constituencies.

Opinion polls

• According to Greek law, opinion polls may be published no later than a fortnight before election day; in this case until midnight, 18 September.
• Most pollsters use samples between 1000 and 2000 people; they claim a margin of error of approximately ±2%.
• Numbers below are percentages of opinion poll responders; final tally projections are shown in italics.

Source (pollster/medium)	Date (yy/mm/dd)	ND	PASOK	KKE	SYRIZA	LAOS	EcoGreens	Other, or undecided
Kappa Research for To Vima	09-09-06	24.1	30.8	7.1	3	4.3	2.4	28.3
MRB for Real News	09-09-06	27.3	33.3	6.9	3	6.2	2.1
RASS for To Paron	09-09-06	29.5	35.2	7.1	3.3	6.1	3.9
Alco for Proto Thema	09-09-06	27.9	34.2	7.1	3.2	5.0	2.0
MARC for Ethnos	09-09-06	27.9	34.4	7.5	3.1	5.5	2.5	19.1
GPO for Mega TV	09-09-07	26.5	32.0	6.8	3.6	6.2	2.3	22.6
MRB for Real FM	09-09-08	27.7	33.1	7.1	3.4	5.5	1.4	21.8
Metron Analysis for ANT1 TV	09-09-08	29.6	35.7	6.3	4	4.6	1.6	18.2
Public Issue for Skai TV and Kathimerini (final tally projection)	09-09-10	35.5	41	8.5	4	7	2	n/a
VPRC for www.tvxs.gr (final tally projection)	09-09-11	35.5	41	8	4	6	2.5	n/a
Metron Analysis for ANT1 TV and Imerisia (vote intent / final tally projection)	09-09-12	30.1 / 35.2	36.6 / 42.7	6.9 / 8.1	3 / 3.5	4.9 / 5.7	2.6 / 3	15.9 / n/a
MARC for Ethnos (vote intent / final tally projection)	09-09-13	28.9 / 35	35 / 40	7.6 / 9	3.2 / 4.5	5.9 / 6.5	1.7 / 2	17.7 / n/a
RASS for To Paron	09-09-13	30.3	35.1	7.2	3.5	5.7	3.1	15.1
MRB for Real News (vote intent / final tally projection)	09-09-13	30.1 / 35.1	35.2 / 41	7.2 / 8.4	3.2 / 3.7	5.7 / 6.6	2.1 / 2.6	16.5 / n/a
Alco for Proto Thema	09-09-13	29.7	35.9	7	3.1	5	1.8	17.5
Pulse for Apogevmatini	09-09-13	31.2	35.9	5.5	3.5	4	2.5	17.4
GPO for Mega TV	09-09-14	29	34.9	6.5	3	5.9	2	18.7
Metron Analysis for ANT1 TV	09-09-14	29.7	37.6	7.5	3.4	5.5	2	14.3
MRB for Real FM	09-09-14	29.6	35.3	6.5	3.9	5	2.1	17.6
MARC for Alpha TV (vote intent / final tally projection)	09-09-15	29.4 / 34.9	36.6 / 41.2	7.3 / 8.3	3.2 / 4.4	5.4 / 6.1	2 / 2.5	16.1 / n/a
VPRC for www.tvxs.gr (final tally projection)	09-09-15	34.5	42.5	8.5	4	5.5	2.5	n/a
MRB for www.newstime.gr (vote intent / final tally projection)	09-09-16	29.7 / 35	35.9 / 42	7.4 / 8	3.5 / 4	5.5 / 6	2.5 / 2.5	15.3 / n/a
Public Issue for Skai TV and Kathimerini (final tally projection)	09-09-17	35.5	41.5	8.5	4	6	2	n/a
Kappa Research for To Vima	09-09-18	27.6	34.4	7.3	3.5	5.1	2.5	19.6
MARC for Ethnos (vote intent / final tally projection)	09-09-18	29.2 / 34.9	36.7 / 41.6	7.4 / 8.4	3.4 / 4.2	5.7 / 6.3	1.6 / 2.2	16 / n/a
Alco for Alter TV (vote intent / final tally projection)	09-09-18	31 / 35	38.5 / 43	6.7 / 8.4	3.3 / 3.8	5.5 / 6.3	1.5 / 2	13.5 / n/a
GPO for Mega TV	09-09-18	30.2	36.2	7.2	3	6.4	1.9	15.1
Metron Analysis for ANT1 TV (vote intent / final tally projection)	09-09-18	30.8 / 35.6	37.7 / 43.5	6.6 / 7.6	3.3 / 3.8	4.9 / 5.6	2.2 / 2.5	14.5 / n/a
MARC for Alpha TV (vote intent / final tally projection)	09-09-18	29.5 / 34.8	37.2 / 42.3	7.2 / 8.2	3.2 / 4.1	5.3 / 6.2	1.7 / 2.3	15.9 / n/a

Although pollsters were actively polling until 2 October their findings were no longer made public within Greece, in accordance with the electoral law.
The next set of published predictions were the election day exit polls, announced starting at 7 PM, 4 October.

Seats in Parliament

The electoral law for this election specifies that:

• A party or a coalition of parties elects MPs only if its nationwide tally exceeds 3% of the total valid vote
• 260 of 300 total seats are apportioned proportionally
• The first-past-the post party or coalition receives a 40-seat bonus

Some pollsters are extrapolating election tallies based on their findings, and have publicized their final predictions on how many parliamentary seats each party will win:

Source (pollster/medium)	Date (yy/mm/dd)	ND	PASOK	KKE	SYRIZA	LAOS	EcoGreens	Other
Public Issue for Skai TV and Kathimerini	09-09-17	97	153	23	11	16	0	0
Alco for Alter TV	09-09-18	94	158	21	11	16	0	0
Metron Analysis for ANT1 TV	09-09-18	96	158	21	10	15	0	0
MARC for Alpha TV	09-09-18	95	155	22	11	17	0	0

According to the constitutional principle of the dedēlōménē, a party or a coalition needs a parliamentary majority of 151 total seats in order to form a government. In the eventuality that no party or coalition are able to secure 151 seats, another election will be called. For this occasion the electoral law specifies that the leading party will receive a 50-seat bonus.

Events before the election

Leaders of the (L to R) Ecologist Greens, Popular Orthodox Rally, Coalition of the Radical Left, Communist Party, Panhellenic Socialist Movement, and New Democracy parties before a televised debate

• September 11, 2009: "Ecologists Greece" announced their electoral alliance with the Popular Orthodox Rally (LAOS)^[3]
• September 16, 2009: A total of 28 parties submitted candidate lists to the Areios Pagos. The court will vet the candidacies' legal standing and officially declare lawful candidates within about a week. In past elections, some candidacies were rejected because the candidates had held certain public offices which they had not resigned in a timely fashion.
• September 21, 2009: NET state television, in simulcast with major commercial TV stations, broadcast the debate among the leaders of ND, PASOK, KKE, SYRIZA, LAOS, and the Ecologist Greens. The party leaders questioned by a team of journalists from the TV stations participating in the simulcast. Questions and responses were rotated and timed. Each party leader was allowed to place one question to one other party leader of their choice directly.
• September 21, 2009: The Areios Pagos announced the parties participating in the elections. 5 of the 28 applications were rejected; namely: "Ecologists Greece – Konstantinos Papanikolas – Political Catharsis", "Hellenic Direct Democracy Movement" (Ελληνικό Κίνημα Άμεσης Δημοκρατίας - Giorgos Kokkas), "New Greek Republic" (Νέα Ελληνική Δημοκρατία - N. Laskos), "Where are you, Papadopoulos? – Party of Greek Aliens – Terrorise the Terrorists" (Πού είσαι Παπαδόπουλε – Κόμμα Ελλήνων Αλλοδαπών – Τρομοκρατήστε τους Τρομοκράτες), "Future of the Greeks - Servants of the Greek People" (Μέλλον των Ελλήνων – Υπηρέτες του Ελληνικού Λαού - N. Skopelitis).
• September 22, 2009: The two likely Prime Ministers, Kostas Karamanlis and George Papandreou, debated for 75 minutes. The debate was divided in 5 sections (the economy, education, administration, the environment, and foreign policy). Both leaders had 2 sessions of 3 minutes and 1 session of 1 minute. The moderator had 1 minute to introduce the subject. The debate was moderated by journalist Maria Houkli, and was simulcast as per the multi-party debate above.
• October 3, 2009: It was announced that seven pollsters pooled their resources to conduct a joint exit poll, which was broadcast by all TV and news stations at 7 PM, the time when voting officially ended. The pollsters procured approximately 14,000 randomised responses and were aiming for a ±1.5% margin of error in their earliest predictions. Singular Logic, the IT contractor for the Ministry of Interior, implemented a secure system to obtain initial tallies from approximately 4,000 voting stations by SMS. They were thus able to project final results within ±0.2% by 9 PM and within ±0.1% by midnight.
• October 3, 2009: Publicised odds by international bookmakers were roughly in agreement with the latest predictions as outlined in the tables above. Sports betting is the only form of betting allowed in Greece.
• October 4, 2009: Voting commenced at 7 AM and was completed at 7 PM, in 20,937 stations throughout the country. Turnout was estimated at slightly more than 7 million.

Exit polls and projections

The initial results of the exit poll conducted jointly by pollsters Alco, GPO, MARC, Metron Analysis, MRB, Opinion, and RASS were made public at 7 PM Eastern European DST:

Joint exit poll	October 4, 2009	ND	PASOK	KKE	SYRIZA	LAOS	EcoGreens	Others
Vote percentage	7 PM	34.3-37.3	41.0-44.0	7.3-8.3	3.9-4.9	5.0-6.0	2.0-3.0	-
Seats in Parliament	7 PM	94-100	151-159	20-22	11-13	14-16	0	-

The revised results of the exit poll conducted jointly by pollsters Alco, GPO, MARC, Metron Analysis, MRB, Opinion, and RASS were made public at 8:50 PM Eastern European DST. The margin of error claimed is less than 0.5%:

Joint exit poll	October 4, 2009	ND	PASOK	KKE	SYRIZA	LAOS	EcoGreens	Others
Vote percentage	8:50 PM	33.9	43.8	7.6	4.5	5.6	2.5	-
Seats in Parliament	8:50 PM	92	160	21	12	15	0	-

The statistical projections by Singular Logic and the Ministry of Interior, based on actual returns, were made public at 9 PM Eastern European DST. The margin of error claimed is 0.3%:

Statistical projection	October 4, 2009	ND	PASOK	KKE	SYRIZA	LAOS	EcoGreens	Others
Vote percentage	9 PM	33.8	43.8	7.6	4.5	5.6	2.5	2.2
Seats in Parliament	9 PM	92	160	21	12	15	0	-

Results

← Summary of the 4 October 2009 Hellenic Parliament election results →

Party		Vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Won	+/−
	Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK)	3,012,542	43.92	5.82	160	58
	New Democracy (ND)	2,295,719	33.47	8.37	91	61
	Communist Party of Greece (KKE)	517,249	7.54	0.61	21	1
	Popular Orthodox Rally (LAOS)	386,205	5.63	1.83	15	5
	Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA)	315,665	4.60	0.44	13	1
	Ecologist Greens (OP)	173,589	2.53	1.48	0	±0
	Democratic Revival (DA)	30,784	0.45	0.35	0	±0
	Front of the Greek Anticapitalist Left (ANTARSYA)	24,687	0.36	New	0	±0
	Greek Ecologists (EI)	19,993	0.29	0.27	0	±0
	Popular Association-Golden Dawn (ΧΑ)	19,624	0.29	New	0	±0
	Union of Centrists (EK)	18,296	0.27	0.02	0	±0
	Society-Political Party of the Successors of Kapodistrias (Koinonia)	10,690	0.16	New	0	±0
	Communist Party of Greece (Marxist–Leninist) (KKE (m-l)	10,480	0.15	0.10	0	±0
	Democrats (Dimokratikoi)	7,600	0.11	New	0	±0
	Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Greece (M-L KKE)	5,219	0.08	0.03	0	±0
	Workers' Revolutionary Party (EEK)	4,537	0.07	0.03	0	±0
	Organisation for the Reconstruction of the KKE (OAKKE)	1,665	0.02	0.01	0	±0
	Panagrarian Labour Movement of Greece (PAEKE)	1,375	0.02	New	0	±0
	Smoking Groups for Art and Artistic Creation (KOTES)	1,355	0.02	New	0	±0
	Light-Truth-Justice (FAD)	871	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Friends of Man (FTA)	4	0.00	New	0	±0
	Regional Urban Development (PAA)	4	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Old Republic (PD)	3	0.00	New	0	±0
	Independent candidates	265	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
Total		6,858,421	100.00		300	±0
Valid votes		6,858,421	97.36	0.03
Invalid ballots		142,916	2.03	0.01
Blank ballots		43,269	0.61	0.03
Votes cast / turnout		7,044,606	70.95	3.20
Abstentions		2,884,459	29.05	3.20
Registered voters		9,929,065
Source: Ministry of Interior

Vote share
PASOK			43.92%
ND			33.47%
KKE			7.54%
LAOS			5.63%
SYRIZA			4.60%
OP			2.53%
Others			2.31%

Parliamentary seats
PASOK			53.33%
ND			30.33%
KKE			7.00%
LAOS			5.00%
SYRIZA			4.33%

Results by region

Region	PASOK (%)	ND (%)	KKE (%)	LAOS (%)	SYRIZA (%)
Achaea	52.65	28.99	6.60	3.64	3.89
Aetolia-Akarnania	49.45	35.73	6.23	3.03	2.82
Argolida	42.27	42.55	4.48	4.16	3.15
Arkadia	46.46	36.54	5.13	4.79	3.76
Arta	45.14	38.99	6.04	2.58	4.67
Athens A	35.52	31.75	9.55	7.59	7.98
Athens B	40.23	26.62	10.84	7.28	7.40
Attica	43.12	29.46	8.23	8.23	4.94
Boeotia	47.35	31.08	7.30	6.17	3.90
Cephalonia	41.83	33.04	12.25	4.67	3.73
Chalkidiki	41.02	40.47	5.00	5.47	4.05
Chania	51.11	29.73	5.98	3.64	4.37
Chios	49.81	33.94	5.38	3.55	3.37
Corfu	43.36	32.83	11.96	3.54	4.29
Corinthia	46.80	36.03	4.00	5.28	3.77
Dodecanese	54.93	30.74	3.96	4.12	2.71
Drama	41.63	41.26	3.82	6.33	3.26
Elis	54.64	32.75	4.32	3.08	2.57
Euboea	48.19	31.08	6.72	6.01	3.90
Evros	44.74	40.33	3.76	5.92	2.09
Evrytania	51.20	37.56	3.24	2.97	2.27
Florina	44.02	41.63	4.62	3.54	2.95
Grevena	46.91	36.64	7.31	3.56	2.60
Imathia	43.31	37.01	6.91	6.16	3.16
Ioannina	43.94	36.12	7.51	3.50	4.90
Heraklion	62.74	23.70	4.44	2.10	3.71
Karditsa	43.31	39.83	7.50	4.02	2.88
Kastoria	34.60	50.03	4.00	4.46	3.76
Kavala	42.41	37.38	6.00	6.01	4.06
Kilkis	40.85	39.93	7.26	6.39	2.49
Kozani	44.08	39.71	5.76	3.66	3.29
Laconia	36.47	47.26	4.80	5.59	2.84
Larissa	40.81	36.18	9.46	5.69	3.98
Lasithi	59.37	27.51	3.47	2.19	3.84
Lefkada	41.66	37.01	10.42	2.37	5.16
Lemnos	42.19	31.06	14.10	4.03	4.43
Magnesia	40.39	35.55	8.79	5.82	4.66
Messenia	39.06	43.26	5.74	5.07	3.62
Naxos	44.89	36.03	5.10	4.19	4.64
Pella	43.04	41.48	4.36	5.51	2.52
Phocis	40.22	39.73	6.92	5.24	3.58
Phthiotis	43.85	40.35	4.92	4.66	2.82
Pieria	41.37	42.27	5.29	5.34	2.81
Piraeus A	38.88	32.97	8.11	7.56	5.83
Piraeus B	44.34	23.06	12.88	7.58	5.69
Preveza	42.98	38.89	8.04	3.09	3.88
Rethymno	57.91	27.41	3.75	3.10	3.90
Rhodope	53.08	34.52	2.48	3.61	4.27
Samos	38.34	29.72	18.05	3.97	5.13
Serres	37.10	46.77	5.02	5.36	2.52
Thesprotia	48.75	36.61	4.60	3.06	3.47
Thessaloniki A	39.11	30.30	9.53	8.26	5.77
Thessaloniki B	38.23	37.62	7.57	7.48	4.08
Trikala	45.14	37.63	8.22	3.80	2.54
Xanthi	58.79	26.21	2.75	4.41	4.56
Zakynthos	47.55	29.73	11.18	3.64	4.23

Post-election events

Former Prime Minister, Kostas Karamanlis and George Papandreou in the ceremony for the official handover at the Maximos Mansion.

• October 4, 2009: Incumbent Prime Minister and New Democracy party leader Kostas Karamanlis conceded defeat and stated that he is resigning his offices, and will not stand as candidate at the party convention summoned to elect his successor next month.^[4][5] The 33.5% tally marks a historic low for the party since its founding in 1974.^[6][7]
• October 5, 2009: The Speaker of the outgoing Parliament notified the President of the Republic about the election returns. Immediately afterwards incumbent Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis tended his resignation to the President.^[8] Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) leader George Papandreou was then summoned by the President and given a mandate to form a Cabinet as the Prime Minister-designate.^[9] PASOK Member of the European Parliament Stavros Lambrinidis said the result was "remarkable".^[8]
• October 6, 2009: George Papandreou was sworn in as Prime Minister at 11 AM, and moved into the Máximos Mansion, the Prime Ministerial office. The names of the new ministers were announced at 7 PM.^[10][11] It became known that George Papandreou had offered the EcoGreens one of the two positions of Undersecretary for the Environment, but the offer was turned down.
• October 7, 2009: The new Cabinet was sworn in at 11 AM. The New Democracy party congress is to convene and elect its new leader at November 7, 2009.

References

1. "Greeks to vote on 4 October". RFI. 2009-09-03. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
2. "Greece's PM calls snap election". BBC.com. 2009-09-02. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
3. Συστράτευση Οικολόγων Ελλάδος- ΛΑΟΣ (in Greek). ert.gr. 2009-09-11. Archived from the original on September 14, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
4. Paul Anast (2009-10-05). "Greece's opposition Socialists resoundingly win snap election". London: telegraph.co.uk. paragraph 2. Retrieved 5 October 2009. I am beginning the procedures for an extraordinary congress to elect a new leader...
5. ELENA BECATOROS. "Socialists trounce conservatives in Greek election". Yahoo! News. paragraph 2. Archived from the original on October 6, 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
6. ELENA BECATOROS. "Socialists trounce conservatives in Greek election". Yahoo! News. paragraph 2. Archived from the original on October 6, 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2009. Humbled by his New Democracy party's worst electoral performance ever
7. Paul Anast (2009-10-05). "Greece's opposition Socialists resoundingly win snap election". London: telegraph.co.uk. paragraph 4. Retrieved 5 October 2009. The results were the worst for the governing conservative New Democracy party in 30 years.
8. "RFI - Socialists hail perfect storm of support, as Papandreou takes over". Rfi.fr. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
9. "Greece's Socialists win snap poll". BBC News. 2009-10-05. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
10. "Στον Πρόεδρο για την εντολή σχηματισμού κυβέρνησης ο Γ.Παπανδρέου - George Papandreou visits the President to receive a mandate to form a Cabinet" (in Greek). in.gr. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
11. Smith, Helena (2009-10-06). "Papandreou looks to Greek diaspora as he forms new cabinet". Guardian (London). Retrieved 2009-10-06.

Further reading

• Dinas, Elias (March 2010). "The Greek general election of 2009: PASOK–the third generation". West European Politics (Taylor and Francis) 33 (2): 389–398. doi:10.1080/01402380903539037.
• Gemenis, Kostas (September 2010). "Winning votes and weathering storms: the 2009 European and parliamentary elections in Greece". Representation, special issue: Democracy in Theory and Practice (Taylor and Francis) 46 (3): 353–362. doi:10.1080/00344893.2010.499704.
• Kovras, Iosif (June 2010). "The parliamentary election in Greece, October 2009". Electoral Studies (Elsevier) 29 (2): 293–296. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2010.01.001.
• Pappas, Takis S. (June 2010). "Winning by default: the Greek election of 2009". South European Society and Politics (Taylor and Francis) 15 (2): 273–287. doi:10.1080/13608746.2010.491964.

External links

• Greece Votes Socialist by Maria Margaronis, The Nation, October 5, 2009
• NSD: European Election Database - Greece publishes regional level election data; allows for comparisons of election results, 1990–2009