Human height

Human height or stature is the distance from the bottom of the feet to the top of the head in a human body, standing erect. It is measured using a stadiometer,[1] usually in centimetres when using the metric system,[2][3] or feet and inches when using the imperial system.[4][5]

When populations share genetic background and environmental factors, average height is frequently characteristic within the group. Exceptional height variation (around 20% deviation from average) within such a population is sometimes due to gigantism or dwarfism, which are medical conditions caused by specific genes or endocrine abnormalities.[6]

In regions of poverty or warfare, environmental factors like chronic malnutrition during childhood or adolescence may result in delayed growth and/or marked reductions in adult stature even without the presence of any of these medical conditions.

Determinants of growth and height

The median (50th percentile) growth curves for male and females 0–20 years in the United States.

The study of height is known as auxology.[7] Growth has long been recognized as a measure of the health of individuals, hence part of the reasoning for the use of growth charts. For individuals, as indicators of health problems, growth trends are tracked for significant deviations and growth is also monitored for significant deficiency from genetic expectations. Genetics is a major factor in determining the height of individuals, though it is far less influential in regard to differences among populations. Average height is relevant to the measurement of the health and wellness (standard of living and quality of life) of populations.[8]

Attributed as a significant reason for the trend of increasing height in parts of Europe are the egalitarian populations where proper medical care and adequate nutrition are relatively equally distributed.[9] Changes in diet (nutrition) and a general rise in quality of health care and standard of living are the cited factors in the Asian populations. Malnutrition including chronic undernutrition and acute malnutrition is known to have caused stunted growth in various populations.[10] This has been seen in North Korea, parts of Africa, certain historical Europe, and other populations.[11] Developing countries such as Guatemala have rates of stunting in children under 5 living as high as 82.2% in Totonicapán, and 49.8% nationwide.[12]

Height measurements are by nature subject to statistical sampling errors even for a single individual. In a clinical situation, height measurements are seldom taken more often than once per office visit, which may mean sampling taking place a week to several months apart. The smooth 50th percentile male and female growth curves illustrated above are aggregate values from thousands of individuals sampled at ages from birth to age 20. In reality, a single individual's growth curve shows large upward and downward spikes, partly due to actual differences in growth velocity, and partly due to small measurement errors.

For example, a typical measurement error of plus or minus 0.5 cm may completely nullify 0.5 cm of actual growth resulting in either a "negative" 0.5 cm growth (due to overestimation in the previous visit combined with underestimation in the latter), up to a 1.5 cm growth (the first visit underestimating and the second visit overestimating) in the same elapsed time period between measurements. Note there is a discontinuity in the growth curves at age 2, which reflects the difference in recumbent length (with the child on his or her back), used in measuring infants and toddlers and standing height typically measured from age 2 onwards.

Sir Francis Galton's (1889) data showing the relationship between offspring height (928 individuals) as a function of mean parent height (205 sets of parents). The correlation was 0.57.

Height, like other phenotypic traits, is determined by a combination of genetics and environmental factors. A child's height based on parental heights is subject to regression toward the mean, therefore extremely tall or short parents will likely have correspondingly taller or shorter offspring, but their offspring will also likely be closer to average height than the parents themselves. Genetic potential and a number of hormones, minus illness, is a basic determinant for height. Other factors include the genetic response to external factors such as diet, exercise, environment, and life circumstances.

Humans grow fastest (other than in the womb) as infants and toddlers, rapidly declining from a maximum at birth to roughly age 2, tapering to a slowly declining rate, and then during the pubertal growth spurt, a rapid rise to a second maximum (at around 11–12 years for female, and 13–14 years for male), followed by a steady decline to zero. On average, female growth speed trails off to zero at about 15 or 16 years, whereas the male curve continues for approximately 3 more years, going to zero at about 18–20. These are also critical periods where stressors such as malnutrition (or even severe child neglect) have the greatest effect.

Moreover, the health of a mother throughout her life, especially during her critical period and pregnancy, has a role. A healthier child and adult develops a body that is better able to provide optimal prenatal conditions.[11] The pregnant mother's health is important for herself but also for the fetus as gestation is itself a critical period for an embryo/fetus, though some problems affecting height during this period are resolved by catch-up growth assuming childhood conditions are good. Thus, there is a cumulative generation effect such that nutrition and health over generations influences the height of descendants to varying degrees.

The age of the mother also has some influence on her child's height. Studies in modern times have observed a gradual increase in height with maternal age, though these early studies suggest that trend is due to various socio-economic situations that select certain demographics as being more likely to have a first birth early in the mother's life.[13][14][15] These same studies show that children born to a young mother are more likely to have below-average educational and behavioural development, again suggesting an ultimate cause of resources and family status rather than a purely biological explanation.[14][15]

It has been observed that first-born males are shorter than later-born males.[16] However, more recently the reverse observation was made.[17] The study authors suggest that the cause may be socio-economic in nature.

Nature versus nurture

The precise relationship between genetics and environment is complex and uncertain. Differences in human height is 60%–80% heritable, according to several twin studies[18] and has been considered polygenic since the Mendelian-biometrician debate a hundred years ago. A genome-wide association (GWA) study of more than 180,000 individuals has identified hundreds of genetic variants in at least 180 loci associated with adult human height.[19] The number of individuals has since been expanded to 253,288 individuals and the number of genetic variants identified is 697 in 423 genetic loci.[20] In a separate study of body proportion using sitting-height ratio, it reports that these 697 variants can be partitioned into 3 distinct classes, (1) variants that primarily determine leg length, (2) variants that primarily determine spine and head length, or (3) variants that affect overall body size. This gives insights into the biological mechanisms underlying how these 697 genetic variants affect overall height.[21]

The effect of environment on height is illustrated by studies performed by anthropologist Barry Bogin and coworkers of Guatemala Mayan children living in the United States. In the early 1970s, when Bogin first visited Guatemala, he observed that Mayan Indian men averaged only 157.5 centimetres (5 ft 2 in) in height and the women averaged 142.2 centimetres (4 ft 8 in). Bogin took another series of measurements after the Guatemalan Civil War, during which up to a million Guatemalans fled to the United States. He discovered that Maya refugees, who ranged from six to twelve years old, were significantly taller than their Guatemalan counterparts.[22] By 2000, the American Maya were 10.24 cm (4.03 in) taller than the Guatemalan Maya of the same age, largely due to better nutrition and health care.[23] Bogin also noted that American Maya children had relatively longer legs, averaging 7.02 cm (2.76 in) longer than the Guatemalan Maya (a significantly lower sitting height ratio).[23][24]

The Nilotic peoples of Sudan such as the Shilluk and Dinka have been described as some of the tallest in the world. Dinka Ruweng males investigated by Roberts in 1953–54 were on average 181.3 centimetres (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) tall, and Shilluk males averaged 182.6 centimetres (6 ft 0 in).[25] The Nilotic people are characterized as having long legs, narrow bodies and short trunks, an adaptation to hot weather.[26] However, male Dinka and Shilluk refugees measured in 1995 in Southwestern Ethiopia were on average only 1.764 m and 1.726 m tall, respectively. As the study points out, Nilotic people "may attain greater height if priviledged with favourable environmental conditions during early childhood and adolescence, allowing full expression of the genetic material."[27] Before fleeing, these refugees were subject to privation as a consequence of the succession of civil wars in their country from 1955 to the present.

In Tibet, the khampas are known for their great height. Khampa males are on average 180 cm tall (5 ft 11 in).[28][29]

The people of the Dinaric Alps (South Slavs) are on record as being the tallest in the world, with a male average height of 185.6 cm (6 ft 1.1 in) and female average height of 170.9 cm (5 ft 7.3 in).

Process of growth

The main pathways in the endocrine regulation of growth.

Growth in stature, determined by its various factors, results from the lengthening of bones via cellular divisions chiefly regulated by somatotropin (human growth hormone (hGH)) secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Somatotropin also stimulates the release of another growth inducing hormone Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) mainly by the liver. Both hormones operate on most tissues of the body, have many other functions, and continue to be secreted throughout life; with peak levels coinciding with peak growth velocity, and gradually subsiding with age after adolescence. The bulk of secretion occurs in bursts (especially for adolescents) with the largest during sleep.

The majority of linear growth occurs as growth of cartilage at the epiphysis (ends) of the long bones which gradually ossify to form hard bone. The legs compose approximately half of adult human height, and leg length is a somewhat sexually dimorphic trait, with men having proportionately longer legs. Some of this growth occurs after the growth spurt of the long bones has ceased or slowed. The majority of growth during growth spurts is of the long bones. Additionally, the variation in height between populations and across time is largely due to changes in leg length. The remainder of height consists of the cranium. Height is sexually dimorphic and statistically it is more or less normally distributed, but with heavy tails.

Height abnormalities

Female Stature vs Age (US CDC)
Male Stature vs Age (US CDC)

Most intra-population variance of height is genetic. Short stature and tall stature are usually not a health concern. If the degree of deviation from normal is significant, hereditary short stature is known as familial short stature and tall stature is known as familial tall stature. Confirmation that exceptional height is normal for a respective person can be ascertained from comparing stature of family members and analyzing growth trends for abrupt changes, among others. There are, however, various diseases and disorders that cause growth abnormalities.

Most notably, extreme height may be pathological, such as gigantism resulting from childhood hyperpituitarism, and dwarfism which has various causes. Rarely, no cause can be found for extreme height; very short persons may be termed as having idiopathic short stature. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2003 approved hGH treatment for those 2.25 standard deviations below the population mean (approximately the lowest 1.2% of the population). An even rarer occurrence, or at least less used term and recognized "problem", is idiopathic tall stature.

If not enough growth hormone is produced and/or secreted by the pituitary gland, then a patient with growth hormone deficiency can undergo treatment. This treatment involves the injection of pure growth hormone into thick tissue to promote growth.

Role of an individual's height

Height and health

Certain studies have shown that height is a factor in overall health while some suggest tallness is associated with better cardiovascular health and shortness with longevity.[30] Cancer risk has also been found to grow with height.[31]

Nonetheless, modern westernized interpretations of the relationship between height and health fail to account for the observed height variations worldwide.[32] Cavalli-Sforza and Cavalli-Sforza note that variations in height worldwide can be partly attributed to evolutionary pressures resulting from differing environments. These evolutionary pressures result in height related health implications. While tallness is an adaptive benefit in colder climates such as found in Europe, shortness helps dissipate body heat in warmer climatic regions.[32] Consequently, the relationships between health and height cannot be easily generalized since tallness and shortness can both provide health benefits in different environmental settings.

At the extreme end, being excessively tall can cause various medical problems, including cardiovascular problems, because of the increased load on the heart to supply the body with blood, and problems resulting from the increased time it takes the brain to communicate with the extremities. For example, Robert Wadlow, the tallest man known to verifiable history, developed trouble walking as his height increased throughout his life. In many of the pictures of the later portion of his life, Wadlow can be seen gripping something for support. Late in his life, although he died at age 22, he had to wear braces on his legs and walk with a cane; and he died after developing an infection in his legs because he was unable to feel the irritation and cutting caused by his leg braces.

Sources are in disagreement about the overall relationship between height and longevity. Samaras and Elrick, in the Western Journal of Medicine, demonstrate an inverse correlation between height and longevity in several mammals including humans.[30]

Women whose height is under 150 cm (4 ft 11 in) may have a small pelvis, resulting in such complications during childbirth as shoulder dystocia.[33]

A study done in Sweden in 2005 has shown that there is a strong inverse correlation between height and suicide among Swedish men.[34]

Height and occupational success

There is a large body of research in psychology, economics, and human biology that has assessed the relationship between several seemingly innocuous physical features (e.g., body height) and occupational success.[35] The correlation between height and success was explored decades ago.[36][37] Shorter people are considered to have an advantage in certain sports (e.g., gymnastics, race car driving, etc.), whereas in many other sports taller people have a major advantage. In most occupational fields, body height is not relevant to how well people are able to perform, but nonetheless has been found to correlate with their success in several studies, although there may be other factors such as gender or socioeonomic status that explain this.[35][36][38][39]

A demonstration of the height-success association can be found in the realm of politics. In the United States presidential elections, the taller candidate won 22 out of 25 times in the 20th century.[40] Nevertheless, Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuits, was 150 cm (4 ft 11 in) and several prominent world leaders of the 20th century, such as Vladimir Lenin, Benito Mussolini, Nicolae Ceaușescu and Joseph Stalin were of below average height. These examples, however, were all before modern forms of multi-media, i.e., television, which may further height discrimination in modern society. Further, growing evidence suggests that height may be a proxy for confidence, which is likewise strongly correlated with occupational success.[41]

Sports

Main article: Height in sports

History of human height

A map showing the average height of men in the British Isles, 1897.

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, people of European descent in North America were far taller than those in Europe and were the tallest in the world.[9] The original indigenous population of Plains Native Americans was also among the tallest populations of the world at the time.[42]

In the late nineteenth century, the Netherlands was a land renowned for its short population, but today its population is among the world's tallest with young men averaging 183.8 cm (6 ft 0.4 in) tall.[43]

According to a study by economist John Komlos and Francesco Cinnirella, in the first half of the 18th century, the average height of an English male was 165 cm (5 ft 5 in), and the average height of an Irish male was 168 cm (5 ft 6 in). The estimated mean height of English, German, and Scottish soldiers was 163.6 cm – 165.9 cm (5 ft 4.4 in – 5 ft 5.3 in) for the period as a whole, while that of Irish was 167.9 cm (5 ft 6.1 in). The average height of male slaves and convicts in North America was 171 cm (5 ft 7 in).[44]

American-born colonial soldiers of the late 1770s were on average more than 7.6 cm (3 inches) taller than their English counterparts who served in Royal Marines at the same time.[45]

Average height of Americans and Europeans decreased during periods of rapid industrialization, possibly due to rapid population growth and increased economic inequality.[46] In early 19th century England, the difference between average height of English upper class youth (students of Sandhurst Military Academy) and English lower class youth (Marine Society boys) reached 22 cm (8.7 in), the highest that has been observed.[47]

Data derived from burials show that before 1850, the mean stature of males and females in Leiden, Netherlands was respectively 166.7 cm (5 ft 5.6 in) and 156.7 cm (5 ft 1.7 in). The average height of 19-year-old Dutch orphans in 1865 was 160 cm (5 ft 3 in).[48]

According to a study by J.W. Drukker and Vincent Tassenaar, the average height of Dutch decreased from 1830 to 1857, even while Dutch real GNP per capita was growing at an average rate of more than 0.5 percent per year. The worst decline were in urban areas that in 1847, the urban height penalty was 2.5 cm (1 in). Urban mortality was also much higher than rural regions. In 1829, the average urban and rural Dutchman was 164 cm (5 ft 4.6 in). By 1856, the average rural Dutchman was 162 cm (5 ft 3.8 in) and urban Dutchman was 158.5 cm (5 ft 2.4 in).[49]

A 2004 report citing a 2003 UNICEF study on the effects of malnutrition in North Korea, due to "successive famines," found young adult males to be significantly shorter. In contrast South Koreans "feasting on an increasingly Western-influenced diet," without famine, were growing taller. The height difference is minimal for Koreans over 40, who grew up at a time when economic conditions in the North were roughly comparable to those in the South, while height disparities are most acute for Koreans who grew up in the mid-1990s – a demographic in which South Koreans are about 12 cm (4.7 in) taller than their North Korean counterparts – as this was a period during which the North was affected by a harsh famine.[50] A study by South Korean anthropologists of North Korean children who had defected to China found that 18-year-old males were 5 inches shorter than South Koreans their age due to malnutrition.[51]

The tallest living man is Sultan Kösen of Turkey, at 251 cm (8 ft 3 in). The tallest man in modern history was Robert Pershing Wadlow (1918–1940), from Illinois, in the United States, who was 272 cm (8 ft 11 in) at the time of his death. The tallest woman in medical history was Zeng Jinlian of Hunan, China, who stood 248 cm (8 ft 1 1⁄2 in) when she died at the age of 17. The shortest adult human on record was Chandra Bahadur Dangi of Nepal at 54.6 cm (1 ft 9 1⁄2 in).

Adult height between populations often differs significantly. For example, the average height of women from the Czech Republic is greater than that of men from Malawi. This may be caused by genetic differences, childhood lifestyle differences (nutrition, sleep patterns, physical labor), or both.

Depending on sex, genetic and environmental factors, shrinkage of stature may begin in middle age in some individuals but tends to be universal in the extremely aged. This decrease in height is due to such factors as decreased height of inter-vertebral discs because of desiccation, atrophy of soft tissues and postural changes secondary to degenerative disease.

Average height around the world

Below are average adult heights by country/geographical region. The original studies and sources should be consulted for details on methodology and the exact populations measured, surveyed, or considered.

As with any statistical data, the accuracy of this data may be questionable for various reasons:

Note1: Data in green are representative of the majority of the country or region's adult population.[61]

Note2: Letters in grey indicate non-measured height.

Country/Region Average male height Average female height Stature ratio
(male to female)		 Sample population /
age range		 Share of
pop. over 18
covered[62][63][64]		 Methodology Year Source
Albania 174.0 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 161.8 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.08 20–29 (N= m:649 f:1,806) 23.5% Measured 2008–2009 [65][66]
Argentina N/A 159.6 cm (5 ft 3 in) N/A 19–49 60.4% Measured 2004–2005 [67]
Argentina 174.46 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 161.01 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.08 Healthy, 18 (N= m:90 f:97, SD= m:7.43 cm (3 in) f:6.99 cm (3 in)) 2.9% Measured 1998–2001 [68]
Armenia N/A 158.1 cm (5 ft 2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:4,218, SD= f:5.7 cm (2 in)) 48.6% Self-reported 2005 [69]
Australia 175.6 cm (5 ft 9 in) 161.8 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.09 18+ 100.0% Measured 2011–2012 [70]
Australia 177.8 cm (5 ft 10 in) 163.8 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.09 18–24 12.4% Measured 2011–2012 [70]
Austria 179 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) 166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1.08 20–49 54.3% Measured 2006 [71]
Austria 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) 167 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1.08 20–24 7.7% Measured 2006 [71]
Austria 178.80 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) N/A 1.07 30–34 7.8% Estimates 2010 [72]
Austria 179.2 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) 167.6 cm (5 ft 6 in) 1.07 21 (N= m:53 f:69, SD= m:6.1 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.6 cm (2 in)) 1.5% Self-reported 2001 [73]
Azerbaijan 171.8 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 165.4 cm (5 ft 5 in) 1.04 16+ 106.5% Measured 2005 [74]
Bahrain 165.1 cm (5 ft 5 in) 154.2 cm (5 ft 1⁄2 in) 1.07 19+ (N= m:1,120 f:1,181, SD= m:9.0 cm (3 1⁄2 in) f:7.8 cm (3 in)) 97.7% Measured 2002 [75]
Bahrain 171.0 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 156.6 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) 1.09 18 1.9% Measured 2009 [76][77]
Bangladesh N/A 150.6 cm (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:7,368, SD= f:5.5 cm (2 in)) 56.2% Self-reported 2007 [69]
Belgium 178.70 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A 30–34 8.1% Estimates 2010 [72]
Belgium 178.6 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) 168.1 cm (5 ft 6 in) 1.06 21 (N= m:20–49 f:20–49, SD= m:6.6 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.3 cm (2 in)) 1.7% Self-reported 2001 [73]
Benin N/A 159.3 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:11,015, SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 53.5% Self-reported 2006 [69]
Bolivia N/A 151.8 cm (5 ft 0 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:10,302, SD= f:5.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 52.6% Self-reported 2003 [69]
Bolivia 160.0 cm (5 ft 3 in) 142.2 cm (4 ft 8 in) 1.13 Aymara, 20–29 N/A Measured 1970 [78]
Bosnia and Herzegovina 183.9 cm (6 ft 1⁄2 in) 171.8 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 1.07 Students at UBL,19–32 (N= m:178 f:34, SD= m:7.11 cm (3 in) f:6.56 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 0.4%[79] Measured 2014 [80]
Brazil 170.7 cm (5 ft 7 in) 158.8 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.07 18+ (N= m:62,037 f:65,696) 100.0% Measured 2009 [81][82]
Brazil 173.0 cm (5 ft 8 in) 161.1 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.07 20-24 (N= m:8,299 f:7,938) 13.0% Measured 2009 [81]
Brazil – Urban 173.5 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 161.6 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.07 20-24 (N= m:6,360 f:6,305) 10.9% Measured 2009 [81]
Brazil – Rural 170.9 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 158.9 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.07 20-24 (N= m:1,939 f:1,633) 2.1% Measured 2009 [81]
Bulgaria 175.2 cm (5 ft 9 in) 163.2 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.07 N/A N/A N/A 2010 [83]
Bulgaria – Sofia 178.1 cm (5 ft 10 in) 164.8 cm (5 ft 5 in) 1.08 N/A N/A N/A 2010 [83]
Burkina Faso N/A 161.6 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:7,337, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 55.5% Self-reported 2003 [69]
Cambodia N/A 152.4 cm (5 ft 0 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:5,081, SD= f:5.4 cm (2 in)) 52.2% Self-reported 2005 [69]
Cameroon – Urban 170.6 cm (5 ft 7 in) 161.3 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.06 15+ (N= m:3,746 f:5,078) 53.6% Measured 2003 [84]
Cameroon – Urban 172.1 cm (5 ft 8 in) 162.0 cm (5 ft 4 in) 1.06 35-44 (N= m:558 f:1,156) 8.7% Measured 2003 [84]
Canada 175.1 cm (5 ft 9 in) 162.3 cm (5 ft 4 in) 1.08 18–79 94.7% Measured 2007–2009 [85]
Canada 176.0 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 163.3 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.08 25–44 36.5% Measured 2005 [54]
Central African Republic N/A 158.9 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:1,408, SD= f:6.6 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 50.0% Self-reported 1994 [69]
Chad N/A 162.6 cm (5 ft 4 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:2,393, SD= f:6.4 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 51.9% Self-reported 2004 [69]
Chile 169.6 cm (5 ft 7 in) 156.1 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) 1.09 15+ 107.2% Measured 2009–2010 [86]
Chile 171.2 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 157.2 cm (5 ft 2 in) 1.09 25–44 41.2% Measured 2009–2010 [86]
Chile 171 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 159.1 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.07 15–24 23.7% Measured 2009–2010 [86]
China, People's Republic of 167.1 cm (5 ft 6 in) 155.8 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) 1.07 18+ 100.0% Measured 2012 [87]
China, Mainland 172.1 cm (5 ft 8 in) 160.1 cm (5 ft 3 in) 1.07 19 2.1% Measured 2010 [88]
China, People's Republic of – Urban 170.2 cm (5 ft 7 in) 158.6 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.07 17 0.6% Measured 2002 [89]
China, People's Republic of – Rural 166.3 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 157.0 cm (5 ft 2 in) 1.06 17 1.6% Measured 2002 [89]
China, People's Republic of – Beijing 174.7 cm (5 ft 9 in) 161.3 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.08 21 0.2%[90] Measured 2010 [91]
China, People's Republic of – Sichuan 169.2 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) 158.2 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.07 20–24 0.7%[92] Measured 2010 [93]
Colombia 170.6 cm (5 ft 7 in) 158.7 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.07 18–22 (N= m:1,528,875 f:1,468,110) 14.1% Measured 2002 [94]
Colombia N/A 155.0 cm (5 ft 1 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:22,947, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 55.8% Self-reported 2004 [69]
Comoros N/A 154.8 cm (5 ft 1 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:644, SD= f:5.8 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 49.8% Self-reported 1996 [69]
Congo, Democratic Republic of the N/A 157.7 cm (5 ft 2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:2,727, SD= f:8.0 cm (3 in)) 52.7% Self-reported 2005 [69]
Congo, Republic of the N/A 159.0 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:3,922, SD= f:8.1 cm (3 in)) 55.7% Self-reported 2007 [69]
Croatia 180.4 cm (5 ft 11 in) 166.49 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1.09 18 (N= m:358 f:360, SD= m:6.8 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.1 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 1.6% Measured 2006–2008 [95]
Cuba – Urban 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) 156 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) 1.08 15+ 79.2% Measured 1999 [96]
Czech Republic 180.31 cm (5 ft 11 in) 167.22 cm (5 ft 6 in) 1.08 17 1.6% Measured 2001 [97]
Denmark 180.4 cm (5 ft 11 in) N/A N/A Conscripts, 18–20 (N= m:38,025) 5.3% Measured 2012 [98]
Denmark 181.4 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A 30 1.5% Estimates 2010 [72]
Denmark 182.6 cm (6 ft 0 in) 168.7 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) 1.08 23 (N= m:–20 f:20–49, SD= m:NA f:7.4 cm (3 in)) 1.6% Self-reported 2001 [73]
Dinaric Alps 185.6 cm (6 ft 1 in) 171.1 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 1.08 17 N/A Measured 2005 [99]
Dominican Republic N/A 156.4 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:4,763, SD= f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 54.8% Self-reported 1996 [69]
El Salvador N/A 160.3 cm (5 ft 3 in) N/A 25–49 50.9% Self-reported 2007 [69]
Egypt 170.3 cm (5 ft 7 in) 158.9 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.07 20–24 (N= m:845 f:1,059) 16.6% Measured 2008 [100]
Egypt N/A 159.5 cm (5 ft 3 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:13,813, SD= f:6.0 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 53.2% Self-reported 2008 [69]
Estonia 179.1 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A 17 2.3% Measured 2003 [101]
Ethiopia N/A 157.6 cm (5 ft 2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:3,868, SD= f:6.6 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 53.8% Self-reported 1997 [69]
Europe 177.6 cm (5 ft 10 in)[102] N/A N/A 17-29[103] N/A Measured and Self-reported 2001–2012 [65]
Finland 178.9 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) 165.3 cm (5 ft 5 in) 1.08 25–34 (N= m/f:2,305) 19.0% Measured 1994 [104]
Finland 180.7 cm (5 ft 11 in) 167.2 cm (5 ft 6 in) 1.08 –25 (N= m/f:26,636) 9.2% Measured 2010–2011 [105][104]
Finland 177.9 cm (5 ft 10 in) N/A N/A 30–34 8.4% Estimates 2010 [72]
France 175.6 cm (5 ft 9 in) 162.5 cm (5 ft 4 in) 1.08 18–70 (N= m/f:11,562) 85.9% Measured 2003–2004 [106][107]
France 174.1 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 161.9 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.08 20+ 96.6% Measured 2001 [58]
France 177.0 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 164.6 cm (5 ft 5 in) 1.08 20–29 17.5% Measured 2001 [58]
France 176.2 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A 30–34 8.3% Estimates 2010 [72]
Gabon N/A 158.4 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:1,576, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 52.1% Self-reported 2000 [69]
Gambia – Rural 168.0 cm (5 ft 6 in) 157.8 cm (5 ft 2 in) 1.06 21–49 (N= m:9,559 f:13,160, SD= m:6.7 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.6 cm (2 in)) N/A Measured 1950–1974 [108]
Germany 175.4 cm (5 ft 9 in) 162.8 cm (5 ft 4 in) 1.08 18–79 (N= m/f:19,768) 94.3% Measured 2007 [56]
Germany 178.9 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) 166.1 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1.08 18–37 29.2% Measured 2007 [56]
Germany – Urban[109] 180.6 cm (5 ft 11 in) 168.5 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) 1.08 18–37 7.1%[110] Measured 2007 [56]
Germany 180.17 cm (5 ft 11 in) N/A N/A 30–34 7.2% Estimates 2010 [72]
Germany 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) 1.08 18+ (N= m:25,112 f:25,560) 100.0% Self-reported 2009 [111]
Germany 181 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) 1.08 18–25 (N= m:2,501 f:2,227) 11.3% Self-reported 2009 [111]
Ghana N/A 159.3 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:2,958, SD= f:6.7 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 54.4% Self-reported 2008 [69]
Ghana 169.5 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) 158.5 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.07 25–29 14.7% Measured 1987–1989 [112]
Greece 177 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) 1.07 18–49 56.3% Measured 2003 [71]
Greece 177 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1.07 20–24 8.5% Measured 2003 [71]
Greece 178.06 cm (5 ft 10 in) N/A N/A Conscripts, 18–26 (N= m:3,982 , SD= m:7.05 cm (3 in)) 13.7% Measured 2006–2007 [113]
Greece 177.29 cm (5 ft 10 in) N/A N/A 30–34 9.5% Estimates 2010 [72]
Greece 178.3 cm (5 ft 10 in) 166.6 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1.07 21 (N= m:20–49 f:20–49, SD= m:6.6 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.3 cm (2 in)) 1.8% Self-reported 2001 [73]
Guatemala N/A 147.3 cm (4 ft 10 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:1,773, SD= f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 52.3% Self-reported 1998 [69]
Guinea N/A 158.8 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:2,563, SD= f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 52.9% Self-reported 2005 [69]
Haiti N/A 158.6 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:2,932, SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 52.8% Self-reported 2005 [69]
Honduras N/A 152.0 cm (5 ft 0 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:11,219, SD= f:6.4 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 53.3% Self-reported 2005 [69]
Hong Kong 171.7 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 158.7 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.08 18 (N= m:468 f:453, SD= m:5.5 cm (2 in) f:5.7 cm (2 in)) 1.4% Measured 2006 [114]
Hong Kong 173.4 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 160.1 cm (5 ft 3 in) 1.08 University students, 19–20 (N= m:291 f:200, SD= m:6.1 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.2 cm (2 in)) 0.6%[115] Measured 2005 [116]
Hungary 176 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 164 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.07 Adults N/A Measured 2000s [117]
Hungary 177.3 cm (5 ft 10 in) N/A N/A 18 (N= m:1,080, SD= m:5.99 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 1.7% Measured 2005 [118]
India 164.7 cm (5 ft 5 in) 151.9 cm (5 ft 0 in) 1.08 20–49 (N= m:69,245 f:118,796) 69.8% Measured 2005–2006 [119]
India – Rural 161.2 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 152.1 cm (5 ft 0 in) 1.06 17+ (SD= m:7.0 cm (3 in) f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 72.1% Measured 2007 [120]
India 166.3 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 152.6 cm (5 ft 0 in) 1.09 20 3.0% Predicted 2005–2006 [120]
Indonesia 158 cm (5 ft 2 in) 147 cm (4 ft 10 in) 1.07 50+ (N= m:2,041 f:2,396, Median= m:158 cm (5 ft 2 in) f:147 cm (4 ft 10 in)) 22.5% Self-reported 1997 [121]
Iran 170.3 cm (5 ft 7 in) 157.2 cm (5 ft 2 in) 1.08 21+ (N= m/f:89,532, SD= m:8.05 cm (3 in) f:7.22 cm (3 in)) 88.1% Measured 2005 [122]
Iran 173.4 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 159.8 cm (5 ft 3 in) 1.09 21–25 17.9% Measured 2005 [122]
Iraq – Baghdad 165.4 cm (5 ft 5 in) 155.8 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) 1.06 18–44 (N= m:700 f:800, SD= m:5.6 cm (2 in) f:16.0 cm (6 1⁄2 in)) 76.3% Measured 1999–2000 [123]
Ireland 177 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) 1.09 20–49 61.8% Measured 2007 [71]
Ireland 179 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) 1.10 20–24 10.4% Measured 2007 [71]
Ireland 176.60 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A 30 1.7% Estimates 2010 [72]
Ireland 177.5 cm (5 ft 10 in) 163.5 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.09 21 (N= m:54 f:20–49, SD= m:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:7.6 cm (3 in)) 2.4% Self-reported 2001 [73]
Israel 177 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1.07 18–21 9.7% Measured 2010 [124]
Italy 176.5 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 162.5 cm (5 ft 4 in) 1.09 18 1.4% Measured 1999–2004 [125][65][77]
Italy 174.48 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A 30 1.6% Estimates 2010 [72]
Italy 177.2 cm (5 ft 10 in) 167.8 cm (5 ft 6 in) 1.06 21 (N= m:106 f:92, SD= m:6.0 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.1 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 1.4% Self-reported 2001 [73]
Ivory Coast 170.1 cm (5 ft 7 in) 159.1 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.07 25–29 (SD= m:6.7 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.67 cm (2 in)) 14.6% Measured 1985–1987 [112]
Ivory Coast N/A 159.8 cm (5 ft 3 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:1,600, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 53.4% Self-reported 1998 [69]
Jamaica 171.8 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 160.8 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.07 25–74 71.4% Measured 1994–1996 [126]
Japan 172 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 158 cm (5 ft 2 in) 1.08 20–49 47.2% Measured 2005 [71]
Japan 172.0 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 158.70 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.08 20–24 (N= m:1,708 f:1,559, SD= m:5.42 cm (2 in) f:5.30 cm (2 in)) 7.2% Measured 2004 [127]
Japan 170.7 cm (5 ft 7 in) 158.0 cm (5 ft 2 in) 1.08 17 1.2% Measured 2013 [128]
Jordan N/A 158.2 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:4,484, SD= f:6.6 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 55.6% Self-reported 2007 [69]
Kazakhstan N/A 159.8 cm (5 ft 3 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:1,600, SD= f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 53.7% Self-reported 1999 [69]
Kenya N/A 159.4 cm (5 ft 3 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:4,856, SD= f:7.3 cm (3 in)) 52.5% Self-reported 2003 [69]
Korea, NorthNorth Korea 165.6 cm (5 ft 5 in) 154.9 cm (5 ft 1 in) 1.07 Defectors, 20–39 (N= m/f:1,075) 46.4% Measured 2005 [129]
Korea, SouthSouth Korea 170.7 cm (5 ft 7 in) 157.4 cm (5 ft 2 in) 1.08 20+ (N= m:2,750 f:2,445, Median= m:170.7 cm (5 ft 7 in) f:157.4 cm (5 ft 2 in), SD= m:6.40 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.99 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 96.5% Measured 2010 [130]
Korea, SouthSouth Korea 173.5 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 160.4 cm (5 ft 3 in) 1.08 20–24 (N= m:378 f:298, Median= m:174.0 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) f:160.5 cm (5 ft 3 in), SD= m:5.16 cm (2 in) f:5.26 cm (2 in)) 8.0% Measured 2010 [130]
Korea, SouthSouth Korea 173.5 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A Conscripts, 18–19 (N= m:363,827) 3.8% Measured 2014 [131]
Korea, SouthSouth Korea - Seoul 173.9 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A Conscripts, 18–19 (N= m:65,876) 0.8% Measured 2014 [131]
Kyrgyzstan N/A 158.0 cm (5 ft 2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:2,424, SD= f:5.8 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 55.4% Self-reported 1997 [69]
Lesotho N/A 157.6 cm (5 ft 2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:1,879, SD= f:6.7 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 49.8% Self-reported 2004 [69]
Liberia N/A 157.3 cm (5 ft 2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:4,281, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 52.8% Self-reported 2006 [69]
Lithuania 177.2 cm (5 ft 10 in) N/A N/A Conscripts, 19–25 (N= m:197 SD= m:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 14.7% Measured 2005[132] [133]
Lithuania – Urban 178.4 cm (5 ft 10 in) N/A N/A Conscripts, 19–25 (N= m:91 SD= m:6.7 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 9.9% Measured 2005[132] [133]
Lithuania – Rural 176.2 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A Conscripts, 19–25 (N= m:106 SD= m:5.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 4.9% Measured 2005[132] [133]
Lithuania 181.3 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) 167.5 cm (5 ft 6 in) 1.08 18 2.1% Measured 2001 [134]
Madagascar N/A 154.3 cm (5 ft 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:5,024, SD= f:6.0 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 53.6% Self-reported 2003 [69]
Malawi – Urban 166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 155 cm (5 ft 1 in) 1.07 16–60 (N= m:583 f:315, SD= m:6.0 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:9.4 cm (3 1⁄2 in)) 101.1% Measured 2000 [135]
Malaysia 166.3 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 154.7 cm (5 ft 1 in) 1.07 Malay, 20–24 (N= m:749 f:893, Median= m:166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) f:155 cm (5 ft 1 in), SD= m:6.46 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.04 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 9.7%[136] Measured 1996 [137]
Malaysia 168.5 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) 158.1 cm (5 ft 2 in) 1.07 Chinese, 20–24 (N= m:407 f:453, Median= m:169 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) f:158 cm (5 ft 2 in), SD= m:6.98 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.72 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 4.1%[136] Measured 1996 [137]
Malaysia 169.1 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) 155.4 cm (5 ft 1 in) 1.09 Indian, 20–24 (N= m:113 f:140, Median= m:168 cm (5 ft 6 in) f:156 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in), SD= m:5.84 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.18 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 1.2%[136] Measured 1996 [137]
Malaysia 163.3 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 151.9 cm (5 ft 0 in) 1.08 Other indigenous, 20–24 (N= m:257 f:380, Median= m:163 cm (5 ft 4 in) f:152 cm (5 ft 0 in), SD= m:6.26 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.95 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 0.4%[136] Measured 1996 [137]
Mali – Southern Mali 171.3 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 160.4 cm (5 ft 3 in) 1.07 Rural adults (N= m:121 f:320, SD= m:6.6 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.7 cm (2 in)) N/A Measured 1992 [138]
Malta 169.9 cm (5 ft 7 in) 159.9 cm (5 ft 3 in) 1.06 18+ 100.0% Self-reported 2003 [139]
Malta 175.2 cm (5 ft 9 in) 163.8 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.07 25–34 17.5% Self-reported 2003 [139]
Mexico 167 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 154 cm (5 ft 1⁄2 in) 1.08 20–49 69.4% Measured 2006 [71]
Mexico 169 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) 155 cm (5 ft 1 in) 1.08 20–24 14.5% Measured 2006 [71]
Mexico 172 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A Middle & upper classes, young adults N/A Measured N/A [140]
Mexico – Bajío 172 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A Adults N/A Measured N/A [141]
Mexico - Central N/A 162 cm (5 ft 4 in) N/A 26–39 N/A Measured N/A [141]
Mexico – Morelos 167 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 155 cm (5 ft 1 in) 1.08 18–76 1.6%[142] Self-reported 1998–1999 [143]
Moldova N/A 161.2 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:4,757, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 45.9% Self-reported 2005 [69]
Mongolia 168.4 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) 157.7 cm (5 ft 2 in) 1.07 25–34 (N= m:158 f:181) 27.6% Measured 2006 [144]
Montenegro 183.2 cm (6 ft 0 in) 168.4 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) 1.09 Students at UCG,18–37 (N= m:178 f:107, SD= m:7.06 cm (3 in) f:5.27 cm (2 in)) 3.2%[145] Measured 2011 [77]
Morocco N/A 158.5 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:10,334, SD= f:6.0 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 54.7% Self-reported 2003 [69]
Mozambique N/A 156 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:6,912, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 55.0% Self-reported 2003 [69]
Namibia N/A 160.7 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:5,575, SD= f:7.1 cm (3 in)) 50.4% Self-reported 2006 [69]
Nepal N/A 150.8 cm (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:6,280, SD= f:5.5 cm (2 in)) 52.9% Self-reported 2006 [69]
Netherlands 181 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) 169 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) 1.07 Caucasians,16–18[146] (N= m:37 f:52, SD= m:6 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5 cm (2 in)) 3.7%[147] Measured 2003 [148]
Netherlands 182.70 cm (6 ft 0 in) N/A N/A 30–34 7.8% Estimates 2010 [72]
Netherlands 180.8 cm (5 ft 11 in) 167.5 cm (5 ft 6 in) 1.08 20+ 96.8% Self-reported 2010 [149][62][82]
Netherlands 183.2 cm (6 ft 0 in) 169.9 cm (5 ft 7 in) 1.08 20–30 16.9% Self-reported 2010 [149]
Netherlands 183.8 cm (6 ft 1⁄2 in) 170.7 cm (5 ft 7 in) 1.08 21 (N= m:74 f:50, SD= m:7.1 cm (3 in) f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 1.5% Self-reported 2009 [150]
New Zealand 177 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 164 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.08 20–49 56.9% Measured 2007 [71]
New Zealand 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) 164 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.09 20–24 9.1% Measured 2007 [71]
Nicaragua N/A 153.7 cm (5 ft 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 54.1% Self-reported 2001 [69]
Nigeria 163.8 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 157.8 cm (5 ft 2 in) 1.04 18–74 98.6% Measured 1994–1996 [126]
Nigeria 167.2 cm (5 ft 6 in) 160.3 cm (5 ft 3 in) 1.04 20-29 (N= m:139 f:76, SD= m:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.7 cm (2 in)) 33.2% Measured 2011 [151]
Norway 179.63 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A 30–34 8.5% Estimates 2010 [72]
Norway 180.3 cm (5 ft 11 in) 167 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1.08 20–85 (N= m:1534 f:1743) 93.6% Self-reported 2008–2009 [152][62][82]
Norway 182.4 cm (6 ft 0 in) 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) 1.09 20–25 (SD= m:5.3 cm (2 in) f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 9.5% Self-reported 2008–2009 [152]
Norway 181.6 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) 168.2 cm (5 ft 6 in) 1.08 26–35 (SD= m:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 17.0% Self-reported 2008–2009 [152]
Peru 164 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 151 cm (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in) 1.09 20+ 93.8% Measured 2005 [153]
Philippines 161.9 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 150.2 cm (4 ft 11 in) 1.08 20+ 92.7% Measured 2003 [154]
Philippines 163.4 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 151.7 cm (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in) 1.08 20–39 55.4% Measured 2003 [154]
Poland 178.7 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) 165.1 cm (5 ft 5 in) 1.08 18 (N= m:846 f:1,126) 1.6% Measured 2010 [155]
Portugal 173.9 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) N/A N/A 18 (N= m:696) 1.5% Measured 2008 [156][65]
Portugal 172.30 cm (5 ft 8 in) N/A N/A 30–34 9.7% Estimates 2010 [72]
Portugal 171 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 161 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.06 20–50 56.7% Self-reported 2001 [71]
Portugal 173.7 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 163.7 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.06 21 (N= m:87 f:106, SD= m:8.2 cm (3 in) f:5.3 cm (2 in)) 1.9% Self-reported 2001 [73]
Qatar 170.8 cm (5 ft 7 in) 161.1 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.06 18 1.9% Measured 2005 [157][77]
Rwanda N/A 157.7 cm (5 ft 2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:3,202, SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 54.2% Self-reported 2005 [69]
Romania 172 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 157 cm (5 ft 2 in) 1.10 N/A N/A Measured 2007 [158]
Russia 177.2 cm (5 ft 10 in) 164.1 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.08 24 1.9% Measured 2004 [159][77]
Samoa N/A 166.6 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) N/A 18–28 (N= f:55 SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 32.6% Measured 2004 [160]
Saudi Arabia 168.9 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) 156.3 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) 1.08 18 3.0% Measured 2010 [161][77]
Senegal N/A 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:2,533, SD= f:6.7 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 54.4% Self-reported 2005 [69]
Serbia 182.0 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) 166.8 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1.09 Students at UNS,18–30 (N= m:318 f:76, SD= m:6.74 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.88 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 0.7%[162] Measured 2012 [163]
Singapore 171 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) 1.07 Chinese students at TP,16–18[164] (N= m:52 f:49, SD= m:6 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5 cm (2 in)) 0.3%[165][166] Measured 2003 [148]
Slovakia 179.4 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) 165.6 cm (5 ft 5 in) 1.08 18 2.0% Measured 2004 [167]
Slovenia – Ljubljana 180.3 cm (5 ft 11 in) 167.4 cm (5 ft 6 in) 1.08 19 0.2%[168] Measured 2011 [169]
South Africa 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) 159 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.06 19 (N= m:121 f:118) 3.6% Measured 2003 [170]
Sri Lanka 163.6 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 151.4 cm (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in) 1.08 18+ (N= m:1,768 f:2,709, SD= m:6.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.4 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 100.0% Measured 2005–2006 [171]
Sri Lanka 165.6 cm (5 ft 5 in) 154.0 cm (5 ft 1⁄2 in) 1.08 18-29 (N= m:312 f:427, SD= m:7.1 cm (3 in) f:5.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 30.7% Measured 2005–2006 [171]
Spain 173.1 cm (5 ft 8 in) N/A N/A 18-70 (N= m:1,298 [172][173] ) 88.2% Measured 2013–2014 [174][175][176]
Spain N/A 159.6 cm (5 ft 3 in) N/A 18-70 (N= f:8,217 [177][178] ) 83.5% Measured 2007–2008 [174][178][173][82]
Spain 175.3 cm (5 ft 9 in) N/A N/A 18-34 (N= m:554-1,061 [179][173] ) 26.8% Measured 2013–2014 [174][175][176]
Spain N/A 162.6 cm (5 ft 4 in) N/A 18-19 (N= f:656 [180][178] ) 2.4% Measured 2007–2008 [174][178][173]
Spain 175.30 cm (5 ft 9 in) N/A N/A 30–34 11.1% Estimates 2010 [72]
Spain 174 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) 1.07 20–49 57.0% Self-reported 2007 [71]
Spain 176 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1.06 20–24 7.5% Self-reported 2007 [71]
Spain 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) 166.2 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1.07 21 (N= m:111 f:94, SD= m:6.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 1.8% Self-reported 2001 [73]
Swaziland N/A 159.1 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:2,612, SD= f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 51.0% Self-reported 2006 [69]
Sweden 181.5 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) 166.8 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1.09 20–29 15.6% Measured 2008 [181]
Sweden 180.4 cm (5 ft 11 in) N/A N/A 30 8.0% Estimates 2010 [72]
Sweden 177.9 cm (5 ft 10 in) 164.6 cm (5 ft 5 in) 1.08 20–74 86.3% Self-reported 1987–1994 [182]
Switzerland 178.2 cm (5 ft 10 in) N/A N/A Conscripts, 19 (N= m:12,447, Median= m:178.0 cm (5 ft 10 in), SD= m:6.52 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 1.5% Measured 2009 [183]
Switzerland 175.4 cm (5 ft 9 in) 164 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.07 20–74 88.8% Self-reported 1987–1994 [182]
Taiwan 171.4 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 159.9 cm (5 ft 3 in) 1.07 17 (N= m:200 f:200) 1.7% Measured 2011 [184][185][186]
Tanzania N/A 156.6 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:6,033, SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 52.8% Self-reported 2004 [69]
Thailand 170.3 cm (5 ft 7 in) 159 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.07 STOU students, 15–19 (N= m:839 f:1,636, SD= m:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 0.2%[187] Self-reported 2005 [188]
Togo N/A 159.0 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:2,728, SD= f:6.1 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 53.4% Self-reported 1998 [69]
Tonga 176.1 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 165.3 cm (5 ft 5 in) 1.07 40 (N= m:241 f:299) 1.5% Measured 2001 [189]
Turkey 173.6 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 161.9 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.07 20-22 (N= m:322 f:247) 8.3% Measured 2007 [190][77][65]
Turkey – Ankara 174.1 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 158.9 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.10 18–59 (N= m:703 f:512, Median= m:169.7 cm (5 ft 7 in) f:157.5 cm (5 ft 2 in), SD= m:6.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.4 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 5.1%[191] Measured 2004–2006 [192]
Turkey – Ankara 176.1 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 162 cm (5 ft 4 in) 1.09 18–29 (N= m:390 f:163, Median= m:173.9 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) f:164.5 cm (5 ft 5 in), SD= m:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:7.0 cm (3 in)) 2.0%[191] Measured 2004–2006 [192]
Turkey N/A 156.4 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:2,393, SD= f:5.6 cm (2 in)) 54.5% Self-reported 2003 [69]
Uganda N/A 159.2 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:1,666, SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 53.4% Self-reported 2006 [69]
United Arab Emirates 173.4 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 156.4 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) 1.11 N/A N/A N/A N/A [193]
UK – England 175.3 cm (5 ft 9 in) 161.9 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.08 16+ (N= m:3,154 f:3,956) 103.2%[194] Measured 2012 [55]
UK – England 177.8 cm (5 ft 10 in) 164.5 cm (5 ft 5 in) 1.08 25–34 (N= m:415 f:611) 17.2%[194] Measured 2012 [55]
UK – Scotland 175.0 cm (5 ft 9 in) 161.3 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) 1.08 16+ (N= m:2,512 f:3,180, Median= m:174.8 cm (5 ft 9 in) f:161.2 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)) 103.0%[194] Measured 2008 [195]
UK – Scotland 178.2 cm (5 ft 10 in) 163.5 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.09 25–34 (N= m:286 f:413, Median= m:178.0 cm (5 ft 10 in) f:163.9 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)) 15.7%[194] Measured 2008 [195]
UK – Wales 177.0 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 162.0 cm (5 ft 4 in) 1.09 16+ 103.2%[194] Self-reported 2009 [196]
U.S. 175.9 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 162.1 cm (5 ft 4 in) 1.09 All Americans, 20+ (N= m:5,647 f:5,971, Median= m:176.1 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) f:162.1 cm (5 ft 4 in)) 96.2% Measured 2007–2010 [197]
U.S. 176.3 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 163.1 cm (5 ft 4 in) 1.09 All Americans, 20–29 (N= m:895 f:980, Median= m:176.3 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) f:162.9 cm (5 ft 4 in)) 18.3% Measured 2007–2010 [197]
U.S. 176.9 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) 163.7 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) 1.09 African Americans, 20–39 (N= m:356 f:397, Median= m:176.4 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) f:163.5 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)) 4.7%[198] Measured 2007–2010 [197]
U.S. 171.1 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) 158.2 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1.08 Hispanic/Latino Americans, 20–39 (N= m:573 f:673, Median= m:170.9 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) f:157.9 cm (5 ft 2 in)) 6.2%[198] Measured 2007–2010 [197]
U.S. 178.4 cm (5 ft 10 in) 164.9 cm (5 ft 5 in) 1.09 Non-Hispanic White Americans, 20–39 (N= m:797 f:824, Median= m:178.2 cm (5 ft 10 in) f:164.8 cm (5 ft 5 in)) 22.5%[198] Measured 2007–2010 [197]
Uruguay 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) 158 cm (5 ft 2 in) 1.08 Adults (N= m:2,249 f:2,114) N/A Measured 1990 [199]
Uzbekistan N/A 159.9 cm (5 ft 3 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:2,635, SD= f:6.1 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 54.6% Self-reported 1996 [69]
Vietnam 162.1 cm (5 ft 4 in) 152.2 cm (5 ft 0 in) 1.07 25–29 (SD= m:5.39 cm (2 in) f:5.39 cm (2 in)) 15.9% Measured 1992–1993 [112]
Vietnam 165.7 cm (5 ft 5 in) 155.2 cm (5 ft 1 in) 1.07 Students, 20–25 (N= m:1,000 f:1,000, SD= m:6.55 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.32 cm (2 in)) 2.0%[200] Measured 2006–2007 [201]
Zambia N/A 158.5 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:4,091, SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 54.2% Self-reported 2007 [69]
Zimbabwe N/A 160.3 cm (5 ft 3 in) N/A 25–49 (N= f:4,746, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) 47.3% Self-reported 2005 [69]

See also

References

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  79. ↑ Enrollment at UBL from University of Banja Luka 30 years of the University, University of Montenegro.
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  82. 1 2 3 4 Note: Calculated using a weighted average of the different age groups.
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  88. ↑ "2010年国民体质监测公报". Retrieved 2013-05-20.
  89. 1 2 Yang XG, Li YP, Ma GS, Hu XQ, Wang JZ, Cui ZH, Wang ZH, Yu WT, Yang ZX, Zhai FY (2005). "[Study on weight and height of the Chinese people and the differences between 1992 and 2002]". Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi (in Chinese) 26 (7): 489–93. PMID 16334998.
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  91. ↑ 北京市2010年国民体质监测结果公报
  92. ↑ Sichuan's population in 2010 from Sichuan Province General Information, GEOHIVE.
  93. ↑ 2010年四川省第三次国民体质监测公报
  94. ↑ Meisel, Adolfo and Vega, Margarita. "A TROPICAL SUCCESS STORY: A CENTURY OF IMPROVEMENTS IN THE BIOLOGICAL STANDARD OF LIVING, COLOMBIA 1910–2002" (PDF). Paper prepared for The Fifth World Congress of Cliometrics, Venice International University, Venice, Italy, July 8–11, 2004.
  95. ↑ Jureša, Vesna; Musil, Vera and Kujundžić Tiljak, Mirjana (2012). "Growth charts for Croatian school children and secular trends in past twenty years". Collegium Antropologicum 36 (supplement 1).
  96. ↑ "CÁLCULOS DE PESO Y TALLA PROMEDIO DE LA POBLACION POR PROVINCIAS Y CUBA". II Encuesta de Factores de Riesgo para la Salud y Enfermedades no Transmisibles, 2001 (in Spanish). Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas de Cuba. 2008. p. 4.
  97. ↑ Vignerová, J.; Brabec, M.; Bláha, P. (2006). "Two centuries of growth among Czech children and youth" (PDF). Econ Hum Biol. 2006 Jun;4(2):237-52. Epub 2005 Dec 20. Economics and Human Biology.
  98. ↑ "Conscription result with conscripts BMI and height" (PDF). Forsvarets rekruttering, Kingdom of Denmark. 2013. Retrieved 2014-10-31.
  99. ↑ Pineau JC, Delamarche P, Bozinovic S (2005). "[Average height of adolescents in the Dinaric Alps]". C. R. Biol. (in French) 328 (9): 841–6. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2005.07.004. PMID 16168365.. Note: Authors added +1 cm to the height mean of the male sample to compensate unfinished growth.
  100. ↑ Egypt – Demographic and Health Survey 2008.
  101. ↑ Lintsi M, Kaarma H (2006). "Growth of Estonian seventeen-year-old boys during the last two centuries". Economics and Human Biology 4 (1): 89–103. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2005.05.007. PMID 15993666.
  102. ↑ In this study, the average height of European males is calculated as a weighted average of 42 European Nations' mean hegiht.
  103. ↑ Data for 17 year olds are added extra 1 cm (1⁄2 in) because of unfinished growth.
  104. 1 2 "Lasten kasvunseurannan uudistaminen, Asiantuntijaryhmän raportti" (PDF). National Institute for Health and Welfare. 2011. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
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  107. ↑ "Mode & Couture" (PDF). Educatel une formation pour chaque projet. Retrieved 2015-08-06.
  108. ↑ Sear, Rebecca. "Size, body condition and adult mortality in rural Gambia: a life history perspective" (PDF). London School of Economics.
  109. ↑ In this survey, the urban area is composed by 38 most populated cities from Berlin to Rostock, being approximately 24% of total German population.
  110. ↑ Germany's regional population in 2011 from Gemeinden in Deutschland nach Bevölkerung am 31.12.2011 auf Grundlage des Zensus 2011 und früherer Zählungen im Excel-Format, Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis).
  111. 1 2 "Mikrozensus – Fragen zur Gesundheit – Körpermaße der Bevölkerung" (PDF). Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden. 2009.
  112. 1 2 3 "Productive Benefits of Improving Health: Evidence from Low-Income Countries, T. Paul Schultz*". Retrieved 2011-01-22.
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  114. ↑ So HK, Nelson EA, Li AM, Wong EM, Lau JT, Guldan GS, Mak KH, Wang Y, Fok TF, Sung RY (2008). "Secular changes in height, weight and body mass index in Hong Kong Children" (PDF). BMC Public Health 8: 320. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-320. PMC 2572616. PMID 18803873.
  115. ↑ The university participation rate is approximately 20% in 2005. Key Statistics on Post-secondary Education, Committee on Self-financing Post-secondary Education
  116. ↑ http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1083664&issueno=3
  117. ↑ Average height of men and women (National Geographic, Hungarian)
  118. ↑ Mészáros Z, Mészáros J, Völgyi E, Sziva A, Pampakas P, Prókai A, Szmodis M. (2008). "Body mass and body fat in Hungarian schoolboys: Differences between 1980–2005". Journal of physiological anthropology 27 (5): 241–5. doi:10.2114/jpa2.27.241. PMID 18838839.
  119. ↑ Mamidi, RS; Kulkarni, B; Singh, A (2011). "Secular trends in height in different states of India in relation to socioeconomic characteristics and dietary intakes". Food and nutrition bulletin 32 (1): 23–34. PMID 21560461.
  120. 1 2 Venkaiah K, Damayanti K, Nayak MU, Vijayaraghavan K (2002). "Diet and nutritional status of rural adolescents in India". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56 (11): 1119–25. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601457. PMID 12428178.
  121. ↑ "Indonesia Family Life Survey,1997". Repositories.cdlib.org. 2003-04-01. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
  122. 1 2 Haghdoost, AA; Mirzazadeh, A and Alikhani, S (2008). "Secular Trend of Height Variations in Iranian Population Born between 1940 and 1984" (PDF). Iranian J Publ Health 37 (1): 1–7.
  123. ↑ Tawfeek H (2002). "Relationship between waist circumference and blood pressure among the population in Baghdad, Iraq" (PDF). Food and nutrition bulletin 23 (4): 402–6. PMID 16619749.
  124. ↑ "נתוני גובה ממוצע". Health-pages.co.il. 2007-05-07. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
  125. ↑ Cacciari; et al. (2006). "Italian cross-sectional growth charts for height, weight and BMI (2 to 20 yr).". Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 29: 581–93. doi:10.1007/BF03344156. PMID 16957405.
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  131. 1 2 "징병검사 현황 - 신장 분포, 청별". Korean Statistical Information Service. Retrieved 2015-07-01.
  132. 1 2 3 Note: In this study, the subjects' height was measured twice. The first measurement presumably took place in 2004 and the average height of the conscripts was 176.4 cm. When they measured the same group after a year, the mean height of the conscripts was 177.2 cm
  133. 1 2 3 "Anthropometrical data and physical fitness of Lithuanian soldiers according to the sociodemographic characteristics" (PDF). medicina.kmu.lt. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
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  135. ↑ Msamati BC, Igbigbi PS (2000). "Anthropometric profile of urban adult black Malawians". East African Medical Journal 77 (7): 364–8. doi:10.4314/eamj.v77i7.46663. PMID 12862154.
  136. 1 2 3 4 Ethnic population ratio (1995) from Historical Overview of Malaysia's Experience in Enhancing Equity and Quality of Education, Hazri Jamil.
  137. 1 2 3 4 Lim TO, Ding LM, Zaki M, et al. (March 2000). "Distribution of Body Weight, Height and Body Mass Index in a National Sample of Malaysian Adults" (PDF). Med. J. Malaysia 55 (1): 108–28. PMID 11072496.
  138. ↑ Katherine A. Dettwyler (July 1992). "Nutritional status of adults in rural Mali". American Journal of Physical Anthropology (American Journal of Physical Anthropology) 88 (3): 309–321. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330880306. PMID 1642319. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
  139. 1 2 "THE MALTESE WAY OF LIFE.....". News Release. National Statistics Office – Malta. 2003-12-10. Note: A 2007 Eurostat study revealed the same results: the average Maltese person is 164.9 cm (5' 4.9") compared to the EU average of 169.6 cm (5' 6.7").
  140. ↑ Aumenta la estatura de los jóvenes A study published by the University of Guadalajara
  141. 1 2 "¿Cuánto miden los mexicanos?". Mexicanbusinessweb.mx. 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2013-09-02.
  142. ↑ Morelos and Mexico's population in 2000 from National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI).
  143. ↑ Ignacio Osuna-Ramírez, M; et al. (March–April 2006). "Indice de masa corporal y percepción de la imagen corporal en una población adulta mexicana: la precisión del autorreporte" (PDF). Salud pública de méxico 48 (2): 94–103. doi:10.1590/S0036-36342006000200003.
  144. ↑ Mongolian STEPS Survey on the Prevalence of Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors 2006. WHO (2007). ISBN 9992998040
  145. ↑ Enrollment at UCG from University of Montenegro Guide for Incoming Students, University of Montenegro.
  146. ↑ The mean ages of subjects are 17.5(±0.7) for male and 17.6(±0.6) for female. Thus most of the subjects are between 17 and 18.
  147. ↑ Ethnic population ratio from Netherlands Demographics Profile 2014, IndexMundi.
  148. 1 2 Deurenberg P, Bhaskaran K, Lian PL (2003). "Singaporean Chinese adolescents have more subcutaneous adipose tissue than Dutch Caucasians of the same age and body mass index". Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 12 (3): 261–5. PMID 14505987.
  149. 1 2 "Reported height, 20 years or older, Central Bureau of Statistics, 15 February 2012". Statline.cbs.nl. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
  150. ↑ Schönbeck, Yvonne; Talma, Henk; Van Dommelen, Paula; Bakker, Boudewijn; Buitendijk, Simone E.; Hirasing, Remy A.; Van Buuren, Stef (2012). "The world's tallest nation has stopped growing taller: The height of Dutch children from 1955 to 2009". Pediatric Research 73 (3): 371–7. doi:10.1038/pr.2012.189. PMID 23222908.
  151. ↑ Ter Goon D, et al. (2011). "The relationship between arm span and stature in Nigerian adults" (PDF). Kinesiology 43 (1): 38–43.
  152. 1 2 3 "Fysisk aktivitet blant voksne og eldre i Norge" (PDF). Resultater fra en kartlegging i 2008 og 2009 (in Norwegian). Norwegian Directorate for Health and Social Affairs. 2009. p. 23. Retrieved 2015-08-06.
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  154. 1 2 "PHILIPPINE FACTS AND FIGURES 2003 – Part II. Anthropometric Facts and Figures" (PDF). FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Department of Science and Technology. fnri.dost.gov.ph.
  155. ↑ Kułaga Z, Litwin M, Tkaczyk M, Palczewska I, Zajączkowska M, Zwolińska D, Krynicki T, Wasilewska A, Moczulska A, Morawiec-Knysak A, Barwicka K, Grajda A, Gurzkowska B, Napieralska E, Pan H (2011). "Polish 2010 growth references for school-aged children and adolescents". European journal of pediatrics 170 (5): 599–609. doi:10.1007/s00431-010-1329-x. PMC 3078309. PMID 20972688. Note: The values represent averages, not medians listed in the study.
  156. ↑ Sardinha; et al. (2010). "Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Portuguese youth: A study in a representative sample of 10–18-year-old children and adolescents". International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, Informa Healthcare 6: e124–8. doi:10.3109/17477166.2010.490263. PMID 20919807.
  157. ↑ Bener A1, Kamal AA. (2008). "Growth patterns of Qatari school children and adolescents aged 6-18 years.". Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition 23 (supplement 3): 250–8. PMID 16262022.
  158. ↑ Evenimente Sibiul 2007
  159. ↑ Brainerd E. (2006). "Reassessing the Standard of Living in the Soviet Union:An Analysis Using Archival and Anthropometric Data" (PDF). William Davidson Institute Working Paper.
  160. ↑ https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/10525/uhm_ms_3891_r.pdf?sequence=1
  161. ↑ El Mouzan; et al. (2010). "Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Saudi children and adolescents". Annals of Saudi Medicine 30 (supplement 3): 203–208. doi:10.4103/0256-4947.62833. PMC 2886870. PMID 20427936.
  162. ↑ Enrollment at UNS from University of Novi Sad Facts and Figures, University of Novi Sad.
  163. ↑ Popovic S, et al. (2013). "Body Height and Its Estimation Utilizing Arm Span Measurements in Serbian Adults" (PDF). Int. J. Morphol. 31 (1): 271–279. doi:10.4067/S0717-95022013000100043.
  164. ↑ The mean ages of subjects are 17.5(±0.6). Thus most of the subjects are between 17 and 18.
  165. ↑ Enrollment at Temasek Polytechnic from Temasek Polytechnic, UNI AGENTS.
  166. ↑ Ethnic population ratio from Singapore Demographics Profile 2014, indexMundi.
  167. ↑ Ševčíková, Ľ.; Nováková, J.; Hamade, J. and Tatara, M. (2004) Rast a vývojové trendy slovenských detí a mládeže za posledných 10 rokov [Growth and development trends in Slovak children and adolescents during the last 10 years]. In: Životné podmienky a zdravie [Living conditions and health]. Editor: Ľubica Ághová. Bratislava.
  168. ↑ Ljubljana's population in 2011 from UNdata, United Nations.
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  172. ↑ The total sample size is 1,583(12-70) and the ratio of subjects aged 18-70 is 82%.
  173. 1 2 3 4 "Grupo Investigación Antropometría Instituto de Biomecánica > Metodología". Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia. 2015-03-12.
  174. 1 2 3 4 "Grupo Investigación Antropometría Instituto de Biomecánica". Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia. 2015-03-12.
  175. 1 2 "El estudio antropométrico realizado por el IBV desvela las medidas actuales del hombre español". Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia. 2015-03-12.
  176. 1 2 "Las tallas del hombre español medio". EL MUNDO. 2015-03-12.
  177. ↑ The total sample size is 10,415(12-70), and the ratio of subjects aged 18-70 is 78.9%.
  178. 1 2 3 4 "Estudio Antropométrico de la Población Femenina en España" (PDF). Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. 2008-02-07.
  179. ↑ The total sample size is 1,583(12-70), the ratio of subjects aged 18-29 is 35% and the one between 30-49 is 32%. Therefore the ratio between 18-34 is between 35-67%.
  180. ↑ The total sample size is 10,415(12-70) and the ratio of subjects aged 18-19 is 6.3%.
  181. ↑ "Svenskarna längre och tyngre". Dagens Nyheter. 2008-02-29.
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  184. ↑ "Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan – 2011". Ministry of Health and Welfare. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
  185. ↑ "Survey explanation – 2011". Ministry of Health and Welfare. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
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  191. 1 2 Ankara's population in 2000 from Turkey: Provinces and Major Cities, CITY POPULATION.
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  193. ↑ Abdulrazzaq, Yousef M; Moussa, Mohamed A; Nagelkerke, Nicolaas (2008). "National Growth Charts for the United Arab Emirates". J Epidemiol 18 (6): 295–303. doi:10.2188/jea.JE2008037. PMID 19075495.
  194. 1 2 3 4 5 regional population data in the UK in 2011 from 2011 Census, Population Estimates by single year of age and sex for Local Authorities in the United Kingdom, Office for National Statistics.
  195. 1 2 "The Scottish Health Survey 2008". Scotland.gov.uk. 2009-09-28. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
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  197. 1 2 3 4 5 US Dept. of Health and Human Services; et al. (October 2012). "Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2007–2010" (PDF). National Health Statistics Reports 11.
  198. 1 2 3 Ethnic population ratio from State & County QuickFacts, United States Census Bureau.
  199. ↑ "Cruzada por lo alto: los petisos denuncian dura discriminación" (in Spanish). El País. 2006-05-27.
  200. ↑ The university participation rate is 195 per 10,000 Population in 2009. Viet Nam: Preparing the Higher Education Sector Development Project (HESDP), Asian Development Bank
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