History of the Poles in Baltimore

The history of the Poles in Baltimore dates back to the late 19th century. The Polish community is largely centered in the neighborhoods of Canton, Fell's Point, Locust Point, and Highlandtown. The Poles are the largest Slavic ethnic group in the city and one of the largest European ethnic groups.

Demographics

In 1920, 11,083 people in Baltimore spoke the Polish language, making Polish the most widely spoken Slavic or Eastern European language in the city.[1]

In 1940, approximately 34,000 Polish-Americans lived in the state of Maryland, most of them in Baltimore.[2] In the same year, 8,862 immigrants from Poland lived in Baltimore. These immigrants comprised 14.2% of the city's foreign-born white population.[3] In total, 21,175 people of Polish birth or descent lived in the city, comprising 15.2% of the foreign-stock white population.[4]

The Polish community in the Baltimore metropolitan area numbered 122,814 as of 2000, making up 4.8 percent of the area's population.[5] In the same year Baltimore city's Polish population was 18,400, 2.8% of the city's population.[6]

In 2013, an estimated 15,828 Polish-Americans resided in Baltimore city, 2.5% of the population.[7]

As of September 2014, immigrants from Poland were the eighteenth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore and the Polish language was the eleventh most commonly spoken language, after English.[8]

History

19th century

The first Polish immigrants to Baltimore settled in the Fell's Point neighborhood in 1868. Polish mass immigration to Baltimore and other U.S. cities first started around 1870, many of whom were fleeing the Franco-Prussian War.[9] Many of the Polish immigrants came from agricultural regions of Poland and were often considered unskilled workers. Many worked as stevedores for Baltimore's International Longshoremen's Association. Other Polish immigrants worked in the canneries, some travelling to the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Mississippi to work in the seafood canneries during the winter months. After the abolition of slavery, farmers had lost their slaves and wanted a cheap source of labor. Following changes in U.S. immigration laws many Central and Eastern European migrants, particularly Polish and Czech, came to Maryland to fill this need. These changes also affected other nations.[10]

The majority of the Polish immigrants were Roman Catholics. The first Polish-Catholic parish to be formed was the St. Stanislaus Kostka church, which was organized in 1880. The Holy Rosary Church parish was founded in 1887. However, many were Polish Jews. Polish Jews helped found the B'nai Israel Synagogue in 1873.[11]

The first Polish language newspaper in Baltimore, titled Polonia, began publication in 1891.[12]

By 1893, the Polish population was starting to become the backbone of Baltimore's laboring class. 1,500 were arriving in Baltimore annually and by 1893 there were 23,000 Polish-Americans living in the city.[13]

20th century

Polish migrant berry pickers in Baltimore, 1909.
Polish Home Hall in Curtis Bay.

The St. Casimir Church parish was established in 1902. St. Casimir's current building was constructed in 1927. Less than a year later, Holy Rosary Church built its current residence.

During the early years of the 20th century the Polish population became more established in Baltimore. The Polish community established ethnic clubs, Polish-language newspapers, and create their own savings and loans societies. By 1910, Eastern Avenue in Baltimore was known as the Polish Wall Street of Baltimore.[14]

In the years prior to World War I, the Polish population in Baltimore ranked seventh largest in the United States.[15]

Baltimore's Poles first gained political representation in 1923, when Edward I. Novak was elected to the Baltimore City Council for the city's 3rd ward.[16]

In 1925, the Polish community of Curtis Bay established the Polish Home Hall in order to serve as a community center for the Polish community.

In the census of 1960, Polish-Americans comprised 15.2% of Baltimore's population. The Polish-born was a percentage of the total foreign-born population was 62.6% in Fell's Point, 38.5% in Locust Point, and 74.7% in Southeast Baltimore.[17]

Ze Mean Bean Café in Fell's Point opened in 1995. It is a restaurant which offers Polish cuisine, as well as other Slavic and Eastern European fare.[18]

In 2000, Baltimore's Polish community funded the creation of the National Katyń Memorial at Inner Harbor East. The monument is meant to memorialize the victims of the Katyn massacre.

21st century

Krakus Polish Deli in Fell's Point, 2014.

The Polish community has declined in numbers over the years, but there is still a strong Polish presence. The Polish National Alliance is located in Baltimore and maintains an archive of several thousand documents in the Polish language. There are a number of Polish delis and restaurants still in operation, such as Krakus Deli, Polock Johnny's, Ostrowski of Bank Street, and Ze Mean Bean Café.

In 2011, Baltimore's long-running Polish festival left Baltimore after 37 years of being held there; the festival was relocated to Lutherville-Timonium. According to The Baltimore Sun, the move was due to the shrinking size of the Polish community in Baltimore.[19] The organizers of the annual Polish festival in Baltimore, The Polish Community Association of Maryland (PCAM), provide an alternate reason for moving the festival out of the city: the city sharply increased fees for space rental and services, and mandated expensive insurance coverages be provided by the organizers.[20]

The National Slavic Museum opened in 2012. The museum focuses on the Slavic history of Baltimore, including Baltimore's Polish history.[21]

Little Poland

At the Polish Table in Joseph Lee, Baltimore, January, 2015.

The Polish community is Southeast Baltimore is sometimes referred to affectionately as Little Poland.[22]

Notable Polish-Americans from Baltimore

Barbara Mikulski, the senior United States Senator from Maryland, a former United States Representative, the longest-serving female senator, and the longest-serving woman in the history of the U.S. Congress.

Fictional Polish-Americans from Baltimore

See also

References

  1. ↑ Carpenter, Niles (1927). Immigrants and their children, 1920. A study based on census statistics relative to the foreign born and the native white of foreign or mixed parentage. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 380. Retrieved 2014-11-25.
  2. ↑ American Guide Series (1940). Maryland: A Guide to the Old Line State. United States: Federal Writers' Project. OCLC 814094.
  3. ↑ Durr, Kenneth D. (1998). "Why we are troubled": white working-class politics in Baltimore, 1940-1980. Washington, D.C.: American University. p. 23. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
  4. ↑ Durr, Kenneth D. (1998). "Why we are troubled": white working-class politics in Baltimore, 1940-1980. Washington, D.C.: American University. p. 142. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
  5. ↑ "Table DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000" (PDF). 2000 United States Census. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
  6. ↑ "Social Statistics Baltimore, Maryland". Infoplease. Retrieved 2014-12-05.
  7. ↑ "2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". American FactFinder. Retrieved 2015-03-17.
  8. ↑ "The Role of Immigrants in Growing Baltimore: Recommendations to Retain and Attract New Americans" (PDF). WBAL-TV. Retrieved 2014-10-31.
  9. ↑ "The Polish Immigrant and the Catholic Church in America". PolishRoots. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
  10. ↑ "John Slebzak, Page One". Lewis Hine Project. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
  11. ↑ Fred Shoken. "A History of the B’nai Israel Congregation of Baltimore City". Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  12. ↑ Hollowak, Thomas L. (1992). Baltimore's Polish Language Newspapers: Historical and Genealogical Abstracts, 1891-1925. Baltimore, Maryland: Historyk Press. ISBN 1-8871-2401-2.
  13. ↑ Belfoure and Hayward, Charles, Mary Ellen (2001). The Baltimore Rowhouse. New York, N.Y.: Princeton Architectural Press. p. 198. ISBN 1-56898-283-6. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
  14. ↑ Hayward, Mary Ellen (2004). The Architecture of Baltimore: An Illustrated History. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 152. ISBN 0-8018-7806-3. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  15. ↑ Chorzempa, Rosemary A. (1993). Polish Roots. Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Pub. Co. p. 35. ISBN 0-806-31378-1. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
  16. ↑ Miller, Randall M. (2009). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Daily Life in America. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 140. ISBN 9780313065361. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
  17. ↑ Durr, Kenneth D. (2003). Behind the Backlash: White Working-Class Politics in Baltimore, 1940-1980. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. p. 225. ISBN 0-8078-2764-9. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  18. ↑ "Baltimore's Favorite Old World Restaurant Debuts Hot New Look Inspired by Three Generations of Family-Owned Ze Mean Bean Café". Marketwired. Retrieved 2014-08-12.
  19. ↑ "No Polish festival this year for shrinking Fells Point community". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
  20. ↑ P.C.A.M. presents Maryland's Polish Festival, The Polish Community Association of Maryland (PCAM), retrieved 2015-10-06
  21. ↑ Pamela Wood (June 16, 2013). "Slavic heritage celebrated at museum dedication". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2014-10-31.
  22. ↑ "An olde-world craft? Of course you can cut it". Baltimore Guide. Retrieved 2014-05-12.

Further reading

External links

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