Healthcare in Greece
Healthcare in Greece is provided through national health insurance, although private health care is also an option. According to the 2011 budget, the Greek healthcare system was allocated 6.1 billion euro, or 2.8% of GDP.[1] In a 2000 report by the World Health Organization, the Greek healthcare system was ranked 14th worldwide in the overall assessment, above other countries such as Germany (25) and the United Kingdom (18), while ranking 11th at level of service.[2] However, since July 2011, with the recent austerity measures, unemployed Greeks receive benefits for a maximum of a year, and after that period, healthcare is no longer universal and patients must pay for their own treatment.[3][4][5] Austerity measures have also resulted in citizens being forced to contribute more towards the cost of their medications.[6] The government will extend health coverage to low-income Greeks who are uninsured and refugees beginning on 1 June 2016, with individuals earning less than 2,400 euros a year entitled to health services free of charge.[7]
Healthcare in Greece is provided by the National Healthcare Service, or ESY (Greek: Εθνικό Σύστημα Υγείας, ΕΣΥ).
Ancient history
Healthcare in Greece traces its roots to the ancient Greek civilization. Hospitals did not exist in the modern sense in the ancient Greek world, but temples dedicated to the healing god Aesculapius (called Asclepieia) functioned as healing places as well as places of worship.[8] It is not known whether or not cities in ancient Greece provided free healthcare to their citizens, but recent study of the ruins of the Kos Asclepieion show that medical services were offered to everyone who could pay for them, including slaves and foreigners.[8]
The Byzantine Empire is accredited by some for having invented the hospital as the institution we know it to be today. Professor Timothy S. Miller of the Johns Hopkins University argues that the Byzantine Empire was the first to employ a system of hospital-based healthcare, where the hospital became the chief institution of the medical profession in contrast to its function as a last resort in Western medieval Europe, carrying forward the medical knowledge of ancient Greece and Rome.[9]
Hospitals
In 2009 the hospital bed to 10,000 population ratio in the country was 48, above countries such as the United Kingdom (39), Spain (34) and Italy (39), but considerably below countries such as France (72) and Germany (83).[10] On 1 July 2011, the Ministry for Health and Social Solidarity announced its intention to cut back the number of beds and hospitals in the country from 131 hospitals with 35,000 beds to 83 hospitals with 33,000 beds.[11]
Currently the largest hospital in the country is Attica Psychiatric Hospital "Dafni" with 1,325 beds, while the largest general hospital is "Evangelismos" General Hospital of Athens with 1,100 beds.[11] Public hospitals in Greece are constructed by a government-owned company by the name of DEPANOM. S.A. (Greek: Δημόσια Επιχείρηση Ανέγερσης Νοσηλευτικών Μονάδων Α.Ε., ΔΕΠΑΝΟΜ Α.Ε., Public Corporation for the Construction of Hospital Units S.A.), which is also in charge of maintaining and upgrading the country's public medical facilities and equipment.[12]
Emergency, ambulance and air-ambulance services in Greece are provided by the National Center for Direct Aid, known mostly by the acronym EKAB (Greek: Εθνικό Κέντρο Άμεσης Βοήθειας).
Statistics
On an OECD health report in 2011, Greece got the following results:[13]
| Greece | OECD average | Rank | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Health expenditure as % of GDP | 9.6% | 9.5% | 15th |
| Health expenditure per capita | $2,724 | $3,223 | 23rd |
| Change in health expenditure (2000–2007) | 6.9% | 4.0% | |
| % health expenditure publicly funded | 60.3% | 71.7% | |
| Doctors to population ratio | 6.1 | 3.1 | 1st |
| Acute beds per 1,000 population | 4.1 | 3.5 | |
| Life expectancy (years) | 80.3 | 79.5 | |
| Daily smokers among adults | 39.7% | 22.3% | 1st |
| Obesity rate | 18.1% | 15.1% |
Healthcare expenditure per capita went down by 28% between 2009 and 2011 - a more drastic cut than any other European country. However treatment results have not deteriorated, but according to the survey conducted by the Euro health consumer index in 2015 Albania was the European country in which unofficial payments to doctors were reported most commonly. The Greek rates of Caesarean sections is one of the highest in the world.[14]
With respect to pharmaceutical drugs in use, ~20% were generic at the end of 2013 and the government has set a goal of reaching 60% generic use by the end of 2015.[15] This planned major increase in generic use has been driven by conditions of economic support from the European Union and International Monetary Fund requiring that Greece reduce overall public spending on drugs.[15]
Greece has the highest number of doctors per head of population of any OECD country. 6.3 doctors per thousand people in 2013.[16]
References
- ↑ "2011 Κρατικός Προϋπολογισμός" (in Greek). www.minfin.gr. 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑ "Health Systems: Improving Performance" (PDF). The World Health Report 2000. www.who.int. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/27/world/europe/greeks-reeling-from-health-care-cutbacks.html?pagewanted=all
- ↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-17067104
- ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/25/world/europe/greek-unemployed-cut-off-from-medical-treatment.html?hp
- ↑ http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-06-13/world/35459936_1_euro-zone-pharmacists-health-insurance
- ↑ http://www.ekathimerini.com/207673/article/ekathimerini/news/free-healthcare-medicines-to-begin-on-june-1
- 1 2 Και οι αρχαίοι είχαν το ΕΣΥ τους: Επιγραφές πληροφορούν για τους γιατρούς και το σύστημα Υγείας της αρχαιότητας (in Greek). www.tovima.gr. 30 April 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑ "Featured Book: The Birth of the Hospital in the Byzantine Empire". www.byzantium.seashell.net.nz. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑ "Hospital Beds (Per 10,000 Population) 2000-2009". www.globalhealthfacts.org. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- 1 2 ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΙΚΩΝ ΑΝΑΔΙΑΤΑΞΕΩΝ ΜΟΝΑΔΩΝ ΥΓΕΙΑΣ ΕΣΥ (PDF) (in Greek). www.tovima.gr. 1 July 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑ Η εταιρία (in Greek). www.depanom.gr. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
- ↑ "OECD Health Data 2011: How Does Greece Compare" (PDF). www.oecd.org. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑ "Outcomes in EHCI 2015" (PDF). Health Consumer Powerhouse. 26 January 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
- 1 2 Chrysoloras, Nikos; Galanopoulos, Antonis (6 March 2014). "Greece to Boost Share of Generics in Drugs Market, Minister Says". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- ↑ "Health Workforce Policies in OECD Countries". OECD. 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
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