Hawar Islands

Hawar Islands
Native name: <span class="nickname" ">Arabic: جزر حوار‎
Hawar Islands
Geography
Location Persian Gulf
Coordinates 25°36′N 50°46′E / 25.60°N 50.77°E / 25.60; 50.77Coordinates: 25°36′N 50°46′E / 25.60°N 50.77°E / 25.60; 50.77
Archipelago Bahrain, Qatar
Adjacent bodies of water Persian Gulf
Total islands 20
Major islands
Area 54.5 km2 (21.0 sq mi)
Highest elevation 22 m (72 ft)
Administration
Governorate Southern Governorate, ISO Code BH-14
Area 53.5 km2
Population 250 (as of 2016)
Density 4.67 /km2 (as of 2016)
Largest settlement
Al Muqta
(population 150)
Municipality Al Rayyan, ISO Code QA-RA
Area 1 km2
Demographics
Demonym Bahraini
Density 4.58 /km2 (11.86 /sq mi)
Ethnic groups Bahraini, non-Bahraini
Additional information
Time zone

The Hawar Islands (Arabic: جزر حوار‎; transliterated: Juzur Ḩawār) is an archipelago of desert islands owned by Bahrain, situated off the west coast of Qatar in the Gulf of Bahrain of the Persian Gulf. They are located 55 km (34 mi) south of the capital, Manama, on Bahrain Island.

History

The islands used to be one of the settlements of the Bahraini branch of the Dawasir who settled there in the early 19th century.[1] The islands were first surveyed in 1820, when they were called the Warden’s Islands, and two villages were recorded.[2] In 2002, a small group of Hawar-born natives announced independence in Paris. They declared Hawar an emirate and raised a flag - dark red (symbol of patriotism) with white wedge (symbol of purity) carrying a yellow sun and green horizontal stripes (symbolizing spring nation). There is evidence that these declarations reflect the real will of the people of Hawar, but this so-called "government in exile" is not recognized.[3]

Conservation

The islands were listed as a Ramsar site in 1997.[4] In 2002, the Bahraini government applied to have the islands recognised as a World Heritage Site due to their unique environment and habitat for endangered species;[2] the application was ultimately unsuccessful.[5]

Geography

Despite their proximity to Qatar (they are only about 1.5 km (0.93 mi) from the Qatari mainland whilst being about 10 nautical miles (19 km) from the main islands of Bahrain),[6] most of the islands belong to Bahrain, having been a part of a dispute between Bahrain and Qatar, which was resolved in 2001.[7] The land area of the islands is 54.5 km2.[5] Although there are 36 islands in the group,[4] many of the smaller islands are little more than sand or shingle accumulations on areas of exposed bedrock molded by the ongoing processes of sedimentation and accretion. The WHS application named 8 major islands (see table hereafter), which conforms to the description of the islands when first surveyed as consisting of 8 or 9 islands.[8] It has often been described as an archipelago of 16 islands.[9] Janan island, to the south of Hawar island, is not legally considered to be a part of the group and is owned by Qatar.[10]

Flora and Fauna

The islands are home to many bird species, notably Socotra cormorants. There are small herds of Arabian oryx and sand gazelle on Hawar island, and the seas around support a large population of dugong.[11]

Demographics

The old Dawasir villages are now uninhabited, and the islands have only a small population at the police garrison and some resort staff quarters, all on the main island of Hawar.[12][13] Access to all but Hawar island itself is severely restricted. Local Qatari fishermen are allowed to fish in adjacent waters, and there is some recreational fishing and tourism on and around the islands. There is also small scale pearling, hunting, and gypsum quarrying which provides a source of income to seasonal inhabitants of the islands.[14] Fresh water has always been scarce; historically it was obtained by surface collection and even today, with a desalinization plant, additional supplies have to be brought in.[2]

Military

On the north point of Hawar Island, there is a Bahrain Defense Force Base. In 2001, the population of the island was 3875 people, 3500 of which were posted at the base. In 2016, of a population of 250 only 50 work at the base.

Tourism

In 2014, a Best Western hotel with 140 rooms replaced a much smaller Hawar Islands Resort .[15][16][17] However, the resort closed in mid-2016.[18][19]

List of islands

Hawar archipelago

By far the largest island is Hawar, which accounts for more than 41 km2 of the 54.5 km2 land area.[5] Following in size are Suwād al Janūbīyah, Suwād ash Shamālīyah, Rubud Al Sharqiyah, Rubud Al Gharbiyah, and Muhazwarah (Umm Hazwarah).

Name Arabic Coordinates Max height (meters) Comments
Hawar جَزِيرَة حَوَار 25°39′19″N 50°44′58″E / 25.65528°N 50.74944°E / 25.65528; 50.74944 (Hawar) 22.0[20] The island is 18 km long and varies in width from 5.2 to 0.9 km.[21] Continuous beach ridge complex west coast, sloping bedrock rising west to east. Complex bay and cliff formations east coast fronted in places by subqa, jebel and terminals of east lower headlands aeolian formations calcified reef structures and algal mats.[20]
Suwād al Janūbīyah سُوَاد اَلْجَنُوبِيَّة 25°38′33″N 50°47′59″E / 25.64250°N 50.79972°E / 25.64250; 50.79972 (Suwād al Janūbīyah) 4.0[20] South Suwad. Sand and shingle accumulations, subqa and salt encrusted flats with areas of exposed surface rock, beach rock to the north. Mud, shoals and shallow to south, blown sand beaches.[20] Host to a large Socotra cormorant colony, representing over 10% of the world population.[2]
Suwād ash Shamālīyah سُوَاد اَلشَّمَالِيَّة 25°40′29″N 50°48′36″E / 25.67472°N 50.81000°E / 25.67472; 50.81000 (Suwād ash Shamālīyah) 3.0[20] North Suwad. Sand and shingle accumulations, subqa and salt encrusted flats, areas of beach rock to north, shoals and shallow to south and southeast, wind blown sand, beaches.[20]
Rubud Al Sharqiyah رَبَض اَلشَّرْقِيَّة 25°45′03″N 50°46′54″E / 25.75083°N 50.78167°E / 25.75083; 50.78167 (Rubud Al Sharqiyah) 0.8[20] East Rubud. Sand and shingle accumulations, subqa and salt encrusted flats, storm beach north and northeast, mudflats, shoals and shallow lagoons south and east large areas of beach rock and reef. Islands off exposed beach rocks & vegetated islets.[20] Significant western reef heron colony.[2]
Rubud Al Gharbiyah رَبَض اَلْغَرْبِيَّة 25°45′07″N 50°45′58″E / 25.75194°N 50.76611°E / 25.75194; 50.76611 (Rubud Al Gharbiyah) 1.0[20] West Rubud. Sand and shingle accumulations, subqa and encrusted flats, storm beach north and west, mudflats, shoals and shallow lagoons south and east. Islands off exposed beach rocks & vegetated islets.[20] Significant western reef heron colony.[2]
Muhazwarah (Umm Hazwarah)   25°39′46″N 50°46′28″E / 25.66278°N 50.77444°E / 25.66278; 50.77444 (Muhazwarah) 12.5[20] Rock (exposed strata), undercut cliffs, small sand or shingle beaches, raised marine terraces with sand spit southern aspect sand accumulations behind. Centre open wadi with rim rocks.[20]
Umm Jinni   25°40′31″N 50°47′05″E / 25.67528°N 50.78472°E / 25.67528; 50.78472 (Umm Jinni) 0.5[20] Sand and shingle accumulations with areas of beach rock shoals and shallow lagoons surrounding.[20]
Ajirah جَزِيرَة عَجِيرَة 25°44′24″N 50°49′24″E / 25.74000°N 50.82333°E / 25.74000; 50.82333 (Ajirah) 7.0[20] Rock (exposed strata), undercut cliffs and areas of beach rock and reefs. Single marine terrace with sand spit southwest sand and shingle accumulations behind.[20]
Bū Sadād (Bu Sa’adad) (group) جُزُر بُو سَدَاد 25°37′31″N 50°46′37″E / 25.62528°N 50.77694°E / 25.62528; 50.77694 (Bū Sadād) 2.0[20] Sand and shingle accumulations with areas of beach rock, shoals and shallow lagoons surrounding. Storm beaches northern aspects. Islands off ‑ various with mud sand and exposed rocky vegetated islets.[20]
Al Hajiyat (group)   25°42′00″N 50°48′00″E / 25.70000°N 50.80000°E / 25.70000; 50.80000 (Al Hajiyat) 7.5[20] Group of 3 islands.[4] Rock (exposed strata), undercut cliffs terraced, small sand or shingle beaches, reefs.[20]
Al Wukūr (Al Wakur) (group) جُزُراَلْوُكُور 25°39′13″N 50°48′54″E / 25.65361°N 50.81500°E / 25.65361; 50.81500 (al Wukūr) 10.0[20] Isolated sea stacks with shingle beaches with surrounding shallow lagoon.[20]
Bu Tammur (group)   25°37′00″N 50°47′00″E / 25.61667°N 50.78333°E / 25.61667; 50.78333 (Bu Tammur) 1.5[20] Isolated undercut heavily fossilized rock platforms.[20]

The following were not considered as part of the Hawar islands in the International Court of Justice (ICJ) judgment, being located between Hawar and the Bahrain Islands and not disputed by Qatar, but have been included in the Hawar archipelago by the Bahrain government as part of the 2002 World Heritage Site application.[2][22]

Name Arabic Coordinates Max height (meters) Comments
Jazīrat Mashtān (Mashtan) جَزِيرَة مَشْتَان 25°48′22″N 50°40′54″E / 25.80611°N 50.68167°E / 25.80611; 50.68167 (Jazīrat Mashtān)   Northernmost island and the closest to Bahrain Island. Roughly equidistant between there and the northernmost of the Hawar islands, Rubud Al Gharbiyah. Although very small at high tide, at low tide Mashtan is considerably larger.[23]
Al Mu`tariḑ اَلْمُعْتَرِض 25°47′12″N 50°42′51″E / 25.78667°N 50.71417°E / 25.78667; 50.71417 (Al Mu`tariḑ) A reef south-east of Mashtan.[2] Location of the largest sighting of dugong in the area.[24]
Fasht Bū Thawr (Bu Thur) فَشْت بُو ثَوْر 25°48′00″N 50°46′00″E / 25.80000°N 50.76667°E / 25.80000; 50.76667 (Fasht Bū Thawr) A low-tide elevation coral reef approximately 100 m long.[2]

Janan island

Janan island, a small island south of Hawar island, was also considered in the 2001 ICJ judgment. Based on a previous agreement when both Qatar and Bahrain were under British protection, it was judged to be separate from the Hawar islands and so considered by the court separately.[10] It was awarded to Qatar.[7]

Name Arabic Coordinates Max height (meters) Comments
Jazīrat Janān (Janan) جَزِيرَة جَنَان 25°33′29″N 50°44′06″E / 25.55806°N 50.73500°E / 25.55806; 50.73500 (Jazīrat Jinān) A small island (or islands, if the low tide elevation of Hadd Janan is counted separately), 1.6 nautical mile (3.0 km) south of Hawar Island. It measures approximately 700 m by 175 m and with a total surface area of around 0.115 km2.[25]
Fasht Ad Dibal 26°15′32″N 50°57′30″E / 26.25889°N 50.95833°E / 26.25889; 50.95833 (Fasht Ad Dibal) A low-tide elevation coral reef approximately 20m long.[26]

Administration

The islands were formerly coincident with municipality or Minţaqat Juzur Ḩawār (مِنْطَقَة جُزُر حَوَار) and are now administered as part of the Southern Governorate of Bahrain.[27][28]

Image gallery

References

  1. ↑ "Case concerning Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain" (PDF). ICJ. 16 March 2001. p. 44.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Nomination file: The Hawar Archipelago". Government of Bahrain. 11 June 2002.
  3. ↑ Seperatists
  4. 1 2 3 Hawar Islands Protected Area: Management Plan (PDF). January 2003.
  5. 1 2 3 "IUCN Evaluation of Nominations of Natural and Mixed Properties to the World Heritage List". Hawar-Islands.com. 2004.
  6. ↑ International Maritime Boundaries : vol. IV. American Society of International Law. 2002. p. 2844. ISBN 904111954X.
  7. 1 2 "Case concerning Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain" (PDF). ICJ. 16 March 2001. p. 81.
  8. ↑ "Case concerning Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain" (PDF). ICJ. 13 June 2000. p. 12.
  9. ↑ "Case concerning Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain" (PDF). ICJ. 9 June 2000. p. 28.
  10. 1 2 "Case concerning Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain" (PDF). ICJ. 16 March 2001. p. 54.
  11. ↑ "Bahrain" (PDF). Ramsar Convention. p. 12.
  12. ↑ Video of the village
  13. ↑ Gallery of village
  14. ↑ "Bahrain" (PDF). Ramsar Convention. p. 11.
  15. ↑ Old resort site
  16. ↑ "Best Western to open Bahrain resort next month". Trade Arabia. 15 January 2014.
  17. ↑ Official site
  18. ↑ "★★★★ Best Western Hawar Resort Hotel, Hawar Island, Bahrain". Booking.com. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
  19. ↑ Tourism plans
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 "Bahrain Bird Report". Hawar-Islands.com.
  21. ↑ "An archaeological survey of Hawar Island". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. November 2001. p. 143.
  22. ↑ Hawar Islands Protected Area: Management Plan (PDF). January 2003. p. 10 (map).
  23. ↑ "Case concerning Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain" (PDF). ICJ. 16 March 2001. p. 61.
  24. ↑ "Dugong". Hawar-Islands.com.
  25. ↑ "Case concerning Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain" (PDF). ICJ. 16 March 2001. p. 49.
  26. ↑ Fasht Ad Dibal Turtles
  27. ↑ Map boundary
  28. ↑ Map Tourist

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