Habit

For other uses, see Habit (disambiguation).

A habit (or wont) is a routine of behavior that is repeated regularly and tends to occur unconsciously.[1][2][3]

In the American Journal of Psychology (1903) it is defined in this way: "A habit, from the standpoint of psychology, is a more or less fixed way of thinking, willing, or feeling acquired through previous repetition of a mental experience."[4] Habitual behavior often goes unnoticed in persons exhibiting it, because a person does not need to engage in self-analysis when undertaking routine tasks. Habits are sometimes compulsory.[3][5] The process by which new behaviours become automatic is habit formation. Old habits are hard to break and new habits are hard to form because the behavioural patterns we repeat are imprinted in our neural pathways,[6] but it is possible to form new habits through repetition.[7]

As behaviors are repeated in a consistent context, there is an incremental increase in the link between the context and the action. This increases the automaticity of the behavior in that context.[8] Features of an automatic behavior are all or some of: efficiency, lack of awareness, unintentionality, uncontrollability.[9]

Habit formation

Habit formation is the process by which a behaviour, through regular repetition, becomes automatic or habitual. This is modelled as an increase in automaticity with number of repetitions up to an asymptote.[10][11][12] This process of habit formation can be slow. Lally et al. (2010) found the average time for participants to reach the asymptote of automaticity was 66 days with a range of 18–254 days.[12]

As the habit is forming, it can be analysed in three parts: the cue, the behavior, and the reward. The cue is the thing that causes the habit to come about, the trigger of the habitual behaviour. This could be anything that one's mind associates with that habit and one will automatically let a habit come to the surface. The behavior is the actual habit that one exhibits, and the reward, a positive feeling, therefore continues the "habit loop".[13] A habit may initially be triggered by a goal, but over time that goal becomes less necessary and the habit becomes more automatic.

A variety of digital tools, online or mobile apps, have been introduced that are designed to support habit formation. For example, habitrpg is a system that uses gamification, implementing strategies found in video games to real life tasks by adding rewards such as experience and gold.[14] A review of such tools, however, suggests most are poorly designed with respect to theory and fail to support the development of automaticity.[15][16]

Shopping habits are particularly vulnerable to change at "major life moments" like graduation, marriage, birth of first child, moving to a new home, and divorce. Some stores use purchase data to try to detect these events and take advantage of the marketing opportunity.[17]

Some habits are known as "keystone habits", and these influence the formation of other habits. For example, identifying as the type of person who takes care of their body and is in the habit of exercising regularly, can also influence eating better and using credit cards less. In business, safety can be a keystone habit that influences other habits that result in greater productivity.[17]

Habits and goals

The habit–goal interface or interaction is constrained by the particular manner in which habits are learned and represented in memory. Specifically, the associative learning underlying habits is characterized by the slow, incremental accrual of information over time in procedural memory.[18] Habits can either benefit or hurt the goals a person sets for themselves.

Goals guide habits by providing the initial outcome-oriented motivation for response repetition. In this sense, habits are often a trace of past goal pursuit.[18] Although, when a habit forces one action, but a conscious goal pushes for another action, an oppositional context occurs.[19] When the habit prevails over the conscious goal, a capture error has taken place.

Behavior prediction is also derived from goals. Behavior prediction is to acknowledge the likelihood that a habit will form, but in order to form that habit, a goal must have been initially present. The influence of goals on habits is what makes a habit different from other automatic processes in the mind.[20]

The following is a description of a classic goal devaluation experiment (from a Scientific American MIND guest blog post called Should Habits or Goals Direct Your Life? It Depends) which demonstrates the difference between goal-directed and habitual behavior:

A series of elegant experiments[21] conducted by Anthony Dickinson and colleagues in the early 1980s at the University of Cambridge in England clearly exposes the behavioral differences between goal-directed and habitual processes. Basically, in the training phase, a rat was trained to press a lever in order to receive some food. Then, in a second phase, the rat was placed in a different cage without a lever and was given the food, but it was made ill whenever it ate the food. This caused the rat to "devalue" the food, because it associated the food with being ill, without directly associating the action of pressing the lever with being ill. Finally, in the test phase, the rat was placed in the original cage with the lever. (To prevent additional learning, no food was delivered in the test phase.) Rats that had undergone an extensive training phase continued to press the lever in the test phase even though the food was devalued; their behavior was called habitual. Rats that had undergone a moderate training phase did not, and their behavior was called goal-directed. … [G]oal-directed behavior is explained by the rat using an explicit prediction of the consequence, or outcome, of an action to select that action. If the rat wants the food, it presses the lever, because it predicts that pressing the lever will deliver the food. If the food has been devalued, the rat will not press the lever. Habitual behavior is explained by a strong association between an action and the situation from which the action was executed. The rat presses the lever when it sees the lever, not because of the predicted outcome.

Habits and nervousness

There are a number of habits possessed by individuals that can be classified as nervous habits. These include nail-biting, stammering, sniffling, and banging the head. They are known as symptoms of an emotional state and are generally based upon conditions of anxiety, insecurity, inferiority and tension. These habits are often formed at a young age and may be because of a need for attention. When trying to overcome a nervous habit it is important to resolve the cause of the nervous feeling rather than the symptom which is a habit itself.[22]

Bad habits

A bad habit is an undesirable behavior pattern. Common examples include: procrastination, fidgeting, overspending, nail-biting.[23] The sooner one recognizes these bad habits, the easier it is to fix them.[24]

Will and intention

A key factor in distinguishing a bad habit from an addiction or mental disease is willpower. If a person has control over the behavior, then it is a habit.[25] Good intentions can override the negative effect of bad habits, but their effect seems to be independent and additive—the bad habits remain, but are subdued rather than cancelled.[26]

Eliminating bad habits

Many techniques exist for removing established bad habits, e.g., withdrawal of reinforcers—identifying and removing factors that trigger and reinforce the habit.[27] The basal ganglia appears to remember the context that triggers a habit, so habits can be revived if triggers reappear.[28] Recognizing and eliminating bad habits as soon as possible is advised. Habit elimination becomes more difficult with age because repetitions reinforce habits cumulatively over the lifespan.[29] According to Charles Duhigg, there is a loop that includes a cue, routine and reward for every habit. An example of a habit loop is TV program ends(cue), go to the fridge(routine), eat a snack(reward). The key to changing habits is to identify your cue and modify your routine and reward.[30]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Butler, Gillian; Hope, Tony. Managing Your Mind: The mental fitness guide. Oxford Paperbacks, 1995
  2. ↑ Definition of Habit. Merriam Webster Dictionary. Retrieved on August 29, 2008.
  3. 1 2 Definition of Habituation. Merriam Webster Dictionary. Retrieved on August 29, 2008
  4. ↑ Andrews, B. R. (1903). "Habit". The American Journal of Psychology (University of Illinois Press) 14 (2): 121–49. doi:10.2307/1412711. ISSN 0002-9556. JSTOR 1412711 – via JSTOR. (registration required (help)).
  5. ↑ "Habituation." Animalbehavioronline.com. Retrieved on August 29, 2008.
  6. ↑ Rosenthal, Norman. "Habit Formation". Sussex Directories. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
  7. ↑ "Habit Formation". psychologytoday.com.
  8. ↑ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). "A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface." Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. Available online, URL: http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/rev-1144843.pdf.
  9. ↑ Bargh, J. A. (1994). "The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition." In Wyer, R. S., & Srull, T. K. (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition: Vol. 1 Basic processes, pp. 1–40. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers
  10. ↑ Hull, C. L. (1943). Principles of behavior: An introduction to behavior theory. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts
  11. ↑ Hull, C. L. (1951). Essentials of behavior. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press
  12. 1 2 Lally, P., van Jaarsveld, C. H. M., Potts, H. W. W., & Wardle, J. (2010). How are habits formed: Modelling habit formation in the real world. European Journal of Social Psychology. October 2010. 40(6), 998–1009. doi:10.1002/ejsp.674
  13. ↑ Duhigg, C. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/2012/03/05/147192599/habits-how-they-form-and-how-to-break-them
  14. ↑ Deterding, Sebastian, et al. "Gamification. using game-design elements in non-gaming contexts." CHI'11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 2011.
  15. ↑ Stawarz, K., Cox, A. L., & Blandford, A. (2014). Don't forget your pill!: Designing effective medication reminder apps that support users' daily routines. Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI-2014), 2269–2278. New York: ACM.
  16. ↑ Stawarz, K., Cox, A. L., & Blandford, A. (2015). Beyond selftracking and reminders: Designing smartphone apps that support habit formation. Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI-2015), in press. New York: ACM.
  17. 1 2 http://www.kera.org/2012/03/14/habits-life-and-business/
  18. 1 2 American Psychological Association. A New Look at Habits and the Habit–Goal Interface Retrieved on December 22, 2008
  19. ↑ Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner. "Psychology Second Edition" (2011). New York: Worth Publishers.
  20. ↑ Neal, D., Wood, W., Labrecque, J., & Lally, P. (2011). How do habits guide behavior? perceived and actual triggers of habits in daily life . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, (48), 492-498. Retrieved from http://dornsife.usc.edu/assets/sites/545/docs/Wendy_Wood_Research_Articles/Habits/neal.wood.labrecque.lally.2012_001_How_do_habits_guide_behavior.pdf
  21. ↑ Anthony Dickinson (1985). Actions and Habits: The Development of Behavioural Autonomy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, volume 308, pages 67—78. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/308/1135/67
  22. ↑ Payne, http://resolver.scholarsportal.info.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/resolve/00966347/v25i0004/324_tponh  (subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries)
  23. ↑ Suzanne LeVert, Gary R. McClain (2001). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Breaking Bad Habits. Alpha Books. ISBN 0-02-863986-3.
  24. ↑ Murdock, KatharineTHE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NURSING, V. 19 (7), 04/1919, p. 503-506
  25. ↑ Mariana Valverde (1998). "Disease or Habit? Alcoholism and the Exercise of Freedom". Diseases of the Will: Alcohol and the Dilemmas of Freedom. ISBN 0-521-64469-0.
  26. ↑ Bas Verplanken, Suzanne Faes (21 Jun 1999). "Good intentions, bad habits, and effects of forming implementation intentions on healthy eating". European Journal of Social Psychology 29 (5–6): 591–604. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199908/09)29:5/6<591::AID-EJSP948>3.0.CO;2-H.
  27. ↑ Herbert Fensterheim, Jean Baer (1975). Don't Say Yes When You Want to Say No. Dell. ISBN 0-440-15413-8.
  28. ↑ "MIT explains why bad habits are hard to break". CNET. CBS Interactive.
  29. ↑ Murdock, Katharine, The Psychology of Habit http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/350245  (subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries)
  30. ↑ "How Habits Work". charlesduhigg.com.

Allen, James Sloan, ed. William James on Habit, Will, Truth, and the Meaning of Life. Frederic C. Beil, Publisher 2014. ISBN 978-1-929490-45-5

Payne, Arthur F. "The Psychology of Nervous Habits." American Journal of Orthodontics and Oral Surgery 25, no. 4 (1939): 324. http://journals1.scholarsportal.info.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/tmp/16989994600464255822.pdf

Further reading

External links

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