Hampton University

Hampton University
Former names
 Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute
Hampton Institute
Motto "The Standard of Excellence, An Education for Life"
Type Private, HBCU
Established April 1, 1868 (1868-04-01)
Endowment $288 million[1]
President William R. Harvey
Students 5,000
Location Hampton, Virginia, United States
37°01′19″N 76°20′10″W / 37.022°N 76.336°W / 37.022; -76.336Coordinates: 37°01′19″N 76°20′10″W / 37.022°N 76.336°W / 37.022; -76.336
Campus Suburban, 250 acres (352.8 km²)
Colors Reflex Blue & White          
Athletics NCAA Division I FCS
Nickname Pirates
Affiliations MEAC
MAISA
Website www.hamptonu.edu

Hampton University (also HU, or Home by the Sea) is a private historically black university located in Hampton, Virginia, United States. It was founded in 1868 by black and white leaders of the American Missionary Association after the American Civil War to provide education to freedmen. In 1878 it established a program for teaching Native Americans, which lasted until 1923.

History

The campus looking south across the harbor of Hampton Roads was founded on the grounds of "Little Scotland", a former plantation in Elizabeth City County not far from Fortress Monroe and the Grand Contraband Camp that gathered nearby. These facilities represented freedom to former slaves, who sought refuge with Union forces during the first year of the war.

The American Missionary Association (AMA) responded in 1861 to the former slaves' need for education by hiring its first mulatto teacher, Mary Smith Peake, who had secretly been teaching slaves and free blacks in the area despite the state's prohibition in law. She first taught for the AMA on September 17, 1861 and was said to gather her pupils under a large oak. After the tree was the site in 1863 of the first reading in the former Confederate states of the Emancipation Proclamation, it was called the Emancipation Oak. The tree, now a symbol of the university and of the city, is part of the National Historic Landmark District at Hampton University.

The Hampton Agricultural and Industrial School, later called the Hampton Institute, was founded in 1868 after the war by the biracial leadership of the AMA, who were chiefly Congregational and Presbyterian ministers. It was first led by former Union General Samuel Chapman Armstrong.[2] Among the school's famous alumni is Dr. Booker T. Washington, an educator who founded the Tuskegee Institute, another college supported by the AMA.

Civil War

During the American Civil War (1861–1865), Union-held Fortress Monroe in southeastern Virginia at the mouth of Hampton Roads became a gathering point and safe haven of sorts for fugitive slaves. The commander, General Benjamin F. Butler, determined they were "contraband of war", to protect them from being returned to slaveholders, who clamored to reclaim them. As numerous individuals sought freedom behind Union lines, the Army arranged for the construction of the Grand Contraband Camp nearby, from materials reclaimed from the ruins of Hampton, which had been burned by the retreating Confederate Army. This area was later called "Slabtown."

Hampton University traces its roots to the work of Mary S. Peake, which began in 1861 with outdoor classes which she taught under the landmark Emancipation Oak in the nearby area of Elizabeth City County. The newly issued Emancipation Proclamation was first read to a gathering under the historic tree there in 1863.

After the War: teaching teachers

An 1899 class in mathematical geography

After the War, a normal school ("normal" meaning to establish standards or norms while educating teachers) was formalized in 1868, with former Union brevet Brigadier General Samuel Chapman Armstrong (1839–1893) as its first principal. The new school was established on the grounds of a former plantation named "Little Scotland", which had a view of Hampton Roads. The original school buildings fronted the Hampton River. Legally chartered in 1870 as a land grant school,it was first known as "Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute."

Typical of historically black colleges, Hampton received much of its financial support in the years following the Civil War from the American Missionary Association (whose black and white leaders represented the Congregational and Presbyterian churches), other church groups and former officers and soldiers of the Union Army. One of the many Civil War veterans who gave substantial sums to the school was General William Jackson Palmer, a Union cavalry commander from Philadelphia. He later built the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, and founded Colorado Springs, Colorado. As the Civil War began in 1861, although his Quaker upbringing made Palmer abhor violence, his passion to see the slaves freed compelled him to enter the war. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for bravery in 1894. (The current Palmer Hall on the campus is named in his honor.)

Students in an 1899 bricklaying class

Unlike the wealthy Palmer, Sam Armstrong was the son of a missionary to the Sandwich Islands (which later became the U.S. state of Hawaii). He also had dreams for the betterment of the freedmen. He patterned his new school after the model of his father, who had overseen the teaching of reading, writing and arithmetic to the Polynesians. He wanted to teach the skills necessary for blacks to be self-supporting in the impoverished South. Under his guidance, a Hampton-style education became well known as an education that combined cultural uplift with moral and manual training. Armstrong said it was an education that encompassed "the head, the heart, and the hands."

At the close of its first decade, the school reported a total admission in the ten years of 927 students, with 277 graduates, all but 17 of whom had become teachers. Many of them had bought land and established themselves in homes; many were farming as well as teaching; some had gone into business. Only a very small proportion failed to do well. By another 10 years, there had been over 600 graduates. In 1888, of the 537 still alive, three-fourths were teaching, and about half as many undergraduates were also teaching. It was estimated that 15,000 children in community schools were being taught by Hampton's students and alumni that year.[3]

Booker T. Washington: spreading the educational work

For more details on this topic, see Booker T. Washington.

Among Hampton's earliest students was Booker T. Washington, who arrived from West Virginia in 1872 at the age of 16. He worked his way through Hampton, and then went on to attend Wayland Seminary in Washington D.C. After graduation, he returned to Hampton and became a teacher. Upon recommendation of Sam Armstrong to founder Lewis Adams and others, in 1881, Washington was sent to Alabama at age 25 to head another new normal school. This new Institution eventually became Tuskegee University. Embracing much of Armstrong's philosophy, Washington built Tuskegee into a substantial school and became nationally famous as an educator, orator, and fund-raiser as well. He collaborated with the philanthropist Julius Rosenwald in the early 20th century to create a model for rural black schools - Rosenwald established a fund that matched monies raised by communities to build more than 5,000 schools for rural black children, mostly in the South. Washington recruited his Hampton classmate (1875), Charles W. Greene[4] to the work at Tuskegee in 1888 by founding the Agriculture department.

Native Americans

In 1878, Hampton established a formal education program for Native Americans. In 1875 at the end of the American Indian Wars, the United States Army sent seventy-two warriors from the Cheyenne, Kiowa, Comanche and Caddo Nations, to imprisonment and exile in St. Augustine, Florida. Essentially they were considered hostages to persuade their peoples in the West to keep peace. Richard Henry Pratt supervised them at Fort Marion and began to arrange for their education in the English language and American culture. Numerous visitors to St. Augustine from the North became interested in their cases and volunteered as teachers. They also provided them with art supplies, and some of the resulting works (including by David Pendleton Oakerhater) are held by the Smithsonian Institution. At the end of the warriors' incarceration, Pratt convinced seventeen to enroll at Hampton Institute for a fuller education.[5] (Later Pratt founded the Carlisle Indian Industrial School based on the same philosophy of education and assimilation). Altogether, seventy Native Americans, young men and women from various tribes, mostly from the Plains rather than the acculturated tribes that had occupied Virginia, joined that first class. Because Virginia's aristocrats sometimes boasted of their Native American heritage through Pocahontas, it was hoped that the Native American students would help locals to accept the university's black students. The black students were also supposed to "civilize" the Native American students to current American society, and the Native Americans to "uplift the Negro[es]."[6][7]

The program died in 1923, in the face of growing controversy over racial mingling. Native Americans stopped sending their boys to the school after some employers fired Native American men because they had been educated with blacks. The program's final director resigned because she could not prevent "amalgamation" between the Native American girls and black boys.[7]

Name changes, expansion, community

Library entrance

Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute became simply Hampton Institute in 1930. With the addition of departments and graduate programs, it was accredited as Hampton University in 1984.[8] Originally located in Elizabeth City County, it was long-located in the Town of Phoebus, incorporated in 1900. Phoebus and Elizabeth City County were consolidated with the neighboring City of Hampton to form a much larger independent city in 1952. The City of Hampton uses the Emancipation Oak on its official seal. From 1960 to 1970, noted diplomat and educator Jerome H. Holland was president of the Hampton Institute.

Campus

Aerial view of Hampton University

The campus contains several buildings that contribute to its National Historic Landmark district: Virginia-Cleveland Hall (freshman female dormitory, as well as former home to the school's two cafeterias), Wigwam building (home to administrative offices), Academy Building (administrative offices), Memorial Chapel (religious services) and the President's Mansion House.[9][10]

The original High School on the campus became Phenix Hall when Hampton City Public Schools opened a new Phenix High School in 1959. Phenix Hall was damaged in a minor fire on June 12, 2008.[11]

The Hampton University Museum was founded in 1868 and is the nation's oldest African-American museum. The museum contains over 9,000 pieces, some of which are highly acclaimed.[12]

The Emancipation Oak was cited by the National Geographic Society as one of the 10 great trees in the world.

The waterfront campus is settled near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay.

National Historic Landmark District

Hampton Institute
Location NW of jct. of U.S. 60 and the Hampton Roads Bridge Tunnel, Hampton, Virginia
Coordinates 37°01′13″N 76°35′40″W / 37.0203°N 76.5945°W / 37.0203; -76.5945
Area 200 acres (81 ha)
Built 1866 (1866)
Architect Richard Morris Hunt; Et al.
NRHP Reference # 69000323[13]
VLR # 114-0006
Significant dates
Added to NRHP November 12, 1969
Designated NHLD May 30, 1974[14]
Designated VLR September 9, 1969[15]

A 15-acre (61,000 m2) portion of the campus along the Hampton River, including many of the older buildings, is a U.S. National Historic Landmark District. Buildings included are:

In addition, Cleveland Hall, Ogden, and the Administration building are also included in the district.[16]

The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969,[13] and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974.[14][16]

Demographics

As reported by the University in 2015, nearly two-thirds of the student body is female, and the other third male. Approximately 90% of the population identifies as Black, and only 32% are Virginia residents.[17]

Subgroup
Total Men 34%
Total Women 66%
Black 90.65%
White 5.13%
Hispanic 1.29%
Asian or Pacific Islander 1.08%

Academics

Hampton University has 11 accredited schools & colleges.[18]

  • School of Engineering and Technology
  • School of Business
  • School of Education and Human Development
  • School of Pharmacy
  • School of Journalism and Communication
  • School of Nursing
  • School of Liberal Arts
  • School of Science
  • University College
  • College of Virginia Beach
  • Graduate College

As of 2015, Hampton offers 48 baccalaureate programs, 23 master programs, 8 doctoral programs, 2 professional programs, and 8 associate/certificate programs.[19]

Hampton's student to faculty ratio is 10 to 1 which is better than the national university average of 18 to 1.[19][20] Hampton is the first and only HBCU to have 100% control of a NASA Mission.[21]

The Freddye T. Davy Honors College is open to Hampton students who have completed at least 12 credit hours with at least a 3.25 cumulative GPA.[22]

Hampton University consistently ranks among the top three HBCUs in the nation.[23][24][25]

"The Alumni Factor" named Hampton one of the seven top colleges in Virginia.[26]

Hampton University has a 30% acceptance rate.[27]

Student activities

Campus Events

  • New Student Orientation (NSO) Week
  • Labor Day Festival
  • Parents' Weekend
  • Homecoming
  • World Aids Day
  • Hampton Founder's Day Celebration
  • Black History Extravaganza
  • Spring-Fest
  • Battle of The States
  • Student Leader Intake
  • Student Leader Retreat
  • Freshmen Week
  • Elections
  • Sophomore/Junior Week
  • Senior Week
  • Commencement

Athletics

Main article: Hampton Pirates

Hampton's colors are blue and white, and their nickname is "The Pirates". Hampton sports teams participate in NCAA Division I (FCS for football) in the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference in which they joined in 1995 upon leaving the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association, an NCAA Division II conference, of which they were a founding member. Since joining, Hampton has won MEAC titles in many sports, including football, men's and women's basketball, men's and women's track, and men's and women's tennis.

In 2016, Hampton became the first and only HBCU to field a Division I men's lacrosse team. ESPN held a broadcast on campus preceding the inaugural game in Armstrong Stadium.[28][29]

In 2001, the Hampton basketball team won its first NCAA Tournament game, when they beat Iowa State 58–57, in one of the largest upsets of all time. There were only the fourth Fifteen-Seed to upset a Two-Seed in the tournament's history. They returned to the tournament a year later, as well as in 2006, 2011, 2015 and 2016, having won their conference basketball tournament. Their NCAA tournament record is 2-6, including the play-in game.

The "Lady Pirates" basketball team has seen great success as well, and made trips to the NCAA tournament in 2000, 2003, 2004, and from 2010-2014. In 1988, as a Division II school, the Lady Pirates won the NCAA Women's Division II Basketball Championship, defeating West Texas State. In 2011, as a number-13 seed, the Lady Pirates nearly upset Kentucky, but fell in overtime, 66-62. In 2015, the Lady Pirates played in the Women's NIT, where they defeated Drexel 45-42 in the opening round. However, in the second round, the team lost to West Virginia 57-39.

The Pirates won their conference title in football in 1997, shared the title 1998 and 2004, and won it again out right in 2005, 2006. From 2004 to 2006, the team won 3 MEAC Championships, 3 SBN-Black College National Championships, and was ranked in the Division I FCS top 25 poll each year. The Pirates also sent five players to the NFL Combine in 2007, the most out of any FCS subdivision school for that year. They have also been dominant in tennis winning the MEAC from 1996–1999, 2001-2003 & 2007 for the men and 1998, 2002-2004 for the women.

Rivals include Norfolk State University, located across Hampton Roads in downtown Norfolk, and Howard University in Washington, D.C.

Pirate athletics are supported by a plethora of groups, including "The Force" Marching Band. The marching band has appeared at several notable performances, including the Barack Obama Presidential Inauguration parade (Washington, DC). "The Force" was chosen out of a large pool of applicants to participate in the parade as the representative for the state of Virginia. "The Force" is complemented by the "Ebony Fire" dance team.

Notable alumni

Business

Name Class year Notability Reference(s)
Percy Creuzot 1949 Founder of Frenchy's Chicken in Houston, Texas [30]
George R. Lewis former President & CEO, Phillip Morris Capital Corporation; Listed among the Top 50 Black Executives by Ebony Magazine [31]
Charles Phillips CEO, Infor; Former President, Oracle Corporation

Education

Name Class year Notability Reference(s)
Booker T. Washington 1875 Founded Tuskegee University in Alabama.
Martha Louise Morrow Foxx noted blind educator
St. Clair Drake 1931 Notable sociologist and anthropologist, who created one of the first African American Studies programs at a college or university in the United States.
Freeman A. Hrabowski III 1969 President of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County
Hugh R. Page 1977 Professor of theology and Africana Studies at the University of Notre Dame [32]
Kimberly Oliver 2006 National Teacher of the Year [33]
William C. Hunter Dean of the Tippie College of Business at University of Iowa [34]
Dr. Wilmer Leon Political Scientist and Associate Professor in the Political Science Department at Howard University. Talk show host on Urban View (XM) Channel 110 on Sirius XM Radio [35]

Entertainment and arts

Name Class year Notability Reference(s)
John T. Biggers Harlem Renaissance Muralist and founder of the Art Department at Texas Southern University
Leslie Garland Bolling 1918 Early 20th century wood carver
Spencer Christian former weatherman for Good Morning America from 1986 to 1998
Kevin Frazier sports anchor and entertainment news anchor
DJ Babey Drew 2003 disc jockey
Cordereau Dye 2009 actor; Best known for his role in the film Michael Jordan: An American Hero
DJ Envy 1999 disc jockey
DJ Tay James 2009 disc jockey for Justin Bieber
Brandon Fobbs 2002 actor; Best known for his role in the film Pride
Beverly Gooden 2005 writer
Biff Henderson Stage Manager and Personality on the Late Show with David Letterman
Dorothy Maynor concert singer
Orpheus McAdoo 1876 Minstrel show impresario who toured Britain, South Africa and Australia [36]
Wanda Sykes 1986 comedian
A. S. (Doc) Young 1941 Sports journalist [37]
MC Ride musician; best known for being the singer in Death Grips

Politics and government

Name Class year Notability Reference(s)
Allyson Kay Duncan 4th Cir US Circuit Court Judge [38]
Vanessa D. Gilmore Federal Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas [39]
Theodore Theopolis Jones II Associate Judge of the Court of Appeals, New York [40]
Gloria Gary Lawlah 1960 Secretary of Aging for the State of Maryland [41]
Douglas Palmer 1973 Mayor of Trenton, New Jersey
Charles Wesley Turnbull former governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands
Gregory M. Sleet U.S. District Court Judge for the United States District Court for the District of Delaware
Ivory Lee Young Jr. 1986 City Councilmember with the Atlanta City Council District 3, Atlanta, Georgia 2002-2018 [42]
W. Carlton Weddington member of Ohio House of Representatives
Spencer Overton 1990 Election Scholar George Washington University Law School http://docs.law.gwu.edu/facweb/soverton/

Sociology and humanities

Name Class year Notability Reference(s)
Alberta Williams King 1924 mother of Martin Luther King Jr.
Elizabeth Omilami Chief Executive Officer, Hosea Feed the Hungry and Homeless

Sports

Name Class year Notability Reference(s)
Darian Barnes former NFL Running Back
Johnnie Barnes former NFL wide receiver
Chris Baker 2008 current NFL defensive tackle [43]
Jamal Brooks 1999 former NFL linebacker [44]
James Carter award-winning Track athlete
Marcus Dixon current CFL defensive tackle. Played also in the NFL for the Dallas Cowboys and the New York Jets [45]
Reggie Doss former National Football League defensive end
Justin Durant 2007 current NFL linebacker, Jacksonville Jaguars, Detroit Lions
Kenrick Ellis current NFL defensive tackle, New York Jets [46]
Devin Green 2005 former NBA Player [47]
Isaac Hilton former NFL defensive end [48]
Rick Mahorn 1980 former NBA Player Washington Bullets, Detroit Pistons, New Jersey Nets, WNBA Detroit Shock Head Coach [49]
Jerome Mathis former NFL wide receiver [50]
Nevin McCaskill former NFL Football offensive lineman [51]
Francena McCorory 2010 Track and Field, NCAA 400m 3X-Champion [52]
Kellie Wells Track and field Olympic 100m Hurdle Bronze Medalist 2012
Marquay McDaniel 2007 CFL Football Player, Hamilton Tiger-Cats
Dick Price 1957 former head football coach at Norfolk State University from 1974 to 1983, and held positions as head coach of track team and athletic director at Norfolk State [53]
Donovan Rose 1980 former NFL defensive back and current head coach of the Hampton Pirate football team [54]
Zuriel Smith 2002 former NFL wide receiver and return specialist [55]
Terrence Warren former NFL wide receiver [54]
Cordell Taylor former NFL defensive back [56]

Carl Painter former NFL Running Back with Detroit Lions

See also

References

  1. ↑ "NCSE Public Tables" (PDF).
  2. ↑ Ellinghaus, Katherine (2000). "Assimilation by Marriage: White Women and Native American Men at Hampton Institute, 1878–1923". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography (Virginia Historical Society) 108 (3): 279–303. JSTOR 4249851.
  3. ↑ Our Twin Cities of the Nineteenth Century: Norfolk and Portsmouth, Their Past, Present, and Future, Robert W. Lamb, Editor. Norfolk, VA: Barcroft, Publisher. 1887–8. Norfolk Landmark Steam Presses.
  4. ↑ "Wishing I Were There" Time Travel to Hampton Institute Graduation Exercises 1875
  5. ↑ Landis, B. (n.d.). Carlisle Indian Industrial School History. Frontier Homepage Powered by Yahoo!. Retrieved November 6, 2010, from http://home.epix.net/~landis/histry.html
  6. ↑ http://jubiloemancipationcentury.wordpress.com/2011/02/28/the-american-indian-at-hampton-institute-virginia/
  7. 1 2 http://xroads.virginia.edu/~cap/poca/poc_hamp.html
  8. ↑ school site
  9. ↑ "Hampton University - Admissions". Archived from the original on 2007-04-30. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  10. ↑ "National Historic Landmarks Survey: Listing of National Historic Landmarks by State:Virginia" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  11. ↑ "Fire damages historic building on HU campus —". Dailypress.com. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
  12. ↑ http://museum.hamptonu.edu/our_museum.cfm
  13. 1 2 Staff (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  14. 1 2 "Hampton Institute". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
  15. ↑ "Virginia Landmarks Register". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  16. 1 2 Carol Ann Poh (January 9, 1974). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Hampton Institute / Hampton Normal and Industrial Institute" (PDF). National Park Service. and Accompanying 17 photos, from 1973 PDF (5.84 MB)
  17. ↑ "Facts & Figures". www.hamptonu.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
  18. ↑ http://www.hamptonu.edu/global/accreditation.cfm
  19. 1 2 http://www.hamptonu.edu/about/facts.cfm
  20. ↑ http://www.campusexplorer.com/college-advice-tips/0DC5BEE8/Student-to-Faculty-Ratio-What-Does-it-Mean/
  21. ↑ https://stateofhbcus.wordpress.com/tag/hampton-university/
  22. ↑ http://honorscollege.hamptonu.edu/requirements.cfm
  23. ↑ http://www.dailypress.com/news/education/dp-nws-education-notebook-0721-20150720-story.html
  24. ↑ http://hbculifestyle.com/hbcu-rankings-2016-top-25/
  25. ↑ http://www.bestcolleges.com/features/top-30-historically-black-colleges/
  26. ↑ https://www.alumnifactor.com/top-177-colleges
  27. ↑ http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/hbcu/data
  28. ↑ http://www.ncaa.com/news/lacrosse-men/article/2016-02-12/hampton-lacrosse-first-hbcu-di-team-gears-first-game
  29. ↑ http://www.hamptonpirates.com/news/2016/1/15/GEN_0115163819.aspx?path=gen
  30. ↑ "CREUZOT, PERCY PENNINGTON, JR. (FRENCHY)." Handbook of Texas. Retrieved on May 1, 2014.
  31. ↑
  32. ↑ "Hugh Page". University of Notre Dame. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
  33. ↑ "Kimberly Oliver". Ccsso.org. 2010-06-16. Archived from the original on 2010-06-16. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
  34. ↑ "Dean's Message – Tippie College of Business – The University of Iowa". Tippie.uiowa.edu. 2012-08-21. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
  35. ↑ "Inside the Issues With Wilmer Leon". wilmerleon.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
  36. ↑ "Orpheus M. and Mattie Allen McAdoo Papers". Yale University Beinecke Rare Books & Manuscript Library. 9 February 2010. Retrieved 2014-05-21.
  37. ↑ Flanagan, Sylvia P., ed. (September 30, 1996). "A.S. 'Doc' Young, Noted Journalist-Author, Dies". Jet (Chicago, Illinois: Johnson Publishing Company, Inc.) 90 (20): 60.
  38. ↑ "Allyson Kay Duncan". Notable Name Data Base. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  39. ↑ "VANESSA D. GILMORE". Just The Beginning Foundation. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  40. ↑ "Honorable Theodore T. Jones". Court of Appeals State of New York. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  41. ↑ "Gloria G. Lawlah, Maryland Secretary of Aging". Msa.md.gov. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
  42. ↑ "Gregory M. Sleet Adjunct Professor of Law". Widener Law. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  43. ↑ http://www.nfl.com/player/chrisbaker/2507557//profile. Retrieved September 30, 2015. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  44. ↑ http://www.nfl.com/player/jamalbrooks/2503922/profile. Retrieved September 30, 2015. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  45. ↑ "Marcus Dixon". Pro-Football-Reference.Com. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  46. ↑ "Kenrick Ellis". Pro-Football-Reference.Com. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  47. ↑ "Devin Green". Basketball-Reference.Com. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  48. ↑ "Isaac Hilton". NFL Enterprises LLC. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  49. ↑ "Derrick Allen Mahorn". Basketball-Reference.Com. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  50. ↑ "Jerome Mathis". databaseFootball.com. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  51. ↑ "Nevin McCaskill". databaseFootball.com. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  52. ↑ "Athletes - McCorory Francena Biography". iaaf.org. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
  53. ↑ "Ex-Norfolk State football coach Dick Price dies at 75". hamptonroads.com. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
  54. 1 2 "NFL Players who attended Hampton University". databaseSports.com. Retrieved 2008-04-05.
  55. ↑ "Zuriel Smith". databaseFootball.com. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  56. ↑ "Cordell Jerome Taylor". Pro-Football-Reference.Com. Retrieved January 1, 2013.

Further reading

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