Gamification

Not to be confused with Game theory.

Gamification is the application of game-design elements and game principles in non-game contexts.[1][2] Gamification commonly employs game design elements[1][2][3][4] which are used in so called non-game contexts[1][2][5] in attempts to improve user engagement,[6][7] organizational productivity,[8] flow,[9][10] learning,[11][12][13] employee recruitment and evaluation,[14] ease of use and usefulness of systems,[10][15][16] physical exercise,[17] traffic violations,[18] and voter apathy,[19] among others. A review of research on gamification shows that a majority of studies on gamification find positive effects from gamification.[3] However, individual and contextual differences exist.[20]

Categorization

Gamification uses an empathy-based approach (such as Design thinking) for introducing, transforming and operating a service system that allows players to enter a gameful experience to support value creation for the players and other stakeholders.[21] Gamification designers address the user as player to indicate that the motivations and interests of the player are in the center of the gamification design.

Gamification in a narrow sense is used in a non-game context, is built into the service system, and is aiming at an infinite experience. It does not aim at creating a game but offering a gameful experience. In a broader sense gamification also includes game context such as in serious games and finite and infinite games.[22]

Enterprise Gamification[22]
Gamification Simulation Serious game
Game based Learning 		Advergame
Examples SAP Community Network
Stack Overflow
Yahoo! Answers
LinkedIn
Amazon.com
MySugr
Duolingo
Zombies, Run!
Fitocracy
Kaggle
Topcoder		 ERPSim Merchants
Triskelion
Ribbon Hero 		In System
Examples Gamification Guru Leaderboard Farm Simulator
Trainz
Surgeon Simulator 2013
Emergency Simulator 		SAP Roadwarrior
Stroke Hero
Ten Euro Tetris
The Accounted 		Magnum Pleasure Hunt
Coke Zero / James Bond 		Out System
Infinite Finite
Non-game context Game context

Another categorization compares gamification with other gameful approaches by looking at characteristics such as spontaneity, rules, or goals:[22]

Play Game Serious game Simulation Gamification Enterprise Gamification
Spontaneous Yes No No No No No
Rules No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Goals No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Structured No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Real World Outcome No No Yes/No Yes/No Yes Yes
In System No No No Yes/No Yes Yes

Techniques

External video
Gamification: Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivators, Enterprise Gamification educational video[23]

Gamification techniques strive to leverage people's natural desires for socializing, learning, mastery, competition, achievement, status, self-expression, altruism, or closure. Early gamification strategies use rewards for players who accomplish desired tasks or competition to engage players. Types of rewards include points,[24] achievement badges or levels,[25] the filling of a progress bar,[26] or providing the user with virtual currency.[25] Making the rewards for accomplishing tasks visible to other players or providing leader boards are ways of encouraging players to compete.[27] Due to potentially problematic consequences of competition, which can result in unethical behavior, low cooperation and collaboration, or disadvantaging certain player demographics such as women,[28] best-practice gamification designs try to refrain from using this element.

Another approach to gamification is to make existing tasks feel more like games.[29] Some techniques used in this approach include adding meaningful choice, onboarding with a tutorial, increasing challenge,[30] and adding narrative.[29]

Applications

Marketing

Gamification has been widely applied in marketing. Over 70% of Forbes Global 2000 companies surveyed in 2013 said they planned to use gamification for the purposes of marketing and customer retention.[31] For example, in November 2011 Australian broadcast and online media partnership Yahoo!7 launched its Fango mobile app/SAP, which TV viewers use to interact with shows via techniques like check-ins and badges. As of February 2012, the app had been downloaded more than 200,000 times since its launch.[32] Gamification has also been used in customer loyalty programmes. In 2010, Starbucks gave custom Foursquare badges to people who checked in at multiple locations and offered discounts to people who checked in most frequently at an individual store.[33] There have also been proposals to use gamification for competitive intelligence,[34] encouraging people to fill out surveys,[35] and to do market research on brand recognition.[36] Gamification has also been integrated into Help Desk software. In 2012, Freshdesk, a SaaS-based customer support product, integrated gamification features, allowing agents to earn badges based on performance.[37]

Gamification has also been used as a tool for customer engagement,[38] and for encouraging desirable website usage behavior.[26] Additionally, gamification is readily applicable to increasing engagement on sites built on social network services. For example, in August 2010, one site, DevHub, announced that they have increased the number of users who completed their online tasks from 10% to 80% after adding gamification elements.[39] On the programming question-and-answer site Stack Overflow users receive points and/or badges for performing a variety of actions, including spreading links to questions and answers via Facebook and Twitter. A large number of different badges are available, and when a user's reputation points exceed various thresholds, he or she gains additional privileges, including at the higher end, the privilege of helping to moderate the site.

Inspiration

Gamification can be used for ideation, the structured brainstorming to produce new ideas. A study at MIT Sloan found that ideation games helped participants generate more and better ideas, and compared it to gauging the influence of academic papers by the numbers of citations received in subsequent research.[40]

Health

Applications like Fitocracy and QUENTIQ use gamification to encourage their users to exercise more effectively and improve their overall health. Users are awarded varying numbers of points for activities they perform in their workouts and gain levels based on points collected. Users can also complete quests (sets of related activities) and gain achievement badges for fitness milestones.[41] Health Month adds aspects of social gaming by allowing successful users to restore points to users who have failed to meet certain goals.

A review of health apps over 100 apps in the apple app store showed a positive correlation between gamification elements used and high user ratings. Naming myfitnesspal as an app that used the highest amount of gamification elements.[42]

Work

Employee productivity is another problem that gamification has been used to tackle. RedCritter Tracker,[43] Playcall,[44] and Arcaris [45] are examples of management tools that use gamification to improve productivity. Digital Brand Group is the first company in India to fully gamify their work process to make their work style more engaging and encouraging.

Experts anticipate that the technique would also be applied to health care, financial services, transportation, government,[46] employee training,[47] and other activities.[48] Indeed, a growing area is in the development of game-based assessments for use in recruitment.[49]

Education

Crowdsourcing has been gamified in games like Foldit, a game designed by the University of Washington, in which players compete to manipulate proteins into more efficient structures. A 2010 paper in science journal Nature credited Foldit's 57,000 players with providing useful results that matched or outperformed algorithmically computed solutions.[50] The ESP Game is a game that is used to generate image metadata. Google Image Labeler is a version of the ESP Game that Google has licensed to generate its own image metadata.[51] Research from the University of Bonn used gamification to increase wiki contributions by 62%.[52]

External video
Gamification by Kevin Werbach, University of Pennsylvania with Coursera, online course preview[53]

Education and training are areas where there has been interest in gamification.[54][55] Microsoft released the game Ribbon Hero 2 as an add-on to their Office productivity suite to help train people to use it effectively,[56] which was described by Microsoft as one of the most popular projects its Office Labs division ever released.[57] The New York City Department of Education with funding from the MacArthur Foundation and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has set up a school called Quest to Learn centred around game-based learning, with the intent to make education more engaging and relevant to modern kids.[58] SAP has used games to educate their employees on sustainability.[59] The US military and Unilever have also used gamification in their training.[47] The Khan Academy is an example of the use of gamification techniques in online education.[60] In August 2009, Gbanga launched the educational location-based game Gbanga Zooh for Zurich Zoo that asked participants to actively save endangered animals and physically bring them back to a zoo. Players maintained virtual habitats across the Canton of Zurich to attract and collect endangered species of animals.[61] In 2014, the True Life Game project was initiated, with the main purpose of researching the best ways to apply concepts of gamification and crowdsourcing into lifelong learning. In 2015, Arizona State University added five interactive story based games to its environmental science curriculum. Within the game, students are placed in leadership roles and given the task of solving complicated environmental and sustainability issues.[62]

Politics and terrorist groups

Alix Levine, an American security consultant, described gamification as some techniques that a number of extremist websites such as Stormfront and various terrorism-related sites used to build loyalty and participation. As an example, Levine mentioned reputation scores.[63][64] The Anti-Defamation League has noted that some terror groups, such as Hezbollah, have created actual games to market their ideology to adolescents.[65]

Technology design

Traditionally, researchers thought of motivations to use computer systems to be primarily driven by extrinsic purposes; however, many modern systems have their use driven primarily by intrinsic motivations.[66] Examples of such systems used primarily to fulfill users’ intrinsic motivations, include online gaming, virtual worlds, online shopping, learning/education, online dating, digital music repositories, social networking, online pornography, and so on. Such systems are excellent candidates for further ‘gamification’ in their design. Moreover, even traditional management information systems (e.g., ERP, CRM) are being ‘gamified’ such that both extrinsic and intrinsic motivations must increasingly be considered.

As illustration, Microsoft has announced plans to use gamification techniques for its Windows Phone 7 operating system design.[67] While businesses face the challenges of creating motivating gameplay strategies, what makes for effective gamification [68] is a key question.

Authentication

Gamification has also been applied to authentication. For example, the possibilities of using a game like Guitar Hero can help someone learn a password implicitly.[69] Furthermore, games have been explored as a way to learn new and complicated passwords. It is suggested that these games could be used to "level up" a password, thereby improving its strength over time.[70] Gamification has also been proposed as a way to select and manage archives.[71] Recently, an Australian technology company called Wynbox has recorded success in the application of its gamification engine to the hotel booking process.[72]

History

Though the term "gamification" was coined in 2002 by Nick Pelling,[73] a British-born computer programmer and inventor, it did not gain popularity until 2010.[74][75] Even prior to the term coming into use, other fields borrowing elements from videogames was common; for example, some work in learning disabilities[76] and scientific visualization adapted elements from videogames.[77] A Forbes blogger also retroactively labelled[78] Charles Coonradt, who in 1973 founded the consultancy The Game of Work and in 1984 wrote a book[79] by the same name, as the "Grandfather of Gamification".

The term "gamification" first gained widespread usage in 2010, in a more specific sense referring to incorporation of social/reward aspects of games into software.[80] The technique captured the attention of venture capitalists, one of whom said he considered gamification the most promising area in gaming.[81] Another observed that half of all companies seeking funding for consumer software applications mentioned game design in their presentations.[26]

Several researchers consider gamification closely related to earlier work on adapting game-design elements and techniques to non-game contexts. Deterding et al.[2] survey research in human–computer interaction that uses game-derived elements for motivation and interface design, and Nelson[82] argues for a connection to both the Soviet concept of socialist competition, and the American management trend of "fun at work". Fuchs[83] points out that gamification might be driven by new forms of ludic interfaces. Gamification conferences have also retroactively incorporated simulation; e.g. Will Wright, designer of the 1989 video game SimCity, was the keynote speaker at the gamification conference Gsummit 2013.[84]

In addition to companies that use the technique, a number of businesses created gamification platforms. In October 2007, Bunchball,[85] backed by Adobe Systems Incorporated,[86] was the first company to provide game mechanics as a service,[87] on Dunder Mifflin Infinity, the community site for the NBC TV show The Office. Bunchball customers have included Playboy, Chiquita, Bravo, and The USA Network.[88] In June 2009 a Seattle-based startup called BigDoor was founded, providing gamification technology to non-gaming websites.[89][90][91] Badgeville launched in late 2010, and raised $15 million in venture-capital funding in its first year of operation;[92] it provides gamification services to a number of large customers. InsideSales.com provides a gamification solution targeted to sales representatives using the Charles Coonradt principles[78] that are integrated into Salesforce.com platform. IActionable also launched a gamification platform aimed at integrating with Salesforce.com.[93] In 2011, Playlyfe was launched which started offering gamification as a service to individual developers and enterprises.[94][95]

Among established enterprise firms, SAP AG,[96][97] Microsoft, IBM, SAP, LiveOps, Deloitte, and other companies have started using gamification in various applications and processes.[98]

Gamification 2013, an event exploring the future of gamification, was held at the University of Waterloo Stratford Campus in October 2013.[99]

The inaugural Loyalty Games 2014 Loyalty Gamification World Championship were held online with Live World Finals San Francisco.[100]

Legal restrictions

Through gamification's growing adoption and its nature as a data aggregator, multiple legal restrictions may apply to gamification. Some refer to the use of virtual currencies and virtual assets, data privacy laws and data protection, or labour laws.[101]

The use of virtual currencies, in contrast to traditional payment systems, is not regulated. The legal uncertainty surrounding the virtual currency schemes might constitute a challenge for public authorities, as these schemes can be used by criminals, fraudsters and money launderers to perform their illegal activities.[102]

Criticism

University of Hamburg researcher Sebastian Deterding has characterized the initial popular strategies for gamification as not being fun and creating an artificial sense of achievement. He also says that gamification can encourage unintended behaviours.[103]

In a 2014 comprehensive review of all health and fitness apps in the apple store using gamification as a method to modify behaviour the authors concluded that "Despite the inclusion of at least some components of gamification, the mean scores of integration of gamification components were still below 50 percent. This was also true for the inclusion of game elements and the use of health behavior theory constructs, thus showing a lack of following any clear industry standard of effective gaming, gamification, or behavioral theory in health and fitness apps."[42]

Game designers like Jon Radoff and Margaret Robertson have also criticized gamification as excluding elements like storytelling and experiences and using simple reward systems in place of true game mechanics.[104][105]

Gamification practitioners[106][107] have pointed out that while the initial popular designs were in fact mostly relying on simplistic reward approach, even those led to significant improvements in short term engagement.[108] This was supported by a Brigham Young University study which concluded that an increase in gamification elements correlated with an increased in motivation score, but not with capacity or opportunity/trigger scores.[42][109]

The same study called for standardization across the app industry on gamification principles to improve the effectiveness of health apps on the health outcomes of users.[42]

A call was also made by Herger Mario to game designers to engage in gamification and apply their knowledge and skills to the enterprise applications market in a constructive way.[108]

MIT Professor Kevin Slavin has described business research into gamification as flawed and misleading for those unfamiliar with gaming.[110] Heather Chaplin, writing in Slate, describes gamification as "an allegedly populist idea that actually benefits corporate interests over those of ordinary people".[111] Jane McGonigal has distanced her work from the label "gamification," listing rewards outside of gameplay as the central idea of gamification and distinguishing game applications where the gameplay itself is the reward under the term "gameful design".[112]

"Gamification" as a term has also been criticized. Ian Bogost has referred to the term as a marketing fad and suggested "exploitationware" as a more suitable name for the games used in marketing.[113] Other opinions on the terminology criticism have made the case why the term gamification makes sense.[114]

Fuchs et al. investigated historical predecessors to today's gamification that go back to the 18th century.[115]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Huotari, K., & Hamari, J. (2012). "Defining Gamification - A Service Marketing Perspective" (PDF). Proceedings of the 16th International Academic MindTrek Conference 2012, Tampere, Finland, October 3–5.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Sebastian Deterding, Dan Dixon, Rilla Khaled, and Lennart Nacke (2011). From game design elements to gamefulness: Defining "gamification". Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference. pp. 9–15.
  3. 1 2 Hamari, Juho; Koivisto, Jonna; Sarsa, Harri (2014). "Does Gamification Work? – A Literature Review of Empirical Studies on Gamification". Proceedings of the 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Hawaii, USA, January 6–9. doi:10.1109/HICSS.2014.377.
  4. ↑ "Gamification Design Elements". Enterprise-Gamification.com. Retrieved 2014-10-07.
  5. ↑ Robson, K., Plangger, K., Kietzmann, J., McCarthy, I. & Pitt, L. (2015). "Is it all a game? Understanding the principles of gamification". Business Horizons 58 (4): 411–420. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2015.03.006.
  6. ↑ Hamari, Juho (2013). "Transforming Homo Economicus into Homo Ludens: A Field Experiment on Gamification in a Utilitarian Peer-To-Peer Trading Service". Electronic Commerce Research and Applications 12 (4): 236–245. doi:10.1016/j.elerap.2013.01.004.
  7. ↑ Hamari, Juho (2015). "Do badges increase user activity? A field experiment on the effects of gamification". Computers in Human Behavior. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.036.
  8. ↑ Zichermann, Gabe; Cunningham, Christopher (August 2011). "Introduction". Gamification by Design: Implementing Game Mechanics in Web and Mobile Apps (1st ed.). Sebastopol, California: O'Reilly Media. p. xiv. ISBN 1449315399. Retrieved 2012-12-10.
  9. ↑ Hamari, J., & Koivisto, J. (2014). "Measuring Flow in Gamification: Dispositional Flow Scale-2". Computers in Human Behavior 40: 133–134. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.048.
  10. 1 2 Philipp Herzig, Susanne Strahringer, and Michael Ameling (2012). Gamification of ERP Systems-Exploring Gamification Effects on User Acceptance Constructs (PDF). Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik 2012 (MKWI'12). pp. 793–804.
  11. ↑ Scott, Michael; Ghinea, Gheorghita (6 March 2013). Integrating Fantasy Role-Play into the Programming Lab: Exploring the 'Projective Identity' Hypothesis (pdf). Proceedings of the 44th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education. ACM. pp. 119–122. doi:10.1145/2445196.2445237. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  12. ↑ Scott, Michael; Ghinea, Gheorghita; Arachchilage, Nalin (7 July 2014). Assessing the Role of Conceptual Knowledge in an Anti-Phishing Educational Game (pdf). Proceedings of the 14th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies. IEEE. p. 218. doi:10.1109/ICALT.2014.70. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
  13. ↑ Herger, Mario (July 17, 2014). "Gamification Facts & Figures". Enterprise-Gamification.com.
  14. ↑ Herger, Mario (August 2014). Gamification in Human Resources. EGC Media. ISBN 1500567140. Retrieved 2014-10-07.
  15. ↑ Hamari, Juho; Koivisto, Jonna (2015). "Why do people use gamification services?". International Journal of Information Management 35 (4): 419–431. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2015.04.006.
  16. ↑ Philipp Herzig (2014). Gamification as a Service (Ph.D.).
  17. ↑ Hamari, Juho; Koivisto, Jonna (2015). ""Working out for likes": An empirical study on social influence in exercise gamification". Computers in Human Behavior 50: 333–347. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.018.
  18. ↑ "The Speed Camera Lottery". TheFunTheory. Retrieved 2015-07-07.
  19. ↑ "Rethinking Elections With Gamification". HuffingtonPost. Retrieved 2015-07-07.
  20. ↑ Koivisto, Jonna; Hamari, Juho (2015). "Demographic differences in perceived benefits from gamification". Computers in Human Behavior 35: 179–188. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.007.
  21. ↑ Mario Herger (2014). Enterprise Gamification - Engaging people by letting them have fun. EGC Media. p. 22. ISBN 978-14-70000-64-6.
  22. 1 2 3 Mario Herger (2014). Enterprise Gamification - Engaging people by letting them have fun. EGC Media. p. 32. ISBN 978-14-70000-64-6.
  23. ↑ "Gamification: Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivators". Enterprise Gamification. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  24. ↑ Sutter, John D. (September 30, 2010). "Browse the Web, earn points and prizes". CNN.
  25. 1 2 Hamari, Juho; Eranti, Veikko (2011). "Framework for Designing and Evaluating Game Achievements" (PDF). Proceedings of Digra 2011 Conference: Think Design Play, Hilversum, Netherlands, September: 14–17.
  26. 1 2 3 O'Brien, Chris (October 24, 2010). "Get ready for the decade of gamification". San Jose Mercury News.
  27. ↑ Byron Reeves, J. Leighton Read (2009). Total Engagement: Using Games and Virtual Worlds to Change the Way People Work and Businesses Compete. Harvard Business Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-4221-4657-6.
  28. ↑ diverse. "Competition". Enterprise Gamification Wiki.
  29. 1 2 Deterding, Sebastian (28 September 2010). "Just Add Points? What UX Can (and Cannot) Learn From Games". UX Camp Europe. Retrieved 12 February 2013.Joel Falconer. "UserInfuser: open source gamification platform". http://thenextweb.com/. External link in |publisher= (help)
  30. ↑ Jane McGonigal Read (2011). Reality Is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change The World. Penguin Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-59420-285-8.
  31. ↑ Van Grove, Jennifer (28 July 2011). "Gamification: How Competition Is Reinventing Business, Marketing & Everyday Life". Mashable. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  32. ↑ "FANGO delivers on Social TV". Impulse Gamer. 11 February 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  33. ↑ Kleinberg, Adam (18 July 2011). "HOW TO: Gamify Your Marketing". Mashable. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  34. ↑ Lunden, Ingrid (Oct 23, 2012). "Data 2.0 Goes Large: InfoArmy Raises $17.3M To Build Out Its Crowdsourced Competitive Intelligence Platform". TechCrunch.
  35. ↑ Herger, Mario (Oct 28, 2011). "Making Surveys More Fun". Enterprise-Gamification.com.
  36. ↑ Stevens, Robert (Dec 2, 2011). "Gamification of Market Research". Think Eye Tracking.
  37. ↑ Swallow, Erica (Sep 18, 2012). "Can Gamification Make Customer Support Fun?". Forbes.com.
  38. ↑ Daniels, Matt (September 23, 2010). "Businesses need to get in the game". Marketing Week.
  39. ↑ Takahashi, Dean (August 25, 2010). "Website builder DevHub gets users hooked by "gamifying" its service". VentureBeat.
  40. ↑ Toubia, Olivier (October 2006). "Idea Generation, Creativity, and Incentives" (PDF). Marketing Science.
  41. ↑ Jeffries, Adrianne (16 September 2011). "The Fitocrats: How Two Nerds Turned an Addiction to Videogames Into an Addiction to Fitness". The New York Observer. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  42. 1 2 3 4 Lister, Cameron; West, Joshua H; Cannon, Ben; Sax, Tyler; Brodegard, David (2014-08-04). "Just a Fad? Gamification in Health and Fitness Apps". JMIR Serious Games 2 (2). doi:10.2196/games.3413. PMC: 4307823. PMID 25654660.
  43. ↑ Van Grove, Jennifer (21 April 2011). "Introducing An App Store for Microsoft Outlook". Mashable. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  44. ↑ Tehrani, Rich (Nov 11, 2011). "Will Call Center Gamification Increase Productivity?". blog.tmcnet.com.
  45. ↑ Heim, Anna (Aug 26, 2011). "How Arcaris Is Gamifying Call Centers". TheNextWeb.
  46. ↑ Thomas, Owen (October 5, 2010). "Should you run your business like a game?". Venture Beat.
  47. 1 2 Huling, Ray (March 25, 2010). "Gamification: Turning Work Into Play". H Plus Magazine.
  48. ↑ Mangalindan, JP (September 3, 2010). "Play to win: The game-based economy". Fortune.
  49. ↑ Parkinson, Mark (Nov 24, 2015). "Psychometrics and Game-Based Assessment". LinkedIn Pulse.
  50. ↑ John Markoff (10 August 2010). "In a Video Game, Tackling the Complexities of Protein Folding". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  51. ↑ Saini, Angela (2008-05-14). "Solving the web's image problem". bbc. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
  52. ↑ Dencheva, Silviya; et al. (Sep 10, 2011). "Dynamic self-moderation in a corporate wiki to improve participation and contribution quality" (PDF). Springer. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
  53. ↑ "Gamification by Kevin Werbach". University of Pennsylvania/Coursera. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  54. ↑ "The Gamification of Education". Knewton.
  55. ↑ Simone de Sousa Borges, Vinicius H. S. Durelli, Helena Macedo Reis, and Seiji Isotani (2014). A systematic mapping on gamification applied to education. Proceedings of the 29th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC '14). pp. 216–222.
  56. ↑ Fallows, James (28 April 2011). "The Return of Clippy". The Atlantic. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  57. ↑ "Office Labs: Ribbon Hero 2". Microsoft. 20 June 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  58. ↑ Sara Corbett (15 September 2010). "Learning by Playing: Video Games in the Classroom". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  59. ↑ Herger, Mario (Oct 28, 2011). "Enterprise Gamification — Sustainability examples". Enterprise-Gamification.com.
  60. ↑ Shantanu Sinha (February 14, 2012). "Motivating Students and the Gamification of Learning". Huffington Post.
  61. ↑ Lüssi, M: Elefanten und Tiger per Handy retten, 20 Minuten AG, 2009.
  62. ↑ "ASU Online Pilots Games for Environmental Science". Arizona State University. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  63. ↑ Jarret Brachman and Alix Levine (April 13, 2010). "The World of Holy Warcraft:How al Qaeda is using online game theory to recruit the masses.". Foreign Policy.
  64. ↑ Ungerleider, Neal (April 22, 2011). "Welcome To JihadVille". Fast Company.
  65. ↑ "Hezbollah Posts New Games Aimed At Youth". Access ADL. Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  66. ↑ Paul Benjamin Lowry, James Gaskin, Nathan W. Twyman, Bryan Hammer, and Tom L. Roberts (2013). “Taking ‘fun and games’ seriously: Proposing the hedonic-motivation system adoption model (HMSAM),” Journal of the Association for Information Systems (JAIS), vol. 14(11), 617–671.
  67. ↑ Dignan, Larry (September 30, 2010). "Will the gamification of Windows Phone 7 set it apart?". ZDnet.
  68. ↑ Dennis L. Kappen and Lennart E. Nacke (2013). The Kaleidoscope of Effective Gamification: Deconstructing Gamification in Business Applications. Proceedings of Gamification ‘13. pp. 119–122.
  69. ↑ Jim Giles (19 July 2012). "The password you can use without knowing it?". New Scientist.
  70. ↑ Christien Kroeze (16 August 2012). "Gamifying authentication". IEEE Conference Proceedings.
  71. ↑ Grace, Lindsay. "Gamifying Archives, A Study of Docugames as a Preservation Medium". Computer Games (CGAMES), 2011 16th International Conference on. IEEE Press. Retrieved 2011.
  72. ↑ http://www.brw.com.au/p/entrepreneurs/everyone_loves_winning_how_rydges_ky3lAs92n4NvdxAZqNLGuI
  73. ↑ Marczewski, Andrzej (April 2012). Gamification: A Simple Introduction (1st ed.). p. 3. ISBN 9781471798665. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  74. ↑ "Gamification at Google Trends". Google Trends. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  75. ↑ Zichermann, Gabe; Cunningham, Christopher (August 2011). "Preface". Gamification by Design: Implementing Game Mechanics in Web and Mobile Apps (1st ed.). Sebastopol, California: O'Reilly Media. pp. ix, 208. ISBN 1449315399. Retrieved 2012-11-25. Gamification may be a new term
  76. ↑ Adelman, Lauber, Nelson and Smith (April 1989). Toward a Procedure for Minimizing and Detecting False Positive Diagnoses of Learning Disability. The Journal of Learning Disabilities. pp. 234–244.
  77. ↑ Theresa-Marie Rhyne (October 2000). The impact of computer games on scientific & information visualization (panel session): "if you can't beat them, join them". IEEE Visualization 2000. IEEE Computer Society. pp. 519–521. ISBN 1-58113-309-X. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  78. 1 2 Ken Krogue (2012-09-18). "5 Gamification Rules from the Grandfather of Gamification". Forbes. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  79. ↑ Coonradt, Charles; Nelson, Lee (1985). The Game of Work: How to Enjoy Work as Much as Play (1st ed.). Deseret Book. p. 146. ISBN 087747771X. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  80. ↑ JP Mangalindan (2010-09-03). "Play to win: The game-based economy". Fortune (magazine). Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  81. ↑ Sinanian, Michael (April 12, 2010). "The ultimate healthcare reform could be fun and games". Venture Beat.
  82. ↑ Mark J. Nelson (2012). Soviet and American precursors to the gamification of work (PDF). Proceedings of the 16th International Academic MindTrek Conference. pp. 23–26.
  83. ↑ Fuchs, Mathias (2012). "Ludic interfaces. Driver and product of gamification". GAME, vol. 1, 2012 - ALL OF US, PLAYERS. Bologna, Italy: The Italian Journal of Game Studies, Ass.ne Culturale Ludica, Bologna, Via V.Veneto. ISSN 2280-7705.
  84. ↑ "gsummit 2013 Why Atten". Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  85. ↑ "Bunchball.com". Bunchball.
  86. ↑ Taylor, Colleen (May 2, 2011). "For Startups, Timing Is Everything — Just Ask Bunchball". The New York Times.
  87. ↑ Carless, Simon (September 17, 2008). "AGDC: Paharia, Andrade On Making Dunder Mifflin Infinity". Gamasutra.
  88. ↑ "Bunchball Sees Huge Growth in Gamification and Doubles Customer Base in a Year". Bunchball.
  89. ↑ Woodward, Curt (August 8, 2011). "Gamification Startup BigDoor Media Levels Up to Bigger Digs". Xconomy.
  90. ↑ Feld, Brad (October 14, 2010). "Unknown". MIT Technology Review.
  91. ↑ Cook, John (October 14, 2010). "BigDoor brings badges, points and more to Web sites". Puget Sound Business Journal.
  92. ↑ "Badgeville Raises $12 Million, Celebrates With An Infographic". TechCrunch. July 12, 2011.
  93. ↑ "Achievements, points and leaderboards hit the workplace with Engage for Salesforce.com". TheNextWeb. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
  94. ↑ Krishnamurthy, Krithika (5 June 2015). "Playlyfe: the invisible platform that powers gamification in enterprises". newspaper (ET Tech). Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  95. ↑ "For the game of life, gamification is the new mantra - The Economic Times". Retrieved 2015-06-09.
  96. ↑ Herger, Mario (July 27, 2011). "OINK OINK! Welcome to the SAP Gamification Cup!". Enterprise-Gamification.com.
  97. ↑ Herger, Mario (November 2, 2011). "Gamified Manufacturing". Enterprise-Gamification.com.
  98. ↑ Silverman, Rachel (Nov 2, 2011). "Latest Game Theory: Mixing Work and Play — Companies Adopt gaming Techniques to Motivate Employees". Wallstreet Journal.
  99. ↑ Beitz, Mike (July 12, 2013). "'UW Stratford campus to host international gamification conference', by Mike Betz". thebeaconherald.com.
  100. ↑ Games, Loyalty. "Loyalty Games World Championships".
  101. ↑ Herger, Mario (Jan 4, 2012). "Gamification and Law or How to stay out of Prison despite Gamification". Enterprise-Gamification.com.
  102. ↑ "Virtual Currency Schemes" (PDF). European Central Bank. Oct 2012.
  103. ↑ John Pavlus (November 4, 2010). "Reasons Why "Gamification" is Played Out". Fast Company.
  104. ↑ Jon Radoff (February 16, 2011). "Gamification". Radoff.com.
  105. ↑ Margaret Robertson. "Can't Play Won't Play". Hideandseek.net.
  106. ↑ Zichermann, Gabe. "Lies, Damned Lies and Academics". Gamification.co.
  107. ↑ Herger, Mario. "Gamification is Bullshit? The academic tea-party-blog of gamification". Enterprise-Gamification.com.
  108. 1 2 Herger, Mario. "Gamification facts & Figures". Enterprise-Gamification.com.
  109. ↑ Michie, Susan; Stralen, Maartje M van; West, Robert (2011-04-23). "The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions". Implementation Science 6 (1). doi:10.1186/1748-5908-6-42. PMC: 3096582. PMID 21513547.
  110. ↑ Slavin, Kevin (June 9, 2011). "In a World Filled With Sloppy Thinking".
  111. ↑ Chaplin, Heather (March 29, 2011). "I Don't Want To Be a Superhero".
  112. ↑ McGonigal, Jane. "How To Reinvent Reality Without Gamification". GDC.
  113. ↑ Bogost, Ian. "Persuasive Games: Exploitationware". Gamasutra.
  114. ↑ Herger, Mario. "About the Term Gamification: Why I Hate It AND Why I Love It". Enterprise-Gamification.com.
  115. ↑ Fuchs, Mathias. "Rethinking Gamification". meson-press.

Further reading (books)

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Saturday, April 23, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.