HMS Empress of India

Empress of India at anchor, 1906
History
United Kingdom
Name:	HMS Empress of India
Namesake:	Regnal title of Queen Victoria
Ordered:	1889 Naval Progamme
Builder:	Pembroke Dockyard
Cost:	£912,612
Laid down:	9 July 1889
Launched:	7 May 1891
Completed:	August 1893
Commissioned:	11 September 1893
Out of service:	Early 1912
Fate:	Sunk as target, 4 November 1913
Status:	Diveable wreck
General characteristics (as built)
Class and type:	Royal Sovereign-class predreadnought battleship
Displacement:	14,150 long tons (14,380 t) (normal)
Length:	380 ft (115.8 m) (pp)
Beam:	75 ft (22.9 m)
Draught:	27 ft 6 in (8.4 m)
Installed power:	11,000 ihp (8,200 kW) 8 cylindrical boilers
Propulsion:	2 shafts; 2 Triple-expansion steam engines
Speed:	17.5 knots (32.4 km/h; 20.1 mph)
Range:	4,720 nmi (8,740 km; 5,430 mi) @ 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement:	692 (as flagship, 1903)
Armament:	2 × twin BL 13.5-inch (343 mm) guns 10 × single QF 6-inch (152 mm) guns 10 × single QF 6-pdr (2.2 in (57 mm)) Hotchkiss guns 12 × single QF 3-pdr (1.9 in (47 mm)) Hotchkiss guns 7 × 18-inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes
Armour:	Main belt: 14–18 in (356–457 mm) bulkheads: 14–16 in (356–406 mm) Barbettes: 11–17 in (279–432 mm) Casemates: 6 in (152 mm) Conning tower: 14 in (356 mm) Deck: 2.5–3 in (64–76 mm)

HMS Empress of India was one of seven Royal Sovereign-class pre-dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Navy during the 1890s. The ship was commissioned in 1893 and served as the flagship of the second-in-command of the Channel Fleet for two years. She was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet in 1897, during which time Empress of India was assigned to the International Squadron blockading Crete during the uprising there. She returned home in 1901 and was briefly assigned as a coast guard ship in Ireland before she became the second flagship of the Home Fleet. The ship was reduced to reserve in 1905 and accidentally collided with the submarine HMS A10 the following year. Empress of India was taken out of service in early 1912 and accidentally struck a German sailing ship while under tow. She was sunk as a target ship in 1913.

Design and description

The design of the Royal Sovereign-class ships was derived from that of the Admiral-class ironclad battleships, greatly enlarged to improve seakeeping and to provide space for a secondary armament as in the preceding Trafalgar-class ironclad battleships.^[1] The ships displaced 14,150 long tons (14,380 t) at normal load and 15,580 long tons (15,830 t) at deep load. They had a length between perpendiculars of 380 feet (115.8 m) and were 410 feet 6 inches (125.1 m) long overall, a beam of 75 feet (22.9 m), and a draught of 27 feet 6 inches (8.4 m).^[2] As a flagship, Empress of India's crew consisted of 692 officers and ratings in 1903.^[3]

The Royal Sovereigns were powered by a pair of three-cylinder, vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft. Her Humphrys & Tennant engines^[2] were designed to produce a total of 11,000 indicated horsepower (8,200 kW) and a maximum speed of 17.5 knots (32.4 km/h; 20.1 mph) using steam provided by eight cylindrical boilers with forced draught. The ships carried a maximum of 1,420 long tons (1,443 t) of coal which gave them a range of 4,720 nautical miles (8,740 km; 5,430 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).^[3]

Empress of India's stern 13.5-inch (343-mm) gun barbette while she was in drydock at Chatham Dockyard in the 1890s

Their main armament consisted of four breech-loading (BL) 13.5-inch (343 mm) guns mounted in two twin-gun barbettes, one each fore and aft of the superstructure.^[4] Each gun was provided with 80 rounds.^[3] Their secondary armament consisted of ten quick-firing (QF) 6-inch (152 mm) guns.^[2] 200 rounds per gun were carried by the ships.^[3] Sixteen QF 6-pounder (2.2 in (57 mm)) and a dozen QF 3-pounder (1.9 in (47 mm)) Hotchkiss guns were fitted for defence against torpedo boats. The two 3-pounders in the upper fighting top were removed in 1903–04 and all of the remaining light guns from the lower fighting tops and main deck followed in 1905–09. The Royal Sovereign-class ships mounted seven 14-inch (356 mm) torpedo tubes, although Empress of India had four of hers removed in 1902.^[5]

The Royal Sovereigns' armour scheme was similar to that of the Trafalgars, as the waterline belt of compound armour only protected the area between the barbettes. The 14–18-inch (356–457 mm) belt was 238 feet (72.5 m) long and had a total height of 8 feet 8 inches (2.6 m) of which 5 feet (1.5 m) was below water. Transverse bulkheads 14–16 inches (356–406 mm) thick closed off the ends of the belt. Above the belt was a strake of 4-inch (102 mm) nickel-steel armour closed off by 3-inch (76 mm) transverse bulkheads.^[2]

The barbettes were protected by compound armour, ranging in thickness from 11 to 17 inches (279 to 432 mm) and the casemates for the 6-inch guns were protected by an equal thickness of armour. The thicknesses of the armour deck ranged from 2.5 to 3 inches (64 to 76 mm). The walls of the forward conning tower were 12–14 inches (305–356 mm) thick and the aft conning tower was protected by 3-inch plates.^[3]

Construction and career

Empress of India at anchor, about 1897

HMS Empress of India, named after a regnal title of Queen Victoria,^[6] was the first ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy.^[7] She was ordered under the Naval Defence Act Programme of 1889 with the name of Renown and was laid down on 9 July 1889 at Pembroke Dockyard. The ship was renamed before she was launched^[8] on 7 May 1891 by Louise Margaret, Duchess of Connaught and Strathearn. One man was killed when a cable snapped the following day. The ship was then transferred to Chatham Dockyard, where she was completed in August 1893, at a cost of £912,612.^[9]

Empress of India was commissioned at Chatham on 11 September 1893 to relieve the ironclad battleship Anson as the flagship of the second-in-command of the Channel Fleet. She participated in annual manoeuvres in the Irish Sea and English Channel as a unit of the "Blue Fleet", 2–5 August 1894.^[8] Sometime during the year, the ship was fitted with bilge keels to reduce her rolling.^[10] In June 1895, Empress of India was among the ships representing the Royal Navy at the opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal in Germany. That summer, the ship again took part in annual manoeuvres, held from 24 July to 30 August 1895.^[8] She became a private ship in December 1895^[10] and was paid off at Chatham on 7 June 1897. The following day, Empress of India recommissioned for service with the Mediterranean Fleet. Before departing, she took part in the Fleet Review for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria at Spithead on 26 June.^[8]

The ship arrived at Malta to begin her Mediterranean service in August. In August and September 1898, she was part of the International Squadron blockading Crete during the Greco-Turkish uprising there. The ship was relieved by the battleship Implacable on 14 September 1901^[8] and departed Gibraltar homebound on 3 October.^[11] On 12 October, Empress of India paid off at Devonport, but she recommissioned the next day to relieve the ironclad battleship Howe at Queenstown, Ireland, as both the coast guard ship there and as flagship of the Senior Naval Officer, Coast of Ireland.^[8] The ship began an extensive refit at Plymouth in early March 1902.^[12] During this refit her upper deck six-inch guns received casemates to improve their protection.^[10]

Empress of India was assigned to the Home Fleet on 7 May 1902, in which she served as flagship in port and as flagship of the second-in-command when the fleet was at sea. The ship participated in the Coronation Fleet Review of King Edward VII in August. Empress of India served as flagship of "B Fleet" during combined manoeuvres of the Home Fleet, Mediterranean Fleet, and Channel Fleets off Portugal from 5 August to 9 August 1903, but her port engine broke down for 14 hours and the fleet had to leave her behind. Her sister ship Royal Oak relieved her as flagship of the second-in-command of the Home Fleet on 1 June 1904,^[13] and she became a private ship. The battleship Hannibal relieved her on 22 February 1905, and the ship paid off the next day.^[8]

That same day, Empress of India recommissioned in reserve at Devonport and relieved the battleship Barfleur as flagship of the new Fleet in Commission in Reserve at Home. In July 1905 she participated in Reserve Fleet manoeuvres. In September 1905, the protected cruiser Aeolus relieved her of her duties, but she recommissioned on 31 October 1905 with a new nucleus crew to resume her Reserve Fleet duties. She then underwent a refit that lasted into 1906.^[8] Empress of India collided with the submarine A10 in Plymouth Sound on 30 April 1906.^[8]

When the Reserve Fleet was abolished in February 1907 and became the Home Fleet, Empress of India continued her service as flagship, but now for the Rear-Admiral, Devonport Division. On 25 May she was relieved as flagship by the protected cruiser Niobe. Three days later, the ship recommissioned as a special service vessel.^[8] Empress of India relieved her sister ship Royal Oak as parent ship of the special service vessels in November 1911.^[14] On 2 March, the ship left Portsmouth under tow by the armoured cruiser Warrior, en route to the Motherbank, where she was to be laid up, but she collided with the German barque Winderhudder en route and had to return to Portsmouth for repairs. She finally arrived at the Motherbank two months later and was laid up, awaiting disposal.^[8]

Sinking

On 4 November 1913,^[8] Empress of India was used as a target ship in firing trials in Lyme Bay that were primarily intended to give officers and men an idea of the effect of live shell against a real target.^[15] A secondary objective was to look at the problems caused by several ships firing at the same target at the same time. The first ship to engage the stationary Empress of India was the light cruiser Liverpool, this was followed by two dreadnought battleships (Thunderer and Orion) and the pre-dreadnought battleship King Edward VII, and finally four dreadnought battleships (Neptune, King George V, Thunderer, and Vanguard). By 16:45, "Empress of India was blazing furiously and down by the stern, sinking at" 18:30.^[15] She had received forty-four 12-inch (305-mm) and 13.5-inch (343-mm) hits and "it is not surprising that an elderly ship sank,"^[15] though the intention had been to repeat the firing at longer range before she did.^[15]

When Empress of India sank, she settled upside-down on the seabed, and some salvage was soon carried out by a Jersey company which owned the rights to the vessel. A big hole in her side was made not by a shell, but by salvage divers removing a condenser." The wreck is accessible and is an deep dive for recreational divers.^[16]

Details of the firing are given in the table below.^[15]

Ship firing	Type of ship	Range	Firing order	Ammunition	Fired	Hits
Liverpool	Light cruiser	4,750 yd (4,340 m)	First	6-inch HE shell	16	7
				4-inch (102 mm) HE shell	66	22
Thunderer Orion	Dreadnought battleship	9,800 yd (9,000 m)	Second	13.5-inch common shell	40	17
King Edward VII	Predreadnought battleship	9,800 yd (9,000 m)	Second	12-inch common shell	16	5
				9.2-inch (234 mm) common shell	18	7
				6-inch common shell	27	5
Neptune King George V Thunderer Vanguard	Dreadnought battleships	8,000–10,000 yd (7,300–9,100 m)	Third	13.5-inch and 12-inch common shell	95	22

Notes

1. Gardiner, p. 116; Parkes, pp. 359
2. Chesneau & Kolesnik, p. 32
3. Burt, p. 73
4. Parkes, p. 355
5. Burt, pp. 73, 85, 87, 100
6. Silverstone, p. 229
7. Colledge, p. 244
8. Burt, p. 100
9. Phillips, pp. 245–46
10. Parkes, p. 362
11. "Naval & Military intelligence" The Times (London). 4 October 1901. (36577), p. 8.
12. "Naval & Military intelligence" The Times (London). 14 March 1902. (36715), p. 9.
13. But note that Burt, p. 92, places the relief date on 9 May
14. Burt, p. 92
15. Brown, pp. 176–77
16. "HMS Empress of India Wreck in Lyme Bay". Teign Dive. Teign Diving Centre. Retrieved 24 April 2016.

References

• Brown, David K. (1997). Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860–1905. London: Chatham. ISBN 1-86176-022-1.
• Burt, R. A. (2013). British Battleships 1889–1904. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-065-8.
• Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.
• Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8. OCLC 67375475.
• Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1992). Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 1-55750-774-0.
• Parkes, Oscar (1990). British Battleships (reprint of the 1957 ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-075-4.
• Phillips, Lawrie; Lieutenant Commander (2014). Pembroke Dockyard and the Old Navy: A Bicentennial History. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7509-5214-9.
• Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.

External links

• Empress of India on the Dreadnought Project

Coordinates: 50°29′42″N 2°57′54″W / 50.49500°N 2.96500°W