Grumman G-21 Goose

G-21/JRF Goose
Role Transport amphibious aircraft
Manufacturer Grumman
First flight 1937
Primary users United States Navy
United States Army Air Forces
Royal Air Force
Royal Canadian Air Force
Number built 345
Unit cost
US$62,180.00 for JRF-6B (1942)

The Grumman G-21 Goose is an amphibious aircraft that was designed by Grumman to serve as an eight-seat "commuter" aircraft for businessmen in the Long Island area. The Goose was Grumman’s first monoplane to fly, its first twin-engined aircraft, and its first aircraft to enter commercial airline service. During World War II, the Goose became an effective transport for the US military (including the United States Coast Guard), as well as serving with many other air forces. During hostilities, the Goose took on an increasing number of combat and training roles. The adaptable transport continued in postwar use.

Design and development

Preserved ex-British JRF-6B Goose in U.S. Navy JRF-1 markings

In 1936, a group of wealthy residents of Long Island, including E. Roland Harriman, approached Grumman and commissioned an aircraft that they could use to fly to New York City.[1] In response the Grumman Model G-21 was designed as a light amphibian transport. Grumman’s typically rugged engineering produced a high-wing monoplane of almost all-metal construction—the trailing half of the main wing and all of the flight control surfaces except for the flaps were fabric-covered. It was powered by two 450 horsepower (340 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior nine-cylinder, air-cooled, radial engines mounted on the leading edges of the wings. The deep fuselage served also as a hull and was equipped with hand-cranked retractable landing gear. First flight of the prototype took place on May 29, 1937.[2]

The fuselage also proved versatile as it provided generous interior space that allowed fitting for either a transport or luxury airliner role. Having an amphibious configuration also allowed the G-21 to go just about anywhere, and plans were made to market it as an amphibian airliner.[3]

Modifications

McKinnon G-21G Turbo Goose conversion with 680 shp Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-27 turboprops

There are a number of modifications for the Goose, but the most numerous are those by McKinnon Enterprises of Sandy, Oregon, which holds twenty-one supplemental type certificates (STCs) for modifying G-21 series aircraft and which also manufactured four different conversions that were re-certified under a separate FAA type certificate (TC no. 4A24) as brand-new "McKinnon" airplanes.[4] The first was the McKinnon model G-21C which involved replacing the original R-985 radial engines with four Lycoming GSO-480-B2D6 piston engines. It was approved under TC 4A24 on November 7, 1958 and two examples were built in 1958-1959.

The second McKinnon conversion was the model G-21D, which differed from the G-21C only by the insertion of a 36-inch (91-centimeter) extension in the nose section of the aircraft in front of the cockpit, and 12-inch (30-centimeter) extensions that were added to the horizontal stabilizers and elevators. The extended nose of the G-21D was distinguishable by the addition of two new windows on each side and it housed four additional passenger seats. Only one G-21D was built and it was actually re-converted from the first G-21C. When later further converted to turbine engines, it was nicknamed "Turboprop Goose."

After the turbine conversion of the G-21D, McKinnon developed an STC (SA1589WE) to install the same 550 shp Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-20 engines on Grumman G-21A aircraft that were still certified under the original TC no. 654. Two G-21A aircraft were modified as “Hybrid” turbine conversions, one by Marshall of Cambridge in the UK (using McKinnon STC kits shipped over from Oregon) and one belonging to the Bureau of Land Management (an agency of the US Department of the Interior in Alaska) being modified by McKinnon in 1967. Because they also had many other McKinnon features installed on them using some of its STCs, these aircraft were later confused with similar but subsequent McKinnon turbine conversions and model G-21E aircraft, but they actually remained “Grumman G-21A” aircraft under TC no. 654; they were never officially re-certified under McKinnon’s TC 4A24.

In addition to the two G-21A “Hybrid” turbine conversions, McKinnon converted two other G-21A aircraft in 1968 to a turbine configuration, claiming that they were simultaneously re-certified as models G-21C under TC 4A24, Section I, and as turbines per STC SA1320WE. However, it appears that they lacked some of the internal structural reinforcements that were part of the model G-21C design and that were unrelated to the turbine engine transplant from the four Lycoming GSO-480 series piston engines, as a result of which, they were certified to operate up to a maximum gross weight of only 10,500 lbs. McKinnon dubbed these aircraft model G-21C “Hybrids” but one year after they were built, their configuration was approved by the FAA as a whole new model under TC 4A24.

The third McKinnon model, the G-21E, is based on the previous G-21C “Hybrid” conversions. It was initially certified with the same two 550 shp PT6A-20 turboprops used on the G-21D turbine conversion, but later, after approval of the model G-21G, 680 shp (507 kW) Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-27 engines were approved as an option on the G-21E. Only one example was ever actually built and re-certified as a model G-21E and it was, in fact, equipped with the more powerful PT6A-27 engines.

The final McKinnon variant is the G-21G, which was approved by the FAA on August 29, 1969 under Section IV of TC no. 4A24. The G-21G combines all of the structural reinforcements and 12,500-lb gross weight of the earlier G-21C and D models, as well as their other features such as the “radar” nose, the “wraparound” windshield, retractable wingtip floats, and “picture” cabin windows, with the more powerful PT6A-27 turbine engines and other minor details to produce the ultimate McKinnon Goose conversion.

New production

In November 2007, Antilles Seaplanes of Gibsonville, North Carolina announced it was restarting production of the turbine-powered McKinnon G-21G Turbo Goose variant, now identified as the Antilles G-21G Super Goose.[1] Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-34 turboprops flat-rated to 680 shp (507 kW) would have replaced the original PT6A-27 engines,[1] and the airframe systems and especially the avionics (aviation electronics – i.e. radios and navigation systems) would have been updated with state-of-the-art “glass panel” instrumentation and cockpit displays. However, as of 2009 Antilles Seaplanes' manufacturing center has been foreclosed and sold at auction. The current fate of new Goose production is currently unknown.[5]

Operational history

Goose of the Royal Air Force
Grumman G-21A of Alaska Island Air in 1989

Envisioned as corporate or private "flying yachts" for Manhattan millionaires, initial production models normally carried two to three passengers and had a bar and small toilet installed. As well as being marketed to small air carriers, the G-21 was also promoted as a military transport. In 1938, the U.S. Army Air Corps purchased the type as the OA-9 (later, in the war years, examples impressed from civilian ownership were designated the OA-13A). The most numerous of the military versions were the United States Navy variants, designated the JRF.

The amphibian was soon adopted by the Coast Guard and, during World War II, it also served with the RCAF in the transport, reconnaissance, rescue and training roles. The G.21 was used for air-sea rescue duties by the Royal Air Force (RAF). The RAF, in a common naming convention with all of its aircraft, designated the type as "Goose."

On returning to civilian service, after the war, the Goose found continued commercial use in locations from the wilderness of Alaska to the sunny climes of Catalina and the Caribbean.

A total of 345 were built, with about 30 known to still be airworthy today (although approximately 60 are still on various civil registries, many of them are known to have crashed or been otherwise destroyed), most being in private ownership, some of them operating in modified forms.[6]

Variants

G-21
Original production version, powered by two 450 hp (336 kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp Junior SB engines, 7,500 lb (3,400 kg) gross weight. Six passengers. Twelve built, all converted to G-21A standards.[7]
G-21A
Increased gross weight (8,000 lb (3,636 kg)). Thirty built.[7]
G-21B
Export coastal patrol flying boat. Armed with .30 in machine gun in bow and dorsal hatches and two 100 lb (45 kg) bombs underwing. Twelve built for Portuguese Naval Aviation.[7]
G-21C
Conversion by McKinnon Enterprises, re-engined with four 340 hp (254 kW) Lycoming GSO-480-B2D6 air-cooled, geared, and supercharged flat-six engines and fitted with retractable wingtip floats, a fiberglass “radar” nose, a one-piece “wraparound” windshield, and “picture” (enlarged) cabin windows. Gross weight increased to 12,499 lb (5,669 kh) as result of internal structural reinforcements. Two converted as piston-powered models G-21C (serial nos. 1201 and 1202) in 1958-1959. Two other airframes subsequently converted in 1968, but with two 550 shp (579 eshp, 432 kW) Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-20 turboprops per STC SA1320WE as G-21C “Hybrids” (serial nos. 1203 and 1204.) The two G-21C “Hybrids” were actually identical to the later 10,500 lb model G-21E, but they were never certified as such.[8]
G-21D
One G-21C further converted by McKinnon with extended bow section marked by two extra windows on each side and accommodating another four passengers (serial no. changed from 1201 to 1251 in conjunction with re-certification as model G-21D in June 1960.) In 1966, it was re-engined with two 550 shp (579 eshp, 432 kW) PT6A-20 turboprops and fitted with revised Alvarez-Calderon electric flaps in accordance with STC SA1320WE, retaining the G-21D designation but subsequently identified as a McKinnon “Turboprop Goose.”[9]
G-21E
Fully-certified new model based on simplified turbine conversion of McKinnon model G-21C, with 550 shp PT6A-20 engines (680 shp Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-27 engines optional) and more fuel, but without all of the structural reinforcements of the 12,499 lb model G-21C. 10,500 lb (4,763 kg) gross weight. One converted (serial no. 1211.) [4]
G-21F
Conversion by Fish & Wildlife Service in Alaska (using McKinnon engineering data) with 715 shp (533 kW) Garrett TPE331-2UA-203D turboprops. One converted but the FWS model “G-21F” was never approved by the FAA and the one example that was built was inexplicably re-certified as a supposedly modified McKinnon G-21G in spite of the fact that it was not built by McKinnon nor ever conformed to the model G-21G type design.[10][11]
G-21G
Final McKinnon conversion also fully certified as a new model with 680 shp (507 kW) PT6A-27 engines, 586 US gal. of fuel, and 12,500 lb gross weight. Two converted (serial nos. 1205 and 1226.)[12]
The sole Kaman K-16B tilt-wing STOL research aircraft
Kaman K-16B
Experimental tilt wing aircraft using the fuselage of a JRF-5 and powered by two General Electric YT58-GE-2A. 1 built but unflown.[13][14]
XJ3F-1
Prototype eight seat utility amphibian for U.S. Navy. One built 1938.[7][15]
JRF-1
Production version of XJ3F-1. Five built for U.S. Navy.[7]
JRF-1A
Similar to JRF-1, but with target towing gear and camera hatch added. Five built for U.S. Navy.[7]
JRF-2
Version for United States Coast Guard, with provision for carrying stretchers. Seven built.[7]
JRF-3
Similar to JRF-2, but fitted with autopilot and deicing boots on wing leading edge to aid operations in Arctic. Three built for Coast Guard.[7][16]
JRF-4
Similar to JRF-1A, but could carry two depth bombs under wing. Ten built for U.S. Navy.[7]
Grumman JRF-5
JRF-5
Major production version, incorporating bomb racks from JRF-4, target towing and camera gear from JRF-1A and de-icing gear from JRF-3; 184 built.[7] In 1953, a modified JRF-5 was used to test the landing and takeoff characteristics of hydro-skis for the U.S. Navy.[17]
JRF-5G
24 JRF-5 transferred to US Coast Guard.[7][16]
JRF-6B
Navigation trainer purchased for supply under Lend-Lease. 50 built.[7]
OA-9
Transport and air-sea rescue amphibian for United States Army Air Forces. Twenty-six ordered in 1938, supplemented by five JRF-6Bs carrying the same designation.[7][16]
OA-13A
Designation given to three G-21As impressed by USAAF.[7][18]
OA-13B
Two JRF-5s transferred to USAAF.[7][18]
Goose Mk I
British designation for three JRF-5s supplied to the Fleet Air Arm.[19]
Goose Mk IA
British designation for 44 JRF-6Bs supplied under Lend Lease and used for Observer training by 749 Naval Air Squadron in Trinidad.[19]
Goose Mk II
British designation for two JRF-5s used as staff transports by British Air Commission in United States and Canada.[19]

Operators

Military operators

Grumman Goose #798 of the Royal Canadian Air Force
 Argentina
 Australia
 Bolivia
 Brazil
 Canada
 Cuba
 France
 Honduras
 Japan
 Paraguay
 Peru
 Portugal
 Sweden
 United Kingdom
 United States

Governmental operators

 United States
 Canada

Civil operators

British Guiana Airways Grumman Goose circa 1955. Piarco Airport, Trinidad.
 Australia
 British Guiana
 Canada
 Croatia
 Dutch East Indies
 Fiji
 Iceland
 New Zealand
 Norway
1942 Grumman Goose at Akutan, Alaska, operated by PenAir
 United States

Accidents and incidents

19 November 1943
Grumman JRF-2 of Port Heiden Alaska {USCG}. With 3 crewmen and 1 passenger missing. Found in 1987 [23]
13 March 1947
Grumman JRF-6B of Loftleiðir with seven passengers and a pilot crashed immediately after takeoff on Hvammsfjordur by the town of Budardalur in Iceland. The pilot and 4 other passengers were rescued by a boat after they evacuated the plane. 3 passengers could not evacuate the plane and went down with it under water. One of the passengers rescued did not survive. The pilot and 3 passengers survived. 4 passengers were killed.[24]
21 August 1958
N720 crashed in the Brooks Range, near the upper Ivishak River, in Alaska, killing U.S. Fish & Wildlife Agents Clarence J. Rhode, Stanley Fredericksen, and Clarence's son Jack. The crash site wasn't found until August 23, 1979.[25]
27 January 1961
A JRF-5 of the French Navy crashed, killing Admiral Pierre Ponchardier and five others. This accident led the French Navy to retire all of their Grumman JRF-5 Gooses in the Spring of 1961.[26][27]
22 June 1972
N1513V of Reeve Aleutian Airways was written off at False Pass, Alaska.[28][29]
2 September 1978
Charles F. Blair, Jr., former Naval Air Transport Service and Pan American Airways pilot and husband to actress Maureen O'Hara was flying a Grumman Goose that belonged to his company, Antilles Air Boats, from St. Croix to St. Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands when it crashed into the ocean due to failure of the left engine. He and three passengers were killed; seven passengers were severely injured.[30]
3 August 2008
A Grumman Goose of Pacific Coastal Airlines with seven passengers and crew crashed during a flight from Port Hardy to Chamiss Bay. The aircraft was completely destroyed by a fire. There were only two survivors.[31]
16 November 2008
A Grumman Goose of Pacific Coastal Airlines with eight passengers and crew crashed during a flight from Vancouver International Airport to Toba Inlet, BC. The aircraft exploded into a mass of burning wreckage according to the lone survivor. This person was rescued up by the Coast Guard on South Thormanby Island off British Columbia's Sunshine Coast. The company resumed floatplane operations on November 19, 2008.[32]
27 February 2011
A turbine Goose, N221AG, crashed in the United Arab Emirates when it veered immediately after takeoff. Although registered in the US as a McKinnon G-21G, the aircraft was not an actual McKinnon conversion; it was instead actually designed and built by the Fish & Wildlife Service in Alaska, who originally intended it to be re-certified as a model G-21F, but that design was never formally approved as such by the FAA.[33]
17 June 2014
A Grumman G-21A Goose lost control in a snowstorm over the Montana/Idaho border and crashed into the parking lot of the Lost Trail Ski Area near the summit of Lost Trail Pass, subsequently catching fire. The plane was completely destroyed, and the pilot, who was the only occupant of the plane, was killed.[34][35]

Specifications (JRF-5 Goose)

British JRF-6B – the only version with blister side windows

Data from United States Navy Aircraft since 1911 [36]

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

See also

Related development


Related lists

References

Notes
  1. 1 2 3 "Goose." Antilles Seaplanes history page. Retrieved: August 30, 2008.
  2. ↑ "Grumman Goose." Aerofiles.com Grumman page. Retrieved: August 30, 2008.
  3. ↑ Truelson 1976
  4. 1 2 "FAA Type Certificate no. 4A24". FAA. Retrieved: August 26, 2011.
  5. ↑ http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/grumman-goose-replacing-alaska-aviation-legend
  6. ↑ "Seven confirmed dead in B.C. plane crash." canada.com. Retrieved: December 19, 2009.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Francillon and Killion 1993, p.55.
  8. ↑ "Aircraft N642" FAA Registry. Retrieved: August 26, 2011.
  9. ↑ Francillon and Killion 1993, pp. 54–56.
  10. ↑ "G-21." National Digital Library: Home. Retrieved: June 10, 2009.
  11. ↑ "G-21." National Digital Library: Home. Retrieved: June 10, 2009.
  12. ↑ and "Aircraft – N70AL." FAA Registry. Retrieved: August 26, 2011.
  13. ↑ "Kaman K-16B Amphibious VTOL Nears Rollout". Aviation Week & Space Technology. January 11, 1960. p. 121. (registration required (help)).
  14. ↑ "Kaman K-16B". New England Air Museum. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
  15. ↑ Green 1968, pp. 169–170.
  16. 1 2 3 Donald 1995, p. 145.
  17. ↑ "Hydro-Skis On Seaplanes Speed Take-Off." Popular Mechanics, January 1953, p. 119.
  18. 1 2 Green 1968, p.169.
  19. 1 2 3 March 1998, p.127.
  20. ↑ Thetford, 1978, p.592
  21. ↑ "Grumman Goose has served coast for many years as 'flying-boat workhorse'." canada.com. Retrieved: December 19, 2009.
  22. ↑ http://www.timetableimages.com, June 1, 1969 Alaska Airlines system timetable
  23. ↑ US Coast Guard Aviation casualties
  24. ↑ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 27712". Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  25. ↑ Forgotten Heroes: Police Officers Killed in Alaska, 1850-1997
  26. ↑ JRF-5 Goose Retrieved: February 26, 2012.
  27. ↑ Biography of Pierre Ponchardier
  28. ↑ "N1513V." NTSB. Retrieved: December 19, 2009.
  29. ↑ "accident." NTSB. Retrieved: December 19, 2009. Note: States 1970 as year!?
  30. ↑ "Antilles Air Boats, Inc., Grumman G21A, N7777V". Accident Reports. National Transportation Safety Board. 28 June 1979. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  31. ↑ "5 dead in B.C. plane crash." TheGlobeAndMail.com. Retrieved: December 19, 2009.
  32. ↑ "7 dead in plane crash off B.C. coast." CBC News, 16 November 2008. Retrieved: December 19, 2009. Viewable: https://web.archive.org/web/20121103203609/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/story/2008/11/16/bc-081115-plane-crash.html
  33. ↑ "Plane crash kills 4 in UAE" CNN News, February 28, 2011. Retrieved: February 28, 2011.
  34. ↑ http://www.kbzk.com/news/one-believed-dead-in-lost-trail-plane-crash/
  35. ↑ http://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/montana/pilot-killed-in-lost-trail-crash-witnesses-describe-fireball/article_9ca5d782-76dd-52c4-a24d-35ec836a80f8.html
  36. ↑ Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p.212.
  37. ↑ Green 1968, p.171.
Bibliography
  • Donald, David, ed. American Warplanes of World War II. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1995. ISBN 1-874023-72-7.
  • Francillon, René J. and Gary L. Killion. "Sauce for the Goose - turbine style". Air International, July 1993, Vol. 45, No 1, pp. 53–57. Stamford, UK:Key Publishing. ISSN 0306-5634.
  • Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Five Flying Boats. London:Macdonald, 1968. ISBN 0-356-01449-5.
  • March, Daniel J., ed. British Warplanes of World War II. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1998. ISBN 1-874023-92-1.
  • Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. United States Navy Aircraft since 1911. London: Putnam, Second edition, 1976. ISBN 0-370-10054-9.
  • Thruelsen, Richard. The Grumman Story. New York: Praeger Publishers, Inc., 1976. ISBN 0-275-54260-2.
  • Winchester, Jim, ed. "Grumman Goose/Mallard." Biplanes, Triplanes and Seaplanes (The Aviation Factfile). Rochester, Kent, UK: Grange Books plc, 2004. ISBN 1-84013-641-3.

Further reading

External links

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