Haplogroup K2b1 (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup K2b1
Possible time of origin	30,000-40,000
Possible place of origin	Southeast Asia; Oceania.
Ancestor	K2b (P331)
Descendants	M (P256); S (P405)
Defining mutations	P397, P399 [1][2]

Haplogroup K2b1 is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, defined by SNPs P397 and P399. It has a complex, diverse and not-yet fully understood internal structure; its downstream descendants include the major haplogroups Haplogroup M (P256) and Haplogroup S (M230).^[3][4]

It is not clear at present whether the basal paragroup K2b1* is carried by any living males. Individuals carrying subclades of K2b1 are found primarily among Papuan peoples, Micronesian peoples, indigenous Australians, and Polynesians.

Structure

K2b1 is a direct descendant of K2b – known previously as Haplogroup MPS.

Its direct descendants are:

• K2b1a (CTS5650/F3744/P405); known previously as Haplogroup S-P405, which includes
  • K2b1a1 (P60, P304, P308), sometimes known as S-P60 and S-P308,
  • K2b1a2 (P79/P299),
  • K2b1a3 (P315), and
  • Haplogroup S (M230), also known as K2b1a4,
• K2b1b (P336),
• K2b1c (P378), and
• Haplogroup M (P256), also known as K2b1d.

Distribution

The vast majority of males carrying K2b1 are members of Haplogroup M and Haplogroup S, in New Guinea.

K2b1 is strongly associated with the indigenous peoples of Melanesia and Micronesia, and to a lesser extent Polynesia, where it is generally found only among 5–10% of males. It is found in 83% of males in Papua New Guinea, and up to 60% in the Aeta of the Philippines.^[5]

Major studies of indigenous Australian Y-DNA, published in 2014 and 2015, suggest that about 27% of Aboriginal males carry K2b1a1 (P60, P304, P308), which has also been referred to as "S-P308". ^{[6] [7]} (The authors assumed 56% of the samples taken to be non-indigenous in origin. The other Y-DNA haplogroups found were: C1b2b [M347; previous Haplogroup C4], basal C* [M130] and two distantly-related subclades of Haplogroup K2 at low levels: basal K2* [M526] and M1 [M4].)

Population	K2b1 as % [8]
Papua New Guinea	82.76%
New Zealand	03.82% (i.e. 1.95% of the 51% Maori males with indigenous Y-DNA)
Fiji	60.75%
Solomon Islands	71.9%
French Polynesia	08.00%
Vanuatu	76.5%
Guam	33.3% (small sample size)
Samoa	08.04%
Kiribati	0% (small sample size)
Tonga	20.69%
Micronesia FDR	66.67%
Marshall Islands	63.64%
Palau	61.5% small sample size
Cook Islands	03.9%
Wallis and Futuna	26%
Tuvalu	36%
Nauru	28.6% (small sample size)
Niue	0% (small sample size)
Tokelau	50% (small sample size)
Hawaii	20% (small sample size from FTDNA)
Aboriginal Australians	27% (657 samples; 56% assumed to be non-indigenous) [6]
Timor	25%
Aeta	60%
Filipinos	04.00%
Malaysia	06.40%
Flores	35%
Sulawesi	11.3%
Eastern Indonesia	25.9%
Java	0%
Bali	0.90%
Sumatra	0%
Borneo (Indonesia)	05.80%
West Papua	52.6%
West Papua	82.6%
Sumba	25.2%
Chuukkese people Micronesia	76.5%
Pohnpeian people Micronesia	70% (small sample size)

References

1. http://www.phylotree.org/Y/tree/index.htm
2. Karafat 2014
3. van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau MH (Feb 2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation 35 (2): 187–191. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.
4. Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Sudoyo H, Lansing JS, Hammer MF (June 2014). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". Eur J Hum Genet 23: 369–373. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMID 24896152.
5. Karafet 2014
6. Nagle, N. et al., 2015, "Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes", American Journal of Physical Anthropology (epub ahead of print version; abstract).
7. Karafet 2014
8. (i. e. individuals indigenous to Oceania are assumed to be K2b1)

Evolutionary tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
	"Y-chromosomal Adam"
		A00	A0-T [χ 3]
			A0	A1[χ 4]
				A1a	A1b
					A1b1		BT
						B	CT
							DE						CF
						D	E		C		F
															F1	F2		F3	GHIJK
																				G	HIJK
																						H	IJK
																							IJ	K
																						I	J		LT [χ 5]		K2
																										L	T		NO [χ 6]	K2b [χ 7]	K2c	K2d		K2e [χ 8]
																													N	O		K2b1 [χ 9]	P
																																	M	S [χ 10]		Q	R
Y-DNA by populations Famous Y-DNA haplotypes
Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.) Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A0'1'2'3'4. Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4. Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1. Haplogroup NO (M214) is also known as Haplogroup K2a (although the present Haplogroup K2e was also previously known as "K2a"). Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a, also known as Haplogroup NO). Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is similiar to the former Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure. Haplogroup S (S-M230) was previously known as Haplogroup K5.