Hamid Karzai

"Karzai" redirects here. For the surname, see Karzai (surname).
Hamid Karzai
حامد کرزی
12th President of Afghanistan
In office
22 December 2001 – 29 September 2014
Acting: 22 December 2001 – 7 December 2004
Vice President Karim Khalili
Mohammed Fahim
Yunus Qanuni
Preceded by Burhanuddin Rabbani
Succeeded by Ashraf Ghani
Personal details
Born (1957-12-24) 24 December 1957
Kandahar, Afghanistan
Political party Independent
Spouse(s) Zeenat Quraishi (1999–present)
Children Mirwais
Malalai
Howsi
Alma mater Himachal Pradesh University
Religion Islam

Hamid Karzai /ˈhæmᵻd ˈkɑːrˌzaɪ/ (Pashto/Persian: حامد کرزی; born 24 December 1957) served as President of Afghanistan for almost ten years, from 7 December 2004 to 29 September 2014. He comes from a politically active family; Karzai's father, uncle and grandfather were all active in Afghan politics and government. Karzai and his father before him, Abdul Ahad Karzai, were each head of the Popalzai tribe of the Durrani tribal confederation.

In the 1980s Karzai was active as a fundraiser for the Afghan mujahideen who were fighting to expel Soviet Union troops during the Soviet war in Afghanistan (1979-1989). After the Soviet withdrawal the Islamic State of Afghanistan was established and then it was replaced in 1996 when the Taliban came to power and established the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. In July 1999 Karzai's father was assassinated and Karzai succeeded his father as head of the Popalzai tribe. In October 2001 the American invasion of Afghanistan began and Karzai became a dominant political figure after the removal of the Taliban regime in late 2001.[1] During the December 2001 International Conference on Afghanistan in Germany, Karzai was selected by prominent Afghan political figures to serve a six-month term as Chairman of the Interim Administration.[2]

He was then chosen for a two-year term as Interim President during the 2002 loya jirga (grand assembly) that was held in Kabul, Afghanistan. After the 2004 presidential election, Karzai was declared winner and became President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. He won a second five-year term in the 2009 presidential election; this term ended in September, 2014.[3]

Early life

Karzai was born on 24 December 1957 in the Karz area of Kandahar City in southern Afghanistan.[4] He is an ethnic Pashtun of the Popalzai tribe. His father, Abdul Ahad Karzai, served as the Deputy Speaker of the Parliament during the 1960s. His grandfather, Khair Mohammad Khan, had served in the 1919 Afghanistan's war of independence and as the Deputy Speaker of the Senate. Karzai's family were strong supporters of Zahir Shah, the last king of Afghanistan. His uncle, Habibullah Karzai, served as representative of Afghanistan at the UN and is said to have accompanied King Zahir Shah in the early 1960s to the United States for a special meeting with U.S. President John F. Kennedy.[5]

Hamid Karzai attended Mahmood Hotaki Primary School in Kandahar and Sayed Jamaluddin Afghani School in Kabul. He graduated from Habibia High School in 1976.[6] After graduating from high school, he traveled to India as an exchange student in 1976, and was accepted to study for his master's degree in international relations and political science from Himachal Pradesh University. He obtained his master's degree in 1983, shortly after the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.[7]

Karzai moved to neighboring Pakistan to work as a fundraiser for the anti-communist mujahideen during the 1980s Soviet war in Afghanistan.[8] The Mujahideen were backed by the United States, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia.

Following the withdrawal of Soviet forces, Hamid Karzai returned to Afghanistan in early October 1988 to assist in the Mujahideen victory in Tarinkot. He assisted in rallying Popalzai and other Durrani tribes to oust the regime from the city as well as helped negotiate the defection of five hundred of Najibullah's forces.[9] When Najibullah's Soviet-backed government collapsed in 1992, the Peshawar Accords agreed upon by the Afghan political parties established the Islamic State of Afghanistan and appointed an interim government to be followed by general elections. Karzai accompanied the first mujahideen leaders into Kabul after President Najibullah stepped down in 1992.[10] He served as Deputy Foreign Minister in the government of Burhanuddin Rabbani. Karzai was, however, arrested by Mohammad Fahim (Years later Karzai's Vice President) on charges of spying for Gulbuddin Hekmatyar in what Karzai claimed was an effort to mediate between Hekmatyar's forces and Rabbani's government. Karzai fled from Kabul in a vehicle provided by Hekmatyar and driven by Gul Rahman.[11]

When the Taliban emerged in the mid-1990s, Karzai initially recognized them as a legitimate government because he thought that they would stop the violence and corruption in his country.[12] He was offered by the Taliban to serve as their ambassador but he refused, telling friends that he felt Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) was wrongly using them.[1] He lived in the Pakistani city of Quetta among the Afghan refugees, where he worked to reinstate former Afghan King Zahir Shah. In July 1999, Karzai's father, Abdul Ahad Karzai, was gunned down early in the morning while coming home from a mosque in the city of Quetta. Reports suggest that the Taliban carried out the assassination.[1] Following this incident, Karzai decided to work closely with the Northern Alliance, which was led by Ahmad Shah Massoud.

In 2000 and 2001, he traveled to Europe and the United States to help gather support for the anti-Taliban movement. "Massoud and Karzai warned the United States that the Taliban were connected with al Qaeda and that there was a plot for an imminent attack on the United States, but their warnings went unheeded. On September 9, 2001, two days before the 9/11 attacks in America, Massoud was assassinated by al Qaeda agents in a suicide bombing."[13] As the U.S. Armed Forces were preparing for a confrontation with the Taliban in September 2001, Karzai began urging NATO states to purge his country of al-Qaeda. He told BBC "These Arabs, together with their foreign supporters and the Taliban, destroyed miles and miles of homes and orchards and vineyards... They have killed Afghans. They have trained their guns on Afghan lives... We want them out."[1]

President and Chairman of a transitional administration

Karzai appointed as President of the Afghan Transitional Administration at the June 2002 loya jirga (grand assembly) in Kabul, Afghanistan.

After the 7 October 2001 launch of Operation Enduring Freedom, the United Front (Northern Alliance) worked with teams of U.S. special forces. Together, they overthrew the Taliban regime and mustered support for a new government in Afghanistan. Karzai and his group were in Quetta (Pakistan) at the time, where they began their covert operation. Before entering Afghanistan, he warned his fighters:

"We might be captured the moment we enter Afghanistan and be killed. We have 60 percent chance of death and 40 percent chance to live and survive. Winning was no consideration. We could not even think of that. We got on two motorbikes. We drove into Afghanistan."[14]
— Hamid Karzai, October 2001

On 5 December 2001, Hamid Karzai and his group of fighters survived a friendly fire missile attack by U.S. Air Force pilots in southern Afghanistan. The group suffered injuries and was treated in the United States; Karzai received injuries to his facial nerves, as can sometimes be noticed during his speeches.[15] On 4 November 2001, American special operation forces flew Karzai out of Afghanistan for protection.[16]

Karzai speaking before the U.S. Congress in June 2004

In December 2001, political leaders gathered in Germany to agree on new leadership structures. Under the 5 December Bonn Agreement, they formed an Interim Administration and named Karzai Chairman of a 29-member governing committee. He was sworn in as leader on 22 December. The loya jirga of 13 June 2002 appointed Karzai as Interim President of the new position as President of the Afghan Transitional Administration.[17] Former members of the Northern Alliance remained extremely influential, most notably Vice President Mohammed Fahim, who also served as the Defense Minister.

Karzai re-enacted the original coronation of Ahmad Shah Durrani at the shrine of Sher-i-Surkh outside Kandahar where he had leaders of various Afghan tribes, including a descendent of the religious leader (Sabir Shah) who originally selected Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747 as key players in this event.[18] Further evidence that Karzai views himself fulfilling a Durrani monarch's role arise from statements furnished by close allies within his government.[19] His late brother, Ahmed Wali Karzai, made statements to a similar effect.[20]

After Karzai was installed into power, his actual authority outside the capital city of Kabul was said to be so limited that he was often derided as the "Mayor of Kabul". The situation was particularly delicate since Karzai and his administration have not been equipped either financially or politically to influence reforms outside of the region around Kabul. Other areas, particularly the more remote ones, have historically been under the influence of various local leaders. Karzai has been, to varying degrees of success, attempting to negotiate and form amicable alliances with them for the benefit of Afghanistan as a whole, instead of aggressively fighting them and risking an uprising.

In 2004, he rejected an international proposal to end poppy production in Afghanistan through aerial spraying of chemical herbicides, fearing that it would harm the economic situation of his countrymen. Moreover, Karzai's younger brother, Ahmed Wali Karzai – who partially helped finance Karzai's presidential campaign – was rumored to be involved in narcotic deals,[21] which has been rejected. Karzai said that he has sought in writing a number of times, but failed to obtain, proof of allegations that Ahmed Wali was involved in illegal drugs.[22][23]

2004 Afghan presidential election

Karzai's inauguration on 7 December 2004, after winning the presidential election.

When Karzai was a candidate in the October 2004 presidential election, he won 21 of the 34 provinces, defeating his 22 opponents and becoming the first democratically elected leader of Afghanistan.

Although his campaigning was limited due to fears of violence, elections passed without significant incident. Following investigation by the United Nations of alleged voting irregularities, the national election commission in early November declared Karzai winner, without runoff, with 55.4% of the vote. This represented 4.3 million of the total 8.1 million votes cast. The election took place safely in spite of a surge of insurgent activity.[24]

Karzai was sworn in as President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on 7 December 2004, at a formal ceremony in Kabul. Many interpreted the ceremony as a symbolically important "new start" for the war-torn nation. Notable guests at the inauguration included the country's former King, Zahir Shah, three former U.S. presidents, and U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney.

Presidency

First term (2004–2009)

After winning a democratic mandate in the 2004 election, it was thought that Karzai would pursue a more aggressively reformist path in 2005. However, Karzai has proved to be more cautious than was expected. After his new administration took over in 2004, the economy of Afghanistan has been growing rapidly for the first time in many years. Government revenue began increasing every year, although it is still heavily dependent on foreign aid.

Karzai with former US President George W. Bush and wife Laura Bush at Camp David in 2007.

During the first term in Karzai's Presidency, public discontent grew about corruption and the civilian casualties in the 2001–present war. In May 2006, an anti-American and anti-Karzai riot took place in Kabul which left at least seven people dead and 40 injured.[25] In May 2007, after as many as 51 Afghan civilians were killed in a bombing, Karzai asserted that his government "can no longer accept" casualties caused by U.S. and NATO operations.[26]

Karzai in February 2009

In September 2006, Karzai told the United Nations General Assembly that Afghanistan has become the "worst victim" of terrorism.[27] Karzai said terrorism is rebounding in his country, with militants infiltrating the borders to wage attacks on civilians. He stated, "This does not have its seeds alone in Afghanistan. Military action in the country will, therefore, not deliver the shared goal of eliminating terrorism." He demanded assistance from the international community to destroy terrorist sanctuaries inside and outside Afghanistan. "You have to look beyond Afghanistan to the sources of terrorism," he told the UN General Assembly, and "destroy terrorist sanctuaries beyond" the country, dismantle the elaborate networks in the region that recruit, indoctrinate, train, finance, arm, and deploy terrorists. These activities are also robbing thousands of Afghan children of their right to education, and prevent health workers from doing their jobs in Afghanistan. In addition, he promised to eliminate opium-poppy cultivation in his country, which is possibly helping fuel the ongoing Taliban insurgency. He has repeatedly demanded that NATO forces take more care to avoid civilian casualties when conducting military operations in residential areas.[28] In a September 2006 video broadcast, Karzai stated that if the money wasted on the Iraq War had been actually spent on rebuilding Afghanistan, his country would "be in heaven in less than one year".[29]

2009 re-election and second term

The 2009 presidential election billboard for Karzai in Kandahar Province. Karzai won another 5-year term.
Karzai discussing security and development issues in Helmand Province on 2 January 2010.

On the eve of the 20 August presidential election, Karzai seemed at once deeply unpopular but also likely to win the majority of the votes. He was blamed by many for the failures that plagued the reconstruction of Afghanistan after the toppling of the Taliban government in 2001, from the widespread corruption and the resurgence of the (neo-)Taliban to the explosion of the poppy trade. His unpopularity and the likelihood of his victory formed an atmosphere with a kind of national demoralization, which could discourage many Afghans from voting and dash hopes for substantial progress after the election.[30][31][32]

In this second presidential election, Karzai was announced to have received over 50% of the votes. The election was tainted by lack of security, low voter turnout and widespread ballot stuffing, intimidation, and other electoral fraud.[33]

Two months later Karzai accepted calls for a second round run-off vote, which was scheduled for 7 November 2009.[34][35] On 2 November 2009, Karzai's run-off opponent, Abdullah Abdullah, withdrew from the race and election officials announced the cancellation of the run-off race. Karzai, the only remaining contender, was declared the winner a short time later.[36]

Karzai presented his first list of 24 cabinet nominees to the Afghan parliament on 19 December 2009; however, on 2 January 2010, the parliament rejected 17 of these. According to the parliament, most of the nominees were rejected due to having been picked for reasons other than their competency. A member of parliament said that they had been picked largely based on "ethnicity or bribery or money."[37]

Karzai at the 2011 Afghan Independence Day in Kabul, which is held every year on 19 August to commemorate Afghanistan's independence from British control over its foreign affairs.

On 16 January 2010, the Afghan parliament rejected 10 of the Karzai's 17 replacement picks for cabinet. MPs complained that Karzai's new choices were either not qualified for their posts or had close connections to Afghan warlords. Despite the second setback, by mid-January Karzai had 14 out of the 24 ministers confirmed, including the most powerful posts at foreign, defense and interior ministries.[38] Shortly afterwards, the parliament began its winter recess, lasting until 20 February, without waiting for Karzai to select additional names for his cabinet. The move not only extended the political uncertainty in the government, but also dealt Karzai the embarrassment of appearing at the London Conference on Afghanistan with nearly half of his cabinet devoid of leaders.[39]

Since late 2001 Karzai has been trying for peace in his country, going as far as pardoning militants that lay down weapons and join the rebuilding process. However, his offers were not accepted by the militant groups. In April 2007, Karzai acknowledged that he spoke to some militants about trying to bring peace in Afghanistan.[40] He noted that the Afghan militants are always welcome in the country, although foreign insurgents are not.[41] In September 2007, Karzai again offered talks with militant fighters after a security scare forced him to end a commemoration speech.[42] Karzai left the event and was taken back to his palace, where he was due to meet visiting Latvian President Valdis Zatlers. After the meeting the pair held a joint news conference, at which Karzai called for talks with his Taliban foes. "We don't have any formal negotiations with the Taliban. They don't have an address. Who do we talk to?" Karzai told reporters. He further stated: "If I can have a place where to send somebody to talk to, an authority that publicly says it is the Taliban authority, I will do it."[42]

In December 2009 Karzai announced to move ahead with a Loya Jirga (large assembly) to discuss the Taliban insurgency in which the Taliban representatives would be invited to take part in this Jirga.[43] In January 2010, Karzai set the framework for dialogue with Taliban leaders when he called on the group's leadership to take part in the jirga to initiate peace talks. A Taliban spokesman declined to talk in detail about Karzai's offer and only said the militants would make a decision soon.[44] In April 2010, Karzai urged Taliban insurgents to lay down their arms and air their grievances while visiting a violent northern province, adding that foreign forces would not leave the country as long as fighting continued.[45] In July 2010, Karzai approved a plan intended to win over Taliban foot soldiers and low-level commanders.[46] In mid-August 2013, Attorney General Mohammad Ishaq Aloko was said to have been fired after meeting with Taliban officials in the U.A.E. after being told not to meet with them. However, unnamed senior cabinet officials tried to persuade Karzai to not fire him, while an official in Aloko's office denied the dismissal saying instead that he was at the Presidential Palace "celebrating Independence Day."[47]

Foreign relations

Karzai with former U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice in June 2006.
Anders Fogh Rasmussen with Karzai in 2009
Karzai with Russia's President Dmitry Medvedev in 2010.
Karzai speaking at the 47th Munich Security Conference in 2011.

Karzai's relations with NATO countries is strong, especially with the United States, due to the fact that it is the leading nation helping to rebuild war-torn Afghanistan. Karzai enjoys a very friendly and strongly strategic partnership with the United States, despite various disagreements. The U.S. has supported him since late 2001 to lead his nation. He has made many important diplomatic trips to the United States and other NATO countries. In August 2007, Karzai was invited to Camp David in Maryland, USA, for a special meeting with U.S. President George W. Bush. The United States has set up a special envoy for Afghanistan and Pakistan, which is headed by Marc Grossman. His task is to serve as a mediator and solve issues between the three nations.

However, in recent years the relations between U.S. and Karzai has become strained, particularly Karzai has been very critical of U.S. military because of their high-level of civilian casualties.[48][49][50]

Karzai's relations with neighboring Pakistan are good, especially with the Awami National Party (ANP) and Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP). He often describes his nation and Pakistan as "inseparable twin brothers", a reference to the disputed Durand Line border between the two states. In December 2007, Karzai and his delegates travelled to Islamabad, Pakistan, for a usual meeting with Pervez Musharraf on trade ties and intelligence sharing between the two Islamic states.[51] Karzai also met and had a 45-minute talk with Benazir Bhutto on the morning of 27 December, hours before her trip to Liaquat National Bagh, where she was assassinated after her speech.[52] After Bhutto's death, Karzai called her his sister and a brave woman who had a clear vision "for her own country, for Afghanistan, and for the region – a vision of democracy, prosperity, and peace."[53] In September 2008, Karzai was invited on a special visit to witness the sworn in ceremony of Asif Ali Zardari, who became the President of Pakistan.[54] Relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan have improved after the PPP party took over in 2008. The two nations often make contacts with one another concerning the war on terrorism and trade. Pakistan even allowed NATO forces stationed in Afghanistan to launch attacks on militant groups in Pakistan. This was something strongly opposed by the previous government of Pakistan. The two states finally signed into law the long awaited Afghanistan–Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement in 2011, intended to improve trade.[55][56]

Karzai believes that Iran is a friend although the U.S. often claims that neighboring Iran is meddling in Afghanistan's affairs.[57]

In 2007, Karzai said that Iran, so far, had been a helper in the reconstruction process.[58] He acknowledged in 2010 that the Government of Iran had been providing millions of dollars directly to his office.[59][60] In October 2007, Karzai again rejected Western accusations against Iran, stating, "We have resisted the negative propaganda launched by foreign states against the Islamic Republic, and we stress that aliens' propaganda should not leave a negative impact on the consolidated ties between the two great nations of Iran and Afghanistan."[61] Karzai added, "The two Iranian and Afghan nations are close to each other due to their bonds and commonalities, they belong to the same house, and they will live alongside each other for good."[62]

Barack Obama meets with Karzai at the Presidential Palace in Kabul, Afghanistan.

Some international criticism has centered around the government of Karzai in early 2009 for failing to secure the country from Taliban attacks, systemic governmental corruption, and widespread claims of electoral fraud in the 2009 Afghan presidential election.[22][63] Karzai staunchly defended the election balloting, stating that some statements criticizing the balloting and vote count were "totally fabricated." He told the media that, "There were instances of fraud, no doubt... There were irregularities... But the election as a whole was good and free and democratic." He further went on to say that, "Afghanistan has its separate problems and we have to handle them as Afghanistan finds it feasible... This country was completely destroyed... Today, we are talking about fighting corruption in Afghanistan, improved legal standards... You see the glass half empty or half full. I see it as half full. Others see it as half empty."[64]

In June 2010, Karzai travelled to Japan for a five-day visit where the two nations discussed a new aid provided by the hosting nation and the untapped mineral resources recently announced. Karzai invited Japanese companies such as Mitsubishi and others to invest in Afghan mining projects.[65] He told Japanese officials that Japan would be given priority in the bid to explore its resources. He stated, "morally, Afghanistan should give access as a priority to those countries that have helped Afghanistan massively in the past few years."[66] While in Japan, Karzai also made his first visit to Hiroshima to pray for the atomic bomb victims.[67] Japan has provided billions of dollars in aid to Afghanistan since the beginning of 2002.

Relations between Karzai and India have always been friendly; he attended university there. Afghanistan–India relations began getting stronger in 2011, especially after the death of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan. In October 2011, Karzai signed a strategic partnership agreement with Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. During his speech at the RK Mishra Memorial in New Delhi, Karzai told the audience that "The signing of the strategic partnership with India is not directed against any country. It is not directed against any other entity. This is for Afghanistan to benefit from the strength of India."[68]

Assassination attempts

Bodyguards from United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group provide close protection for Karzai.

Many people have plotted to assassinate Karzai in the last decade, especially the Taliban's Quetta Shura and the Haqqani network which allegedly receives support and guidance from Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) spy network.[69][70] As recent as October 2011, while Karzai was visiting India to sign an important strategic partnership agreement with Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Afghan agents of the National Directorate of Security (NDS) arrested 6 people in Kabul for planning to assassinate Karzai. Among those involved in the assassination plot were four Kabul University students and one of its professors, Dr. Aimal Habib, as well as Mohibullah Ahmadi who was one of the guards outside the Presidential Palace in Kabul.[71] The alleged group of assassins were associates of al Qaida and the Haqqani network, and were paid $150,000 by Pakistani-based Islamic terrorists.[72][73][74] A U.S. official said that "Our understanding is that the threat against President Karzai was real, was credible, but it was only in the early stages of planning."[75] The following is a list of other failed assassination attempts:

Personal life and tribal lineage

Karzai speaking at a shura to tribal and religious leaders in his native Kandahar, in southern Afghanistan.
Further information: Sadozai (Pastun tribe), Durrani and Popalzai

In 1999, Hamid Karzai married Zeenat Quraishi, a gynaecologist by profession who was working as a doctor with Afghan refugees living in Pakistan. They have a son, Mirwais, who was born in January 2007,[86][87] a daughter, Malalai, born in 2012 and another daughter, Howsi, born in March 2014 in Gurgaon, India.[88] According to a declaration of his assets by an anti-graft body, Karzai earns $525 monthly and has less than $20,000 in bank accounts.[89] Karzai does not own any land or property.[90]

Karzai has six brothers, including Mahmood Karzai and Qayum Karzai, as well as Ahmed Wali Karzai, deceased, who was the representative for the southern Afghanistan region. Qayum is also the founder of the Afghans for a Civil Society. Karzai has one sister, Fauzia Karzai.[91] The family owns and operates several successful Afghan restaurants in the East Coast of the United States and in Chicago.

In initial biographical news reporting, there was confusion regarding his clan lineage; it was written that his paternal lineage derived from the Sadozai clan.[92] This confusion might have arisen from sources stating he was chosen as the tribal chief, or Khan, of the Popalzai.[93] Traditionally, the Popalzai tribe has been led by members of the Sadozais.[94] The first King of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Durrani, was the leader of the Sadozais, and the Sadozai lineage continued to rule Afghanistan until 1826 when the Barakzais ascended to the throne.

Karzai is believed to be from the Shamizai subtribe of the Popalzais.[94] His grandfather, Khair Muhammad Karzai, was a head of the Popalzai tribe from Kandahar who relocated to Kabul and ran the business of a guest house. This allowed Karzai's father Abdul Ahad, to gain a foothold in the royal family, and subsequently, the parliament. These actions and upwards movement within the Popalzai tribal system, led to the Karzai family furnishing a viable Shamizai clan alternative to Sadozai leadership in the aftermath of the Soviet invasion when the Sadozai clan failed to provide a tribal leader.[94][95] He is often seen wearing a Karakul hat, something that has been worn by many Afghan kings in the past.[96][97][98][99]

Honorary degrees and awards

Karzai receiving a commemorative medallion of the 11 September 2001 attacks from Jack Kingston. The medallion was forged from steel salvaged from the World Trade Center site.

Over the years Hamid Karzai has become a well recognized figure. He has received a number of awards and honorary degrees from famous government and educational institutions around the world. The following are some of his awards and honoraria.

Controversies

In August 2011, Karzai pardoned dozens of child would-be suicide bombers, and in February 2012 some of the pardoned children were re-arrested attempting to commit suicide bombings in Kandahar Province.[103]

The other main areas of criticism surrounding President Karzai involve nepotism, corruption, electoral fraud, and the involvement of his late half brother Ahmed Wali Karzai in the drug trade.

Electoral fraud

Under Karzai's administration, electoral fraud has reached such a level that Afghanistan's status as a democratic state is being questioned.[104][105] Furthermore, a special court set up personally by Karzai in defiance of constitutional norms has sought to reinstate dozens of candidates who were removed for fraud in the 2010 parliamentary elections by the Independent Electoral Commission.[106]

Financial ties with CIA and the government of Iran

On 28 April 2013, The New York Times revealed that from December 2002 up to the publication date, Karzai's presidential office has been funded with "tens of millions of dollars" of black cash from the CIA in order to buy influence within the Afghan government. The article states that "the cash that does not appear to be subject to the oversight and restrictions." An unnamed American official is quoted by The New York Times as stating that "The biggest source of corruption in Afghanistan was the United States."[107]

On 17 June 2013, Senator Bob Corker put a hold on $75 million intended for electoral programs in Afghanistan after his inqueries of 2 May, 14 May and 13 June to the Obama Administration regarding the CIA "ghost money" remained unanswered.[108]

Karzai has also been receiving millions of dollars in cash from the government of Iran.[109] Karzai stated that the money was given as gifts and intended for renovating his Presidential Palace in Kabul."This is transparent. This is something that I've even discussed while I was at Camp David with President Bush."[110]

Corruption

According to The New York Times, many members of the Karzai family have mixed their personal interests with that of the state, and become hugely influential and wealthy by murky means.[111] In 2012 Afghanistan was tied with Somalia and North Korea at the bottom of Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index,[112] and it ranked 172 /175 in 2014.[113]

Mahmud Karzai,or Mahmoud Karzai, the brother of President Karzai, was implicated in the 2010 Kabul Bank crisis. Mahmud Karzai was the 3rd largest shareholder in the bank with a 7% stake. Kabul Bank incurred huge losses on its investments in villas in Palm Jumeirah in Dubai. The real estate investments were registered in the name of Kabul Bank chairman, Sherkhan Farnood. Mahmud Karzai bought one such villa from Farnood for 7 million dirhams using money borrowed from Kabul Bank and in a matter of months sold it for 10.4 million dirhams.[114] Mahmud Karzai's purchase of the 7% stake in Kabul Bank was also financed entirely through money lent by Kabul Bank with the shares as collateral.[114]

Karzai has admitted that there is widespread corruption in Afghanistan, but has blamed the problem largely on the way contracts are awarded by the international community, and said that the "perception of corruption" is a deliberate attempt to weaken the Afghan government.[115]

Unocal connection

There's been much debate over Karzai's alleged consultant work with Unocal (Union Oil Company of California since acquired by Chevron in 2005). In 2002, when Karzai became the subject of heavy media coverage as one of the front runners to lead Afghanistan, it was reported that he was a former consultant for them.[116][117][118] Spokesmen for both Unocal and Karzai have denied any such relationship, although Unocal could not speak for all companies involved in the consortium.[119] The original claim that Karzai worked for Unocal originates from a 6 December 2001 issue of the French newspaper Le Monde,[119] Barry Lane UNOCAL's manager for public relations states in an interview on the website Emperor's Clothes that, "He was never a consultant, never an employee. We've exhaustively searched through all our records."[120][121] Lane however did say that Zalmay Khalilzad, the former United States Ambassador to the United Nations, was a Unocal consultant in the mid-1990s.[122]

Taliban connection

In October 2013, Karzai's administration and the Afghanistan Intelligence agency were found to be communicating with the Pakistani Taliban about the shifting of power that may occur when the American Forces withdraw in 2014.[123] Karzai himself was in London at the time of the discovery, to participate in talks with Pakistan and the U.S. on the possible location of Taliban leader Mullah Baradar. At the time, it was unknown if Karzai was directly involved or even knew of such communications.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Profile:Hamid Karzai". United States: Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). December 2001. Archived from the original on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  2. ↑ "Hamid Karzai". Academy of Achievement. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  3. ↑ "Karzai declared elected president". BBC News. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  4. ↑ Burke, Jason (7 March 2008). "Hard man in a hard country". The Guardian (UK). Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  5. ↑ Dyck, Jere Van; Afghanistan., Special To The New York Times; The Following Dispatch Was Written By A Freelance Journalist Who Recently Spent Six Weeks In (21 December 1981). "The Afghan Rulers: Fiercely Traditional Tribes". The New York Times (United States). p. 2. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  6. ↑ "Office of the President". Afghanistan: Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  7. ↑ "Biography - Office of the President". President.gov.af. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
  8. ↑ Stockman, Farah (22 May 2005). "Afghan president's brother looks back". Boston Globe. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  9. ↑ Tomsen, Peter. "The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failure of Great Powers."
  10. ↑ Burke, Jason (20 July 2008). "Hard man in a hard country". The Observer (London). Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  11. ↑ Karzai surrounding himself with anti-US advisers Archived 30 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine., by Kathy Gannon, Archived 30 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  12. ↑ Marlowe, Ann (11 February 2008). "Two Myths About Afghanistan". The Washington Post (United States). p. A13. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
  13. ↑ "Biography of Hamid Karzai: 9/11 and US Invasion". The Biography Channel. p. 2. Retrieved 2013-09-07.
  14. ↑ "Profile: Hamid Karzai". Academy of Achievement. 2 February 2005. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  15. ↑ Afghanistan Archived 8 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine., 18 August — 25 August 2003 issue of TIME magazine. Archived 14 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  16. ↑ The Guardian, Taliban lose grip on Mazar i Sharif, 7 November 2001.
  17. ↑ Gall, Carlotta (20 June 2002). "A Buoyant Karzai is Sworn In as Afghanistan's Leader". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  18. ↑ Waldman, Amy (8 January 2002). "Karzai's coronation at Sher-i-Surkh". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  19. ↑ "Karzai's Labyrinth". The New York Times. Quote: "As such he's the last resort for those seeking to rectify injustice. 'In his dream he is a king,' one friend says."
  20. ↑ Yahoo article about Ahmed Wali Karzai Archived 30 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine. "Yes, I am powerful because I am the president's brother," he Ahmed Wali Karzai said. "This is a country ruled by kings. The king's brothers, cousins, sons are all powerful. This is Afghanistan. It will change but it will not change overnight." Archived 30 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  21. ↑ Karzai's Family Secret, by Gerald Posner
  22. 1 2 Associated Press, Karzai says U.S. 'attacking' him over election Archived 30 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  23. ↑ Reuters, Karzai says United States wants to manipulate him Archived 30 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  24. ↑ Matthew J. Morgan (30 September 2007). A Democracy Is Born: An Insider's Account of the Battle Against Terrorism in Afghanistan. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-99999-8.
  25. ↑ Tran, Mark (29 May 2006). "Afghanistan: violence surges". The Guardian (UK). Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  26. ↑ Pamela Constable (3 May 2007). "Karzai Says Civilian Toll Is No Longer Acceptable". Washington Post. Retrieved 1 May 2008.
  27. ↑ RFE/RL, Karzai Says Afghanistan 'Worst Victim' Of Terrorism
  28. ↑ Kathy Gannon (18 October 2006). "Civilians reported killed by airstrikes as NATO hunts Taliban". The Standard Times. Retrieved 1 May 2008.
  29. ↑ msnbc (24 September 2006). "Karzai says U.S. underfunding Afghanistan". pub. Retrieved 11 December 2007. Iraq war money could have stabilized the nation against Taliban surge, he says
  30. ↑ "Afghan Leader Criticizes U.S. on Conduct of War", The New York Times
  31. ↑ "Leader of Afghanistan Finds Himself Hero No More", The New York Times
  32. ↑ "Afghan Leader Outmaneuvers Election Rivals", The New York Times
  33. ↑ McDonald, Charlotte (10 September 2009). "Afghan commission orders first ballots invalidated". Google. Archived from the original on 13 April 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  34. ↑ "Karzai Agrees to Nov.–7 Runoff in Afghanistan", The New York Times
  35. ↑ Farmer, Ben (20 October 2009). "Hamid Karzai agrees to run-off amid fears of more violence and fraud". The Daily Telegraph (UK). Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  36. ↑ Cooper, Helene; Zeleny, Jeff (3 November 2009). "Obama Warns Karzai to Focus on Tackling Corruption". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  37. ↑ "Afghan MPs reject most Karzai cabinet nominees". BBC. 2 January 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
  38. ↑ "Afghan MPs reject many new Karzai cabinet nominees". BBC. 16 January 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  39. ↑ "Afghan cabinet vote delayed". BBC. 17 January 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  40. ↑ "Afghan President Karzai Admits Seeking Peace Talks With Taliban". Fox News. Associated Press. 24 September 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2008. UNITED NATIONS  — Afghan President Hamid Karzai said Sunday his government is working very hard on peace talks with the Taliban that would draw the insurgents and their supporters "back to the fold."
  41. ↑ "Karzai admits meetings with Taliban — Afghanistan". MSNBC. 6 April 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  42. 1 2 "Afghanistan's Karzai urges Taliban talks after scare". reuters. 9 September 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  43. ↑ "Karzai To Unveil Afghan Cabinet In Days". Rferl.org. 6 December 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  44. ↑ Hamid Shalizi and Abdul Malek (9 February 2009). "Taliban say no decision yet on Karzai offer of talks". Reuters. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  45. ↑ "Karzai Issues Open Invitation to Meet With Insurgents". Fox News. 11 April 2010.
  46. ↑ Oppel, Richard A. (1 July 2010). "Karzai Approves Plan for Taliban Reintegration". The New York Times (Afghanistan). Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  47. ↑ "Afghan official 'fired' over Taliban talks - Central & South Asia". Al Jazeera English. 2013-08-19. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
  48. ↑ Sieff, Kevin (3 March 2014). "Interview: Karzai says 12-year Afghanistan war has left him angry at U.S. government". The Washington Post.
  49. ↑ Civilian deaths spark dispute between US-led forces, Afghan President Karzai - World News
  50. ↑ "Afghanistan Civilian Casualties". Huffington Post.
  51. ↑ Pajhwok Afghan News (PAN), "Islamabad, Kabul agree on intelligence cooperation" Archived 20 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine.. 27 December 2007. Archived 20 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  52. ↑ PAN, "Bhutto, Karzai meeting proved the first & last one" Archived 20 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine.. 28 December 2007. Archived 20 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  53. ↑ "Bhutto assassinated". Caycompass. 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  54. ↑ San Francisco Chronicle, Pakistan's Zardari sworn in as new president Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  55. ↑ Siddiqui, Abdul Qadir (29 November 2010). "Afghan-Pakistan chamber of commerce set up". Pajhwok Afghan News. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
  56. ↑ Siddiqui, Abdul Qadir (5 December 2010). "Pakistan to resolve Afghan traders' problems". Pajhwok Afghan News. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
  57. ↑ Los Angeles Times, U.S. says Pakistan, Iran helping Taliban, The Los Angeles Times
  58. ↑ From correspondents in Washington (6 August 2007). "Karzai at odds with US over Iran". News. Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  59. ↑ Karzai says his office gets cash from Iran, US Archived 30 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  60. ↑ "Karzai Rails Against America in Diatribe", The New York Times
  61. ↑ "Karzai Underlines Strong Bonds between Iran and Afghanistan". Fars News. 20 October 2007. Archived from the original on 10 November 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  62. ↑ "Karzai: Anti-Iran propaganda cannot have impact on Tehran-Kabul friendly ties Tehran". IRNA. 20 October 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  63. ↑ "Future Karzai cabinet to balance 'warlords' and West". Salahuddin, Sayed. 14 October 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
  64. ↑ Karzai staunchly defends Afghan election balloting Archived 2 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  65. ↑ Le, Adam (19 June 2010). "Karzai Invites Mitsubishi to Invest in Afghan Mining Projects". Bloomberg. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  66. ↑ "Karzai: Japan gets priority in Afghan mining". MSNBC. 20 June 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  67. ↑ Karzai visits Hiroshima to pray for atomic bomb victims Archived 30 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  68. ↑ "Karzai reassures Pakistan over India alliance". AFP. 5 October 2011. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  69. ↑ "Pakistan condemns US comments about spy agency". Associated Press. 23 September 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
  70. ↑ "U.S. blames Pakistan agency in Kabul attack". Reuters. 22 September 2011. Archived from the original on 25 September 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
  71. ↑ Presidential Palace denies guard's involvement to kill Karzai Archived 20 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  72. ↑ Shah, Amir (6 October 2011). "Afghan official: Karzai assassination plot foiled". AP.
  73. ↑ Shalizi, Hamid (5 October 2011). "Plot to kill Afghan president foiled – agency". Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  74. ↑ Plot to kill president foiled; 6 detained Pajhwok Afghan News. 5 October 2011.
  75. ↑ "Plot to kill Karzai was real, credible: US". Pajhwok.com. 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
  76. ↑ "UN 'outraged' after assassination attempt on Karzai". Associated Press. 10 June 2007. Archived from the original on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  77. ↑ Tim Albone in Kabul (11 June 2007). "Taleban fail in rocket attempt on Karzai's life". The Times (UK). Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  78. ↑ "Karzai unhurt in Taleban attack". BBC News. 10 June 2007. Retrieved 1 May 2008.
  79. ↑ "Karzai Escapes Attack in Kabul by Gunmen", The New York Times
  80. ↑ Gopal, Amand, "The most deadly US foe in Afghanistan", Christian Science Monitor, 31 May 2009
  81. ↑ "Leaders attack attempt on Karzai's life". Sydney Morning Herald. 28 April 2008. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 1 May 2008.
  82. ↑ Walsh, Declan (28 April 2008). "Karzai survives Taliban assassination attempt during military parade". The Guardian (UK). Retrieved 1 May 2008.
  83. ↑ "Afghan president survives assassination bid". MSNBC. 27 April 2008. Retrieved 1 May 2008. ceremony to mark the 16th anniversary of Afghanistan's victory over the Soviet invasion
  84. 1 2 "Afghan president escapes deadly parade attack". Google News. 2008. Archived from the original on 2 October 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2008.
  85. ↑ "Police and Army Officers Tied to Attempt on Karzai's Life". The New York Times
  86. ↑ "Karzai weeps publicly in emotional call for peace in Afghanistan". Edinburgh: Scotsman.com. 29 September 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  87. ↑ "Hamid Karzai becomes father at 49". BBC. 26 January 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  88. ↑ Rao Jaswant Singh (2014-03-07). "Afghan President Hamid Karzai's baby girl born in Gurgaon hospital". The Times of India. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
  89. ↑ Asset list reveals Afghan president earns $525 a month Archived 30 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine., Sayed Salahuddin for Reuters. June 2010. Archived 30 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  90. ↑ Karzai earns $727 a month (US$525) Archived 23 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. by Reuters. June 2010. Archived 23 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  91. ↑ Neuman, Johanna (19 December 2001). "From Statesmanship to Capitalism, Afghan Family Leads". LA Times. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
  92. ↑ Globalist Story Archived 10 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine.. 3 June 2004. Archived 10 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  93. ↑ Taliban run-in highlights dangers for Afghan opposition leader Archived 30 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.. 6 November 2001. Archived 30 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  94. 1 2 3 Tribal Analysis Center Pashtun Tribal Analysis Archived 10 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine."The Durrani Popalzai tribe's Khan Khel, the Saddozai, failed to advance a competent family for leadership during the anti-Soviet period. Instead, they placed tribal leadership in the hands of Abdul Ahad Karzai, a member of a key family in the Shamizai subtribe. Following Abdul Ahad's assassination in 1999, his son, Hamid Karzai, inherited his father's mantle and can be expected to retain this tribal leadership position for the remainder of Afghanistan's conflict. Normally, the eldest son would have been selected to bear this tribal responsibility, but this son was living in the United States and was generally unavailable to serve as tribal leader." Archived 10 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  95. ↑ Bahlol Lodhi's bio of the Karzai family ascension. 19 December 2007.
  96. ↑ "Hamid Karzai's Famous Hat Made From Aborted Lamb Fetuses". Fox News. 24 April 2002. Retrieved 1 May 2008.
  97. ↑ "Karakuls burst upon the fashion world". The Taipei Times. 27 May 2007. Retrieved 1 May 2008.
  98. ↑ "HSUS Investigation Reveals Slaughter of Unborn and Newborn Lambs for Fur". Humane Society. 12 December 2000. Archived from the original on 31 May 2006. Retrieved 1 May 2008.
  99. ↑ "Transcript of NBC "Dateline" Feature on Karakul Production". Fur Commission. December 2000. Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 1 May 2008.
  100. ↑ "Queen gives Karzai knighthood". BBC News. 3 June 2003. Retrieved 1 August 2008.
  101. ↑ "2004 Recipient Hamid Karzai — Liberty Medal — National Constitution Center". Constitutioncenter.org. 4 July 2004. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  102. ↑ "Afghan president Hamid Karzai challenges Boston University graduates to be guided by humanity". Boston University. 22 May 2005. Archived from the original on 11 September 2006. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  103. ↑ "Months after pardon, would-be Afghan child bombers arrested again". Los Angeles Times. 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
  104. ↑ "/ Comment / Opinion – Fraud endangers Afghan democracy". Financial Times. 2 September 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  105. ↑ "BBC News – Fraud and corruption fears in Afghanistan elections". BBC. 17 September 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  106. ↑ Rod Norland (2011-06-23). Afghan Court Ruling Seeks to Alter Election Results, The New York Times.
  107. ↑ Matthew Rosenberg (28 April 2013). "With Bags of Cash, C.I.A. Seeks Influence in Afghanistan". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  108. ↑ Senator puts hold on some Afghan aid over Karzai "ghost money", , Reuters, 17 June 2013
  109. ↑ Shalizi, Hamid (2010-10-25). "Karzai says his office gets bags of money from Iran". Reuters. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
  110. ↑ "Karzai confirms Iran provides his office with cash". Ctvnews.ca. 2010-10-25. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
  111. ↑ Risen, James (5 October 2010). "''The New York Times''". The New York Times (Afghanistan). Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  112. ↑ "Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index 2012". Transparency.org. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
  113. ↑ 2014 Corruption Perception Index
  114. 1 2 Higgins, Andrew (8 September 2010). "Karzai's brother financed Dubai property purchases through embattled Kabul Bank". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  115. ↑ Abawi, Atia (2012-12-06). "EXCLUSIVE: US, NATO behind 'insecurity' in Afghanistan, Karzai says - World News". Worldnews.nbcnews.com. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
  116. ↑ Ilene R. Prusher, Scott Baldauf, and Edward Girardet (10 June 2002). "Afghan power brokers". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2007. ...Karzai is a former employee of US oil company Unocal ... bidding for the lucrative contract to build an oil pipeline from Uzbekistan through Afghanistan
  117. ↑ Marc Erikson (2009). "Mr Karzai goes to Washington". Asia Times Online. Retrieved 12 September 2009. And one further thing both men have in common is that in 1996/97 they advised American oil company Unocal on the US$2 billion project of a Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan pipeline.
  118. ↑ Tom Turnipseed (10 January 2002). "A Creeping Collapse in Credibility at the White House:". counterpunch. Archived from the original on 19 November 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2007. As reported in Le Monde, the new Afghan government's head, Hamid Karzai, formerly served as a UNOCAL consultant
  119. 1 2 "Hamid Karzai". globalsecurity. 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2007. The claim appears to have originated in the 9 December 2001 issue of the French newspaper Le Monde. Some have suggested that Karzai was confused with U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan Zalmay Khalilzad.
  120. ↑ Jared Israel interviewing Barry Lane (9 July 2002). "Emperor's clothes interviews Unocal Oil". Emperor's Clothes. Retrieved 12 September 2009. Jared Israel: The other thing that is being asserted everywhere is that Hamid Karzai, the current head of the Afghan 'government' once worked for you.
    Barry Lane: Yeah. Yeah, well that's probably one of the great urban legends. He never worked for us.
    Jared Israel: He didn't work for somebody else who worked for you?
    Barry Lane: No. No, not him. He was never a consultant, never an employee. We've exhaustively searched through all our records to try and find out where the hell that came from.
  121. ↑ "Misinformation". USA.gov. United States Department of State. 2009. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2009. all the company's records made it clear that Mr. Karzai was "never a consultant, never an employee" of Unocal.
  122. ↑ "Analyzing "Fahrenheit 9/11": It's accurate — to a degree". Sumana Chatterjee and David Goldstein. 5 July 2004. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
  123. ↑ Desk, Web (29 October 2013). "US catches Afghan govt 'red handed' in plotting with Pakistani Taliban: Report". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 2014-03-22.

Books/Articles

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hamid Karzai.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Hamid Karzai
Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Hamid Karzai
Political offices
Preceded by
Burhanuddin Rabbani		 President of Afghanistan
2001–2014 		Succeeded by
Ashraf Ghani
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Tuesday, April 12, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.