Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau

Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau
Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau
Born	4 January 1737 Dijon
Died	2 January 1816 (aged 78) Paris
Nationality	French
Fields	chemistry
Known for	chemical nomenclature

Louis-Bernard Guyton, Baron de Morveau (also Louis-Bernard Guyton-Morveau after the French Revolution; 4 January 1737 – 2 January 1816) was a French chemist and politician. He is credited with producing the first systematic method of chemical nomenclature.

Early career

Guyton de Morveau was born in Dijon, where he served as a lawyer, then avocat général, of the Dijon parlement.

In 1773, already interested in chemistry, he proposed use of "muriatic acid gas" for fumigation of buildings and as a result is sometimes given credit for having suggested chlorine in this use. However, chlorine was not well characterized at that time, and hydrogen chloride (made by reacting sodium chloride and sulfuric acid) was actually the active gaseous fumigation agent.

In 1782 he resigned this post to dedicate himself to chemistry, collaborating on the Encyclopédie Méthodique and working for industrial applications. He performed various useful services in this role, and founded La Société des Mines et Verreries in Saint-Bérain-sur-Dheune. He developed the first system of chemical nomenclature.

In 1783, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Revolution

During the Revolution, Guyton de Morveau (then styled Guyton-Morveau) served as Procureur général syndic of the Côte-d'Or département in 1790, was elected a deputy to the Legislative Assembly in 1792, and then to the National Convention.

Although a member of the right wing, he voted in favor of the execution of King Louis XVI. Guyton de Morveau served on the Committee of Public Safety from 6 April 1793 to 10 July 1793, when he resigned in order to devote his time to the manufacture of firearms, and formation of a corps of balloonists for the French Revolutionary Army. He himself flew in a balloon during the battle of Fleurus on 26 June 1794, and assisted in several other battles.

Later life

He was among the founders of the École Polytechnique and the École de Mars, and was a professor of mineralogy at the Polytechnique (as well as its director in 1797). He became a first-class member of the Académie des sciences in chemistry, on 20 November 1795, and subsequently elected vice-president of the class (1806) and then president (1807). Under the Directory, he served on the Council of Five Hundred from 1797, elected from Ille-et-Vilaine, and was Treasury administrator of the Consulate in 1799.

Guyton de Morveau was made a baron of the First French Empire in 1811. He died in Paris five years after.

Works

Besides being a diligent contributor to the scientific periodicals of the day, Guyton wrote Mémoire sur l’éducation publique (1762); a satirical poem entitled Le Rat iconoclaste, ou le Jésuite croqué (1763); Discours publics et éloges (1775–1782); Plaidoyers sur plusieurs questions de droit (1785); and Traité des moyens de désinfecter l’air (1801), describing the disinfecting powers of chlorine, and of hydrochloric acid gas which he had successfully used at Dijon in 1773. With Hugues Maret (1726–1785) and Jean François Durande (d. 1794) he also published the Élémens de chymie théorique et pratique (1776–1777).

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  First page of Lavoisier's Chymical Nomenclature

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  First flight with a dirigible balloon, 12 June 1784.

References

• Simon, Jonathan (November 2002). "Authority and authorship in the method of chemical nomenclature". Ambix (England) 49 (3): 206–26. ISSN 0002-6980. PMID 12833919.
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Guyton de Morveau, Louis Bernard, Baron". Encyclopædia Britannica 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 747.