Helophorus

Helophorus
Helophorus aquaticus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Coleoptera
Suborder:	Polyphaga
Superfamily:	Hydrophiloidea
Family:	Helophoridae Leach, 1815
Genus:	Helophorus Fabricius, 1775

Helophorus grandis

Helophorus ís the only genus in the beetle family Helophoridae (traditionally included within Hydrophilidae as the subfamily Helophorinae). They are small insects, found mainly in the Holarctic region (150 occur in Palearctic and 41 species in North America), but two or three species also live in the Afrotropical region, Central America and one in the Indomalayan region (northern India).^[1][2]

Characteristics

Length about 2–9 mm. Body elongate with outline more or less interrupted between pronotum and elytra. On pronotum they have granulate sculpture and unique pattern of 7 longitudinal grooves. Ventral surface is with fine microsculpture, pubescent. Larvae are with long 3 segmented urogomphi and simple (non lobate) 8th tergum. They have four-segmented legs and a 10 segmented abdomen (with the 10th segment being a bit reduced).^[3] Helophorus larvae may damage wheat, turnips, rutabagas, and rapeseed.

Systematics and evolution

Helophoridae belong to the superfamily Hydrophiloidea, and may be the sister taxon of Hydrochidae,^[4] or a clade comprising Hydrochidae, Hydrophilidae and Spercheidae or Georissidae and Epimetopidae.^[5] Earlier systems included all of these families in the family Hydrophilidae. There are about 180 living species, including:

Helophorus abeillei Helophorus aequalis Helophorus alternans Helophorus alternatus Helophorus angustatus Helophorus angusticollis Helophorus aquaticus Helophorus arcticus Helophorus artus Helophorus arvernicus Helophorus asturiensis Helophorus auricollis Helophorus barbarae Helophorus bergrothi Helophorus biltoni Helophorus brevipalpis Helophorus browni Helophorus californicus Helophorus carsoni Helophorus chamberlaini Helophorus columbianus Helophorus croaticus Helophorus cuspifer Helophorus daedalus Helophorus difficilis Helophorus discrepans Helophorus dixoni Helophorus dorsalis Helophorus eclectus Helophorus faustianus Helophorus fenderi Helophorus flavipes Helophorus fortis Helophorus frater Helophorus frosti Helophorus fulgidicollis Helophorus furius Helophorus glacialis Helophorus grandis Helophorus granularis Helophorus griseus Helophorus guttulus Helophorus hammondi

Helophorus hatchi Helophorus hilaris Helophorus hirsutiventris Helophorus inflectus Helophorus illustris Helophorus jacutus Helophorus kaszabianus Helophorus kerimi Helophorus khnzoryani Helophorus kirgisicus Helophorus korotyaevi Helophorus kozlovi Helophorus kryzanovskii Helophorus lacustris Helophorus lapponicus Helophorus laticollis Helophorus latipennis Helophorus lecontei Helophorus ledatus Helophorus leechi Helophorus leontis Helophorus lewisi Helophorus liguricus Helophorus linearis Helophorus linearoides Helophorus lineatus Helophorus longitarsis Helophorus maculatus Helophorus marginicollis Helophorus mervensis Helophorus micans Helophorus minutus Helophorus montenegrinus Helophorus nanus Helophorus niger Helophorus nigricans Helophorus nitiduloides Helophorus nitidulus Helophorus nubilus Helophorus oblongus Helophorus obscurus Helophorus orchymonti Helophorus oregonus

Helophorus orientalis Helophorus pallidipennis Helophorus pallidus Helophorus parajacutus Helophorus paraminutus Helophorus paramontanus Helophorus paraspelendidus Helophorus pitcheri Helophorus ponticus Helophorus poppii Helophorus porculus Helophorus pumilio Helophorus redtenbacheri Helophorus rinki Helophorus robertsi Helophorus rufipes Helophorus schoedli Helophorus schuhi Helophorus sempervarians Helophorus sibiricus Helophorus similes Helophorus smetanai Helophorus splendidus Helophorus strandi Helophorus strigifrons Helophorus subarcuatus Helophorus subcarinatus Helophorus syriacus Helophorus terminassianae Helophorus tuberculatus Helophorus tumidus Helophorus uvarovi Helophorus zagrosicus

The genus is divided into many subgenera (Atracthelophorus, Cyphelophorus,Empleurus, Eutrichelophorus, Gephelophorus, Helophorus, Orphelophorus, Rhopalohelophorus and Transithelophorus).

References

1. Angus R.B., 1992. Insecta: Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Helophorinae, pp. XI + 144. In: Schwoerbel J. & Zwick P. (eds.), Süsswasserfauna von Mitteleuropa, Band 20/10-2. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin
2. Mart, A, Erman, O., A Study on Helophorus Fabricius, 1775 (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae) Species. Turk. J. Zool. 25 (2001) 35-40
3. M.Hansen. Phylogeny and classification of the staphyliniform beetle families (Coleoptera). Biologiske Skrifter 48, Copenhagen, 1997
4. E.Anton, R.G.Beutel, On the Head Morphology and Systematic Position of Helophorus (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea: Helophoridae.)Zoologischer Anzeiger, Vol.242, 4, 2004
5. M.S.Caterino et al. On the constitution and phylogeny of Staphyliniformia (Insecta: Coleoptera), Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Vol.34 - 3, 2005