Haplogroup M-P256

Haplogroup M-P256
Possible time of origin 32,000-47,000 years BP (Scheinfeldt 2006)
Possible place of origin Wallacea (eastern Indonesia)
or New Guinea [1]
Ancestor K2b1
Defining mutations P256

Haplogroup M, also known as M-P256 and Haplogroup K2b1d is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. M-P256 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup K2b1, and is believed to have first appeared between 32,000 and 47,000 years ago (Scheinfeldt 2006).

M-P256 is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome haplogroup in West Papua and western Papua New Guinea.(Kayser 2003). It is also found in neighbouring parts of Melanesia, Indonesia and among indigenous Australians.

Phylogenetic structure

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based primarily on the trees published by ISOGG in 2016 (ISOGG 2016) and YCC in 2008.(Karafet 2008)

Distribution

M* (M-P256*)

The paragroup M-P256* is found at low incidences in New Guinea (6.3%) and Flores (2.5%).[1]

M1 (M-M4)

Haplogroup M-M4
Possible time of origin 8,200 [3,800–20,600] years BP (Kayser 2003)
Possible place of origin Southeast Asia - Melanesia
Ancestor M-P256
Defining mutations M4, M5/P73, M106, M186, M189, M296, P35

Found frequently in New Guinea and Melanesia, with a moderate distribution in neighboring parts of Indonesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Haplogroup M-M4 was also found at 1.7% in the Hazara at Balkh, Mazar-e Sharif (Haber 2012).

Old names (YCC 2002/2008) M-M4
Jobling and Tyler-Smith 200024
Underhill 2000VIII
Hammer 20011U
Karafet 200137
Semino 2000Eu16
Su 1999H17
Capelli 2001E
YCC 2002 (Longhand)M*
YCC 2005 (Longhand)M
YCC 2008 (Longhand)M1
YCC 2010r (Longhand)M1

M1a (M-P34)

M1a (M-P34) is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in Western New Guinea. It is also found with moderate frequency in neighboring parts of Indonesia (Maluku, Nusa Tenggara) and throughout Papua New Guinea, including offshore islands (Karafet 2005 and Kayser 2008).

Old names (YCC 2002/2008) M-P34
Jobling and Tyler-Smith 200024
Underhill 2000VIII
Hammer 20011U
Karafet 200137
Semino 2000Eu16
Su 1999H17
Capelli 2001E
YCC 2002 (Longhand)M1
YCC 2005 (Longhand)M1
YCC 2008 (Longhand)M1a
YCC 2010r (Longhand)M1a

M1b (M-P87)

M1b M-P87(xM104/P22) has been found in approximately 18% (20/109) of a pool of samples from New Ireland, approximately 12% (5/43) of a sample of Lavongai from New Hanover, approximately 5% (19/395) of a pool of samples from New Britain (and, in particular, in about 24% (15/63) of Baining from East New Britain), in one Saposa individual from northern Bougainville, and in another individual from the north coast of Papua New Guinea (Scheinfeldt 2006).

The subclade M1b1 (M104_1/P22_1, M104_2/P22_2) is found frequently in populations of the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville Island, with a moderate distribution in New Guinea, Fiji, Tonga, East Futuna, and Samoa. (Kayser 2008 and Scheinfeldt 2006).

Old names (YCC 2002/2008) M-P22
Jobling and Tyler-Smith 200024
Underhill 2000VIII
Hammer 20011U
Karafet 200138
Semino 2000Eu16
Su 1999H17
Capelli 2001E
YCC 2002 (Longhand)M2*
YCC 2005 (Longhand)M2a
YCC 2008 (Longhand)M1b1
YCC 2010r (Longhand)M1b1

M2 (M-M353)

Found at a low frequency in Fiji and East Futuna (Kayser 2006).

The subclade M2a (M-M177 a.k.a. M-SRY9138) is found in one Nasioi individual from the eastern coast of Bougainville and in one individual from Malaita Province of the Solomon Islands (Cox 2006).

Historic names for M-SRY9138 (a.k.a. M-M177) from peer reviewed literature.

Old names (YCC 2002/2008) K-SRY9138/M-SRY9138
AKA M-M177
Jobling and Tyler-Smith 200023
Underhill 2000VIII
Hammer 20011E
Karafet 200125
Semino 2000Eu16
Su 1999H5
Capelli 2001F
YCC 2002 (Longhand)K1
YCC 2005 (Longhand)K1
YCC 2008 (Longhand)M2a
YCC 2010r (Longhand)M2a

M3 (M-P117)

M3 (P117, P118) is found frequently in populations of New Britain, and also observed occasionally in northern Bougainville, Fiji, and East Futuna (Kayser 2008 and Scheinfeldt 2006).

Previous phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
M424VIII1U37Eu16H17EM*MM1M1-------
M-P3424VIII1U37Eu16H17EM1M1M1aM1a-------
M-P22/M-M10424VIII1U38Eu16H17EM2*M2aM1b1M1b1-------
M-M1624VIII1U39Eu16H17EM2aM2a1M1b1aM1b1a-------
M-M8324VIII1U38Eu16H17EM2bM2a2M1b1bM1b1b-------
K-SRY9138/M-SRY913823VIII1E25Eu16H5FK1K1M2aM2a-------
Sources

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

Karafet's 2008 paper introduced a number of changes, compared to the previous 2006 ISOGG tree. Before the discovery of the P256 marker, the current subgroup M-M4 (defined by the M4 marker) previously represented the whole of Haplogroup M-P256; and subgroups M2 and M3 were formerly classed as subgroups K1 and K7 of the parent Haplogroup K.

References

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 Tatiana M. Karafet, Brian Hallmark, Murray P. Cox, Herawati Sudoyo, Sean Downey, J. Stephen Lansing and Michael F. Hammer, "Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia", Molecular Biologcial Evolution, (2010), vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1833-1844.

Works cited

External links

See also

Evolutionary tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1[χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1 F2 F3 GHIJK
G HIJK
H IJK
IJ K
I J LT [χ 5]  K2
L T NO [χ 6] K2b [χ 7]   K2c K2d K2e [χ 8]
N O K2b1 [χ 9]    P
M S [χ 10] Q R
  1. ↑ Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.
  2. ↑ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
  3. ↑ Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A0'1'2'3'4.
  4. ↑ Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
  5. ↑ Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
  6. ↑ Haplogroup NO (M214) is also known as Haplogroup K2a (although the present Haplogroup K2e was also previously known as "K2a").
  7. ↑ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
  8. ↑ Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a, also known as Haplogroup NO).
  9. ↑ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is similiar to the former Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
  10. ↑ Haplogroup S (S-M230) was previously known as Haplogroup K5.
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