Guanche mummies

Guanche mummy of the National Archaeological Museum of Spain in Madrid, Spain.

Guanche mummies are the intentionally desiccated remains of members of the indigenous Guanche people of the Canary Islands. The majority of Guanche mummies were made in the eras prior to Spanish settlement of the area in the 15th century.^[1] The methods of embalming are similar to those of the Ancient Egyptians, though fewer mummies remain from the Guanche due to looting and desecration.

Archaeological record

Mummy of San Andrés in the Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre.

Mummification on the Canaries remained confined to the islands of Tenerife, Gran Canaria, La Gomera, and El Hierro. The most well-preserved, and therefore the most thoroughly-studied, mummies were found on Tenerife.^[2]

In 1933, the Guanche necropolis of Uchova was discovered in the municipality of San Miguel de Abona in southern Tenerife. It is estimated that it contained between 60-74 mummies before the cemetery was almost completely looted.^[3]

Historical record

Medieval Spanish explorers arriving in the islands during the 14th Century reported the Guanche buried individuals of low social status in sandy graves, while upper class members were mummified and laid to rest in secluded caves.^[4] One of these mortuary caves may have held up to 1,000 mummies, however, many of these have disappeared with only 20 complete mummies left on the islands.^[4] The loss of such a large amount of mummies is generally attributed to the popularity of mummia, a pharmaceutical substance created out of pulverized mummies.^[1]

The Guanche had groups of males and females, working as mummification specialists, who would carry out the process according to the gender of the decedent. The Guanche culture considered these individuals unclean due to the nature of their work.^[2]

Mummification process

While early explorers reported various traditions associated with Guanche mummification, there are three methods identified in modern times through scientific analysis: evisceration, preservation, and stuffing. These methods have been used in various different combinations depending on the era in which the mummy was created.^[2]

In 1876, Dr. Don Gregorio Chil y Naranjo discovered several incisions in some mummies that he speculated may have been used to remove the internal organs.^[2] Don Brothwell's work in 1969 confirmed that evisceration was a method used by the Guanche. Along with a team of other scientists, Brothwell conducted a pathological examination of a Guanche mummy.^[4] The examination revealed that the body had been eviscerated, then the abdominal and thoracic cavities had been packed with a mud-like substance that contained the bark of a pine tree. Some sort of packing was also applied subcutaneously, but the exact make-up of this particular embalming substance is unknown.^[1][4]

An examination conducted by Patrick Horne in 1991 of a mummy held at the Redpath Museum at McGill University in Montreal, Canada revealed moss had been used to stuff the empty abdominal cavity. In addition to the moss, there were several other types of local plant that had been preserved inside the body as packing.^[4]

Preservation of the outer parts of the body was normally achieved through a combination of resins and animal skin wrappings. The resins were prepared with a mixture of minerals, plants, and fats. These were spread across the body prior to allowing it to dry, either in the sun or through smoking. Finally, the decedent was wrapped in animal skins and laid to rest. The number of animal skins used in wrapping corresponded with the individual’s social status, with kings being wrapped with up to 15 skins.^[2]

References

1. Deem, James. "Guanche Mummies". James M Deem's Mummy Tombs. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
2. Cockburn, Aidan; Eve Cockburn; Theodore A. Reyman (1998). Mummies, Disease and Ancient Cultures (Second ed.). University Press, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 284. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
3. "Un estudio recuerda el expolio de la mayor necrópolis guanche jamás hallada". European Pressphoto Agency. 31 August 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
4. Horne, Patrick; Robert Ireland (1991). "Moss and a Guanche Mummy: An Unusual Utilization". The Bryologist (American Bryological and Lichenological Society) 94 (4): 407. doi:10.2307/3243832. Retrieved 10 November 2013.