HBOS

Not to be confused with HBO.
HBOS plc
Industry Finance and Insurance
Fate Acquired by Lloyds Banking Group
Founded 2001
Headquarters Edinburgh, Scotland
Halifax, West Yorkshire
Leeds, West Yorkshire
Key people
 James Crosby & Andy Hornby (former Chief Executives)
Lord Stevenson of Coddenham (Chairman)
Products Financial Services
Revenue -(2009)
-(2009)
Profit -(2009)
Number of employees
 72,000
Parent Lloyds Banking Group
Subsidiaries Bank of Scotland plc, HBOS Australia, HBOS Insurance & Investment Group
Group headquarters on The Mound, Edinburgh.
HBOS Office at Trinity Road, Halifax.
Halifax offices in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
HBOS offices in Lovell Park, Leeds, formerly those of the Leeds Permanent Building Society before its takeover by the Halifax Building Society.

HBOS plc is a banking and insurance company in the United Kingdom, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Lloyds Banking Group, having been taken over in January 2009. It is the holding company for Bank of Scotland plc, which operates the Bank of Scotland and Halifax brands in the UK, as well as HBOS Australia and HBOS Insurance & Investment Group Limited, the group's insurance division.

HBOS was formed by the 2001 merger of Halifax plc and the Bank of Scotland.[1] The formation of HBOS was heralded as creating a fifth force in British banking as it created a company of comparable size and stature to the established Big Four UK retail banks. It was also the UK's largest mortgage lender.[2] The HBOS Group Reorganisation Act 2006 saw the transfer of Halifax plc to the Bank of Scotland, which was now a registered public limited company, Bank of Scotland plc.

Although officially HBOS is not an abbreviation of any specific words, it is widely presumed to stand for Halifax Bank of Scotland. The corporate headquarters of the group were located on The Mound in Edinburgh, Scotland, the former head office of the Bank of Scotland. Operational headquarters were based in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England, the former head office of Halifax.[3]

The group became part of Lloyds Banking Group through a takeover by Lloyds TSB on Monday 19 January 2009 after both sets of shareholders approved the deal. HBOS continues to operate as a separate organisation within the new group, although over time it is likely to be restructured.

Lloyds Banking Group has stated that the new group will continue to use The Mound as the headquarters for its Scottish operations and will not cease the issue of Scottish bank notes.[4][5]

History

HBOS Group Reorganisation Act 2006

For more details on this topic, see Bank of Scotland and Halifax Building Society.

In 2006, HBOS secured the passing of the HBOS Group Reorganisation Act 2006, a private Act of Parliament that rationalised the bank's corporate structure.[6] The act allowed HBOS to make the Governor and Company of the Bank of Scotland a public limited company, Bank of Scotland plc, which became the principal banking subsidiary of HBOS. Halifax plc transferred its undertakings to Bank of Scotland plc, and although the brand name was retained, Halifax then began to operate under the latter's UK banking licence.

The provisions in the Act were implemented on 17 September 2007.

The share price peaked at over 1150p in February 2007.[7]

2008 short selling and credit crunch

In 2004 Paul Moore, HBOS head of Group Regulatory Risk, warned senior directors at HBOS about excessive risk-taking. He was dismissed, and his concerns not acted on.

In March 2008, HBOS shares fell 17 percent amid false rumours that it had asked the Bank of England for emergency funding.[8] The Financial Services Authority conducted an investigation as to whether short selling had any links with the rumours. It concluded that there was no deliberate attempt to drive the share price down.[9]

On 17 September 2008, very shortly after the demise of Lehman Brothers, HBOS's share price suffered wild fluctuations between 88p and 220p per share, despite the FSA's assurances as to its liquidity and exposure to the wider credit crunch.[10]

However, later that day, the BBC reported that HBOS was in advanced takeover talks with Lloyds TSB to create a "superbank" with 38 million customers. This was later confirmed by HBOS. The BBC suggested that shareholders would be offered up to £3.00 per share, causing the share price to rise, but later retracted that comment.[11][12] Later that day, the price was set at 0.83 Lloyds shares for each HBOS share, equivalent to 232p per share,[13] which is less than the 275p price at which HBOS raised funds earlier in 2008.[14]

To avoid another Northern Rock-style collapse, the UK government announced that should the takeover go ahead, they would allow it to bypass competition law.

Alex Salmond, Scotland's First Minister, previously an economist, said of the takeover:

"I am very angry that we can have a situation where a bank can be forced into a merger by basically a bunch of short-selling spivs and speculators in the financial markets."[15]

Vince Cable, the Liberal Democrats' economic spokesman mocked so-called "masters of the universe," whose hedge funds profited from short-selling.[16]

Acquisition by Lloyds TSB

On 18 September 2008 the terms of the recommended offer for HBOS by Lloyds TSB were announced. The deal was concluded on 19 January 2009.[17] The three main conditions for the acquisition were:

A group of Scottish businessmen challenged the right of the UK government to approve the deal by over-ruling UK competition law, but this was rejected. The takeover was approved by HBOS shareholders on 12 December.

Prime Minister Gordon Brown personally brokered the deal with Lloyds TSB. An official said: "It is not the role of a Prime Minister to tell a City institution what to do".[19] The Lloyds TSB board have stated that merchant banks Merrill Lynch and Morgan Stanley were amongst the advisers recommending the takeover.[5]

Lloyds Banking Group said Edinburgh-based HBOS, which it absorbed in January, made a pre-tax loss of £10.8bn in 2008. Andy Hornby, the former chief executive of HBOS and Lord Stevenson of Coddenham, its former chairman, appeared before the Commons Treasury Committee to answer for the near-collapse of the bank. Mr Hornby said: "I'm very sorry what happened at HBOS. It has affected shareholders, many of whom are colleagues, it's affected the communities in which we live and serve, it's clearly affected taxpayers, and we are extremely sorry for the turn of events that has brought it about."

Bailout

On 13 October 2008, Gordon Brown's announcement that government must be a "rock of stability" resulted to an "unprecedented but essential" government action: the Treasury would infuse £37 billion ($64 billion, €47 billion) of new capital into Royal Bank of Scotland Group Plc, Lloyds TSB and HBOS Plc, to avert financial sector collapse or UK "banking meltdown". He stressed that it was not "standard public ownership", as the banks would return to private investors "at the right time".[20][21] Alistair Darling claimed that the British public would benefit from the rescue plan, as the government would have some control over RBS in exchange for about £20 billion of funding. Total State ownership in RBS would be 60%, and 40% for HBOS.[22] Royal Bank of Scotland said it intended to raise £20 billion ($34 billion) capital with the government's aid; its chief executive Fred Goodwin resigned. The government acquired $8.6 billion of preference shares and underwrote $25.7 billion of ordinary shares. Thus, it intended to raise £15 billion (€18.9 billion, $25.8 billion) from investors, to be underwritten by the government. The State would pay £5 billion for RBS, while Barclays Bank raised £6.5 billion from private sector investors, with no government help.[23] Reuters reported that Britain could inject £40 billion ($69 billion) into the three banks including Barclays.[24]

Investigation

In 2015 an investigation by the Prudential Regulation Authority and Financial Conduct Authority blamed the failure requiring the bailout on the bank's executives, as well as being critical of the Financial Services Authority (FSA), the then-regulator. A parallel investigation into the FSA's enforcement process concluded it was too late to fine responsible executives, but up to 10 former HBOS executives could be banned from the financial services industry.[25]


Causes of failure were identified as follows:

The board failed to instil a culture within the firm that balanced risk and return appropriately and it lacked sufficient experience and knowledge of banking.[25]

There was a flawed and unbalanced strategy and a business model with inherent vulnerabilities arising from an excessive focus on market share, asset growth and short-term profitability.[25]

The firm’s executive management pursued rapid and uncontrolled growth of the Group’s balance sheet. This led to an over-exposure to highly cyclical commercial real estate (CRE) at the peak of the economic cycle.[25]

The board and control functions failed to challenge effectively executive management in pursuing this course or to ensure adequate mitigating actions.[25]

The underlying weaknesses of HBOS's balance sheet made the Group extremely vulnerable to market shocks and ultimately failure as the crisis of the financial system intensified.[25]

Advertising

On Boxing Day 2000 Halifax started its most successful Marketing Campaign, which was continued five months later after the creations of HBOS.

Controversy

Links to the arms trade

In December 2008 the British anti-poverty charity War on Want released a report documenting the extent to which HBOS and other UK commercial banks invest in, provide banking services for and make loans to arms companies. The charity wrote that HBOS held shares in the UK arms sector totalling £483.4 million, and served as principal banker for Babcock International and Chemring.[26]

Mortgage fraud

Neighbouring Halifax and Lloyds TSB branches outside Crossgates Shopping Centre, Cross Gates, Leeds.

During 2003 The Money Programme uncovered systemic mortgage fraud throughout HBOS. The Money Programme found that during the investigation brokers advised the undercover researchers to lie on applications for self-certified mortgages from, among others, The Bank of Scotland, The Mortgage Business and Birmingham Midshires.[27] All three are part of the Halifax Bank of Scotland Group, Britain's biggest mortgage lender. James Crosby, head of HBOS at the time, refused to be interviewed in relation to the exposed mortgage fraud. Further examples of mortgage fraud have come to light, which has seen mortgage brokers take advantage of fast track processing systems, as seen at HBOS, by entering false details, often without the applicants knowledge.

Bank of Wales

In 2002, HBOS dropped the Bank of Wales brand and absorbed the operations into Bank of Scotland Business Banking.

HBOS bad loans

On Friday, 13 February 2009, Lloyds Banking Group revealed losses of £10bn at HBOS, £1.6bn higher than Lloyds had anticipated in November because of deterioration in the housing market and weakening company profits.[28] The share price of Lloyds Banking Group plunged 32% on the London Stock Exchange, carrying other bank shares with it.[28]

In September 2012 Peter Cummings, the head of HBOS corporate banking from 2006 to 2008, was fined £500,000 by the UK financial regulator over his role in the bank's collapse. Cummings was also banned from working in the banking industry by the Financial Services Authority (FSA). The losses in his division exceeded the initial taxpayer bailout for the bank in October 2008.[29][30]

Reading branch fraud and Operation Hornet

On Sunday 3 October 2010, Lyndon Scourfield, former director of mid-market high-risk at Bank of Scotland Corporate, his wife Jacquie Scourfield, ex-director of Remnant Media Tony Cartwright and ex-NatWest banker David Mills were arrested on suspicion of fraud by the Serious and Organised Crime Agency.[31] The scandal centred around Lyndon Scourfield's use of his position to refer companies to Quayside Corporate Services, owned and operated by David Mills, for "turnaround" services which Quayside was unqualified to provide. Several members of Quayside's staff had criminal records for embezzlement. Customers were allegedly inappropriately pressured to take on excessive debt burdens and to make acquisitions benefiting Quayside.[32]

Operations

HBOS conducted all its operations through three main businesses:

Bank of Scotland plc

Bank of Scotland plc was the banking division of the HBOS group, and operated the following brands:

United Kingdom

International

HBOS Australia

HBOS Australia was formed in 2004 to consolidate the group's holdings in Australia. It consisted of the following subsidiaries:

On 8 October 2008 HBOS Australia sold its Bank of Western Australia and St Andrew's Australia Pty Ltd subsidiaries for approximately A$2bn to Commonwealth Bank of Australia.[34]

The group's businesses in Australia were sold to Westpac in October 2013.[35][36]

HBOS Insurance and Investment Group Limited

HBOS Insurance & Investment Group Limited manages the group's insurance and investment brands in the UK and Europe. It consisted of the following:

It also used to own UK investment manager Insight Investment Management Limited.[37] The Bank of New York Mellon acquired Insight in 2009.[38][39][40]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Bachelor, Lisa (4 May 2001). "HBOS: the issue explained". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 17 September 2008.
  2. ↑ "HBOS is the largest mortgage lender in the Isles". 7 August 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2008.
  3. ↑ "Bank of Scotland, Halifax tie knot". All Business. Retrieved 2 July 2007.
  4. ↑ "Lloyds TSB confirms deal to take over HBOS". 18 September 2008. Retrieved 18 September 2008.
  5. 1 2 3 "Recommended acquisition of HBOS plc by Lloyds TSB Group plc" (PDF). Lloyds TSB. 17 September 2008. Retrieved 18 September 2008.
  6. ↑ "HBOS Group Reorganisation Act 2006". 2006. Retrieved 17 September 2008.
  7. ↑ "Share Price Chart – HBOS PLC (LSE:HBOS)". Retrieved 19 December 2010.
  8. ↑ Treanor, Jill (20 March 2008). "Authorities avert run on HBOS caused by false rumours". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 17 September 2008.
  9. ↑ "FSA concludes HBOS rumours investigation". 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2008.
  10. ↑ "HBOS Statement". 2008. Retrieved 11 October 2008.
  11. ↑ "HBOS in merger talks with Lloyds TSB". BBC News. 17 September 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2008.
  12. ↑ Hoskins, Paul (17 September 2008). "HBOS confirms in takeover talks with Lloyds TSB". Reuters. Retrieved 17 September 2008.
  13. ↑ "Lloyds seals deal for HBOS". Reuters. 18 September 2008. Retrieved 18 September 2008.
  14. ↑ Pratley, Nils (17 September 2008). "Lloyds TSB takeover talks with HBOS: the key issues". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 17 September 2008.
  15. ↑ "Salmond attacks financial 'spivs'". BBC News. 17 September 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2008.
  16. ↑ Cable, Vince (22 November 2008). "Brown must not become lenders' Fairy Godmother". Daily Mail (London). Retrieved 1 March 2009.
  17. ↑ Lloyds: What happens next?
  18. ↑ "Lloyds TSB Your shareholder questions answered". Lloyds TSB. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
  19. ↑ Kennedy, Siobhan; Webster, Philip; Seib, Christine (17 September 2008). "Gordon Brown steps in to secure HBOS rescue". The Times (London). Retrieved 18 September 2008.
  20. ↑ "UK – UK Politics – Brown: We'll be rock of stability". BBC News. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  21. ↑ "U.K. Stocks Rebound After Government Bank Bailout; Lloyds Gains". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  22. ↑ Hélène Mulholland. "Alistair Darling: UK taxpayer will benefit from banks rescue". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  23. ↑ Afp.google.com, Britain to invest up to 37 billion pounds in ailing banks
  24. ↑ "British banks set for 40 billion pound rescue: sources". Reuters. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tim Wallace (19 November 2015). "Up to 10 former HBOS executives could be banned over collapse, damning report finds". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  26. ↑ War on Want, Banking on Bloodshed
  27. ↑ "Press Office – Money Programme Mortgage Madness". BBC. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  28. 1 2 "Lloyds shares tumble as HBOS slumps to £10bn loss". The Daily Telegraph (London). 13 February 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2009.
  29. ↑ "HBOS banker Peter Cummings fined by regulator". BBC News. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  30. ↑ Kossoff, Julian (12 September 2012). "Ex-HBOS Rainmaker Peter Cummings Hit with £500,000 FSA Fine and Life Ban". International Business Times. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  31. ↑ "Former HBOS banker bailed over alleged money-laundering". The Herald. Glasgow. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  32. ↑ "The BoS Reading scandal that just will not go away – Ian Fraser". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  33. ↑ Ben Griffiths (8 May 2013). "Shares in Sainsbury's fall as it buys up Lloyds' 50% stake in its banking arm". This is Money. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
  34. ↑ "Australia's CBA to buy HBOS's BankWest for $1.5 billion". Reuters UK. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  35. ↑ "Lloyds agrees to sell Australian assets to Westpac". BBC News. 11 October 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
  36. ↑ "Lloyds International". Lloyds Banking Group. 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
  37. ↑ "Notification of major interest in shares" (Press release). Phorm Inc. 2 October 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  38. ↑ "Lloyds sells Insight Investment to Bank of New York Mellon", The Guardian, London, 12 August 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  39. ↑ "Lloyds disposals begin with £235m sale of Insight to BNY Mellon", The Daily Telegraph, London, 12 August 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  40. ↑ "Lloyds sells Insight to Bank of New York Mellon", The Daily Telegraph, London, 12m August 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2012.

Bibliography

External links

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