Ethnic groups in Baltimore

Map of racial distribution in Baltimore, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people.
  White European
  African-American
  Asian-American
  Hispanic or Latino (of any race)
  Other

Various ethnic groups in Baltimore, Maryland have lived in the city and its surrounding area since its founding in 1661 as a colony by English settlers. Native Americans lived in the Baltimore territory for centuries before European colonization, and some still reside in the city.

Since the first settlement by the English, substantial immigration from all of Europe, migration by African Americans from the Deep South, the out-migration of white Appalachians, and new waves of more recent immigrants from Latin America, Asia and Africa have added layers of complexity to the workforce and culture, as well as the religious and ethnic fabric of the city.

Early history

The Baltimore area has been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, when Paleo-Indians first settled in the region. One Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period.[1] During the Late Woodland period, the archaeological culture that is called the "Potomac Creek complex" resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia.[2]

Prior to the establishment of Baltimore as a city, the Piscataway tribe of Algonquians inhabited the Baltimore area. In 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 170 miles from Jamestown to the upper Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River, named after the native Algonquians who fished shellfish and hunted.[3] The name "Patapsco" is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to "backwater" or "tide covered with froth" in Algonquian dialect.[4] The Chesapeake Bay was named after the Chesapeake tribe of Virginia. "Chesapeake" is derived from the Algonquian word Chesepiooc referring to a village "at a big river." It is the seventh oldest surviving English place-name in the U.S., first applied as "Chesepiook" by explorers heading north from the Roanoke Colony into a Chesapeake tributary in 1585 or 1586.[5]

In 2005, Algonquian linguist Blair Rudes "helped to dispel one of the area's most widely held beliefs: that 'Chesapeake' means something like 'Great Shellfish Bay.' It does not, Rudes said. The name might actually mean something like 'Great Water,' or it might have been just a village at the bay's mouth."[6] Soon after John Smith's voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The English were initially frightened by the Piscataway because of their body paint and war regalia, even though they were a peaceful tribe. The chief of the Piscataway was quick to grant the English permission to settle within Piscataway territory and cordial relations were thereafter established between the English and the Piscataway.[7]

Beginning in the 1620s, English settlers from the Colony of Virginia began to trade with the Algonquians, in particular the Piscataway tribe. Since the northern part of the Chesapeake Bay area had more trees, there were also more beavers. The colonists from Virginia traded English cloth and metal tools in exchange for beaver pelts. This trade was supported by Lord Baltimore, who felt that more revenue could be gained from taxation of the fur trade than from tobacco farming. Lord Baltimore also wanted to maintain friendly relations with the native Algonquians in order to create a buffer from the Susquehannock, an Iroquoian-speaking tribe to the north that was hostile to the English presence. In exchange for cooperation with the English colonists, tribes on the Eastern Shore of the United States were given grants from English proprietors that protected their lands. The tribes paid for the grants by exchanging beaver belts.

A number of English fur traders helped pay the rents for Native Americans in order to prevent tobacco farmers from driving the Native Americans off of their lands. Nonetheless, English tobacco farmers gradually acquired more and more land from Native Americans, which hindered Native Americans from moving around freely in search of food. While the English had established treaties with the Native Americans that protected their rights to "hunting, fowling, crabbing, and fishing", in practice the English did not respect the treaties and the Native Americans were eventually moved to reservations.

In 1642, the Province of Maryland declared war on several Native American groups, including the Susquehannocks. The Susquehannocks were armed with guns they had received from Swedish colonists in the settlement of New Sweden. The Swedes were friendly with the Susquehannock and wanted to maintain a trading relationship, in addition to wanting to prevent the English from expanding their presence further into Delaware. With the assistance of the Swedes, the Susquehannock defeated the English in 1644. In 1652, the Susquehannock made peace with Maryland and ceded large tracts of land to colony. The tribe had incurred a loss in a war with the Iroquois, and could not maintain two wars at once. Because both the Susquehannock and the English considered the Iroquois to be their enemy, they decided to cooperate to prevent Iroquois expansion into their territories. This alliance between the Susquehannock and the English lasted for 20 years. However, the English badly treated their Susquehannock allies. In 1674, the English forced the Susquehannock to relocate to the shores of the Potomac River.[8]

Ethnic groups

African Americans

Black people are the majority racial group in Baltimore. In 2010, there are 417,009 Black people in the city, 64% of the population.[9] However, African Americans, who are partially descended from West and Central Africans brought to the colonial United States as slaves, represent about 58% of the population.

African immigrants

As of 2010, there were 28,834 immigrants from Sub-Saharan Africa in Baltimore,.[10]

An annual festival called FestAfrica is held in Patterson Park in order to teach non-Africans about various African cultures and histories. The event is typically attended by 4,000 people and features a picnic, food vendors, and entertainment.[11]

In September 2014, speakers of various languages of Africa were the third largest non-Anglophone group of language speakers in Baltimore, after Hispanophones and Francophones. Additionally, 6,862 African immigrants lived in Baltimore, making Africa the third largest region of origin for immigrants after Latin America and Asia.[12]

Eritreans

There is a small Eritrean immigrant community in Baltimore. Most are refugees and have settled in the northeastern part of the city.[13]

In September 2014, immigrants from Eritrea were the fiftieth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Ethiopians

Around 75,000 Ethiopian Americans reside in Maryland. Of those, between 30,000 and 50,000 live in Greater Baltimore. The population generally works as small business owners, cab drivers, beauticians and medical technicians.[14] It is represented by the Ethiopian Community Center in Baltimore Inc. (ECCB), which provides educational and support services to the city's Ethiopian residents.[15]

In the area where Baltimore's historic Chinatown is located, there is an increasing Ethiopian population. There are multiple Ethiopian businesses, including restaurants, a café, and a market. This enclave, located on the 300 block of Park Avenue, is sometimes referred to as Little Ethiopia.[16]

In September 2014, immigrants from Ethiopia were the twenty-third largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Kenyans

There is a Kenyan American population living in Baltimore, many of whom have relatives living in Kenya.[17]

In September 2014, immigrants from Kenya were the thirty-third largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Liberians

There were over 2,500 Liberian Americans living in Baltimore as of 2014.[18]

In September 2014, immigrants from Liberia were the thirty-second largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Nigerians

An annual Nigerian festival is held in Baltimore called the Naija Fest. It is sponsored by the Nigerian Youth Association of Maryland and features art, dance, music, and a feast.[19]

In September 2014, immigrants from Nigeria were the sixth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore, making Nigerians the largest foreign-born African population in the city.[12]

Sudanese

In February 2011, the Sudanese community of Baltimore numbered only 185 people. Due to South Sudan's independence from Sudan, many South Sudanese have returned to their homeland. Prior to independence, Baltimore's Sudanese community numbered 300 people.[20]

In September 2014, immigrants from Sudan were the twenty-ninth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Asians

The largest Asian ethnic groups are the Koreans and Chinese. Smaller numbers of Filipinos, Indians, Japanese, and Vietnamese also exist. The Asian population is concentrated near Johns Hopkins' Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University, as well as in Downtown and Midtown Baltimore.[12]

There were 9,824 Asian Americans living in Baltimore city in 2000. This is 1.51% of the population.[9] In the same year, 7,879 Asian-born immigrants lived in Baltimore, comprising 26.6% of all foreign-born residents of the city. This made Asia the second largest region of origin for immigrants after Latin America.[21]

In September 2014, 10,678 Asian immigrants lived in Baltimore, making Asia the second largest region of origin for immigrants after Latin America. In the same year the most commonly spoken Asian languages included Chinese, Korean, Tagalog, Vietnamese, Urdu, Japanese, Laotian, Hindi, and Thai.[12]

Bhutanese

There is a community of Bhutanese refugees in Baltimore.[22]

Burmese

There is a community of Burmese refugees in Baltimore.[22] Other Burmese refugees have settled in nearby Howard County.[23]

In September 2014, immigrants from Burma were the twenty-fifth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Chinese

Chinatown, Baltimore, November 2008

Chinese Americans number 13,877 people, 0.5% of Baltimore.[10] In 2000, the Chinese language was spoken at home by 4,110 people in Baltimore.[24] During the 1990s the Chinese were the second-largest Asian group in the city, after Koreans.[25]

There existed two Chinatowns in Baltimore; the first one existed on the 200 block of Marion Street during the 1880s. A second location was on Park Avenue, which was dominated by laundries and restaurants. The Chinese population initially came because of the transcontinental railroad, however, the Chinese population never exceeded 400 as of 1941 and there were even fewer in the 1930 census.[26] During segregation, Chinese children were classified as "white" and went to the white schools. The Chinatown was largely gone by the First World War due to urban renewal.[27] By the 1970s, hardly any Chinese people lived in the city.[28] There are now debates about whether Baltimore should revitalize the old Chinatown in the location of Park Avenue or build a new one about a mile north at Charles Street and North Avenue.[29]

In September 2014, immigrants from China (excluding Hong Kong and Taiwan) were the fifth-largest foreign-born population in Baltimore, making mainland Chinese immigrants the largest foreign-born Asian population in the city. Immigrants from Taiwan were the sixteenth-largest foreign-born population and immigrants from Hong Kong were sixty-fifth. The Chinese language was the second-most commonly spoken language other than English, after Spanish.[12]

During the 2015 Baltimore riots, the Bloods gang allegedly protected Black-owned stores by directing rioters to loot and vandalize Chinese-owned stores instead.[30]

Filipinos

Filipino Americans numbered 8,509 people in 2000, 0.3% of the Baltimore metropolitan area.[10]

In 2000, the Tagalog language is spoken at home by 2,180 people in Baltimore.[24]

An annual Philippine-American Festival is held in Towson, a suburb of Baltimore. The festival includes Filipino cuisine, dances, and a parade.[31]

In September 2014, immigrants from the Philippines were the eighth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore and the Tagalog language was the tenth most commonly spoken language, after English.[12]

Indians

Festival of India in Baltimore, May 2009

Indian Americans numbered 15,908 people in 2000, 0.6% of the Baltimore metropolitan area.[10]

Indian-Americans in the Baltimore area numbered 7,700 in 1992.[32]

The Rathayatra Parade, India's ancient Festival of Chariots, is held once a year in Baltimore. The parade begins outside Oriole Park at Camden Yards and ends at the Inner Harbor, where the Festival of India is held. The festival is sponsored by the Hare Krishna Temple of Catonsville and features live classical Indian music and dancing, arts and theater, literature, and a vegetarian feast.[33]

In September 2014, immigrants from India were the tenth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore. In the same year Urdu and Hindi were the thirteenth and twenty-fourth most commonly spoken languages in the city other than English, respectively, and other Indic languages were the eighth largest group of language speakers after English speakers.[12]

Indonesians

A restaurant offering Indonesian cuisine exists in Baltimore's suburb of Towson.[34][35]

In September 2014, immigrants from Indonesia were the seventy-second largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Japanese

Japanese Americans are a small community in Baltimore. They numbered 2,185 people in 2000, 0.1% of the Baltimore metropolitan area.[10] During the 1990s, the Japanese were the third largest Asian group in the city after Koreans and the Chinese.[25]

In the 1930 United States Census, there were fewer than 1,000 Japanese-born people in Baltimore.[26]

There is a Japanese-American Fellowship Society, founded during the 1970s, which is meant to bring the Japanese culture to the people of Baltimore.[25] There were hardly any Japanese people living in the city at the time the society was formed.[28]

In September 2014, immigrants from Japan were the thirtieth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore and the Japanese language was the fifteenth most commonly spoken language, after English.[12]

Koreans

Korean-American food stalls at Lexington Market, 2009.

The Korean population in Baltimore dates back to the mid-20th century. The Korean American community in numbered 1,990 in 2010, making up 0.3% of the city's population.[10] At 93,000 people, the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area has the third largest Korean American population in the United States.[36] The Baltimore metropolitan area is home to 35,000 Koreans, many of whom live in suburban Howard County. In 2000, the Korean language is spoken at home by 3,970 people in Baltimore.[24]

In September 2014, immigrants from Korea were the seventh largest foreign-born population in Baltimore, making Koreans the second largest foreign-born Asian population after mainland Chinese.[12]

Romani

The Romani people (also known as "Gypsies") maintain a small community in Baltimore. The Romani began to immigrate to Baltimore in the late 1800s. Many of Baltimore's Romani families immigrated from Kosovo, Hungary, and Spain.[37]

The state of Maryland virtually outlawed the Romani in the 1920s, with Baltimore following suit in the 1930s. These laws banned fortune-telling for profit and levied a $1,000 entry fee for all nomads entering Baltimore. After the Baltimore law was passed, The Baltimore Sun published a headline titled "Gypsy horde leaves Maryland for good." The law was sparsely enforced and the Romani people returned to the city two years later. Discrimination against the Romani was justified by portraying the Romani as unsanitary, a threat to organized labor, and a police nuisance.[38]

In 1968, unsuccessful efforts were made to study and educate the Romani community in Baltimore. A Romani "forosko baro" (community leader) from Baltimore named Stanley Stevens tried to establish a school for Romani children. It was determined that a survey of the Romani population was necessary in order to gauge the number of Romani children. The survey was unsatisfactory since most Romani people refused to take part, with only members of Stevens' extended family expressed interest. The Stevens clan is the largest Romani clan in the city. Nonetheless, a decision was made to proceed with the plans for a school and $14,300 was raised for its construction. The school was built and provided bilingual instruction in both the English and Romani languages.[38]

A Maryland state law required all Romani people to register as Romani, a law which was only repealed in 1976, when The Baltimore Sun ran an article titled "Senators fear gypsy no longer." By the 1990s, Baltimore's Romani community still reported discrimination after over a hundred years of living in the city, though many Romani have largely assimilated into the dominant culture and now own property and live settled lives. The community numbered around 200 individuals in 1994. Records show that 6 generations of Romani are interred at Baltimore's Western Cemetery.[39]

Vietnamese

Vietnamese Americans numbered 3,616 people in 2000, 0.1% of the Baltimore metropolitan area.[10]

A Vietnamese pho restaurant exists in Hollins Market.[40]

In September 2014, immigrants from Vietnam were the twenty-eighth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore and the Vietnamese language was the twelfth most commonly spoken language, after English.[12]

Hispanics and Latinos

Latino Corner Mini Market, Greektown, December 2014.

Baltimore's Hispanic population is relatively new. Hispanics made up about 4.2% of Baltimore's population in 2010, which is lower than many other cities of similar sizes in the Mid-Atlantic region. Unlike Philadelphia, where Puerto Ricans make up the majority of Hispanics, or Washington, DC, where Salvadorans form a slight plurality over other Hispanic groups, in Baltimore, the Hispanic population is fairly diverse for its size. The city has near equal populations of Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Salvadorans, with a smaller number of Hispanics coming from countries like the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Guatemala, Cuba, and Colombia. However, Hispanic populations originating from Mexico and Central America have been growing at a faster rate. Most of Baltimore's Hispanic population is in the Southeast section of the city, in areas around Patterson Park and north of Eastern Avenue, especially Highlandtown. Significant Hispanic presence can be seen going in a southeast-ward direction towards Dundalk. Hispanics are starting to act as a medium creating a diverse community wedged between the predominantly black community north of Orleans Street and the predominantly white community south of Eastern Avenue. Another noticeable pattern is that neighborhoods west of Linwood Avenue such as Upper Fell's Point and Butchers Hill, Hispanics are mostly made up of first and second generation immigrants from Mexico and Central America, while neighborhoods east of Haven Street such as Greektown and Joseph Lee, more "American-ized" Hispanics such as Puerto Ricans and Dominican Americans are more prevalent, moving to Baltimore from other US states. Though, all previously mentioned Hispanic groups can be found throughout Southeast Baltimore, with Highlandtown starting to act as the center of Baltimore's Hispanic community.

Argentines

Argentines began to immigrate to Baltimore during the 1960s, most of whom were middle class.[41]

In September 2014, immigrants from Argentina were the fifty-second largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Chileans

Baltimore has a small Chilean American population.[42]

In September 2014, immigrants from Chile were the seventy-ninth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Cubans

At 824 people, Cuban Americans make up 0.1% of Baltimore's population, as of 2010.[43]

Cubans began arriving in Baltimore in the 1960s and were among the first Latino immigrants to the city. These early Cuban immigrants were predominantly middle-class and anti-Castro.[41]

1980 saw a second wave of immigration from Cuba. Most were outcasts, mainly poor and uneducated and many being former prisoners.[41]

In September 2014, immigrants from Cuba were the sixty-third largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Dominicans

At, 1,111 people, Dominican Americans made up 0.2% of Baltimore's population.[44]

In September 2014, immigrants from the Dominican Republic were the thirteenth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Ecuadorians

There are approximately 1,000 Ecuadorian Americans living in Baltimore.[45]

In September 2014, immigrants from Ecuador were the twelfth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Guatemalans

During the mid-1980s, many Guatemalans fled to Baltimore in order to escape the Guatemalan Civil War.[41] Most are settling in the inner neighborhoods of Southeast Baltimore.

In September 2014, immigrants from Guatemala were the eleventh largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Mexicans

La China Poblana Mexican Restaurant, Greektown, December 2014.

At 7,855 people, Mexican Americans made up 1.3% of Baltimore's total population and 26.7% of Baltimore's Hispanic/Latino population, as of 2010.[43][46]

Baltimore had a Mexican population of 2,999 in 2000.[47] Between 2000 and 2010, the Mexican population grew very rapidly, with an increase of over 5,000 within the decade. However, between 2010 and 2013, the Mexican population grew at a slower rate.

Recent 2013 estimates, put the number of Mexicans in Baltimore at 8,012, an increase of 200 since 2010.[48] In September 2014, immigrants from Mexico were the largest foreign-born population and the largest Hispanic/Latino population in Baltimore.[12]

Peruvians

Peruvians first began to immigrate to Baltimore during the 1960s. Most of the immigrants from Peru were middle class.[41]

In East Baltimore there exists a chapter of the Brotherhood of the Lord of Miracles. The organization holds an annual procession which honors the Lord of Miracles, a painting of Jesus Christ from Lima, Peru. This image is venerated by Peru's Roman Catholics.[49]

In September 2014, immigrants from Peru were the forty-first largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Puerto Ricans

As of the 2010 Census, there were 3,137 Puerto Rican Americans, up from 2,207 in 2000.[47][50] They make up 0.6% of Baltimore's total population and 16.7% of Baltimore's Hispanic/Latino population, as of 2010, and are the second-largest Hispanic group in the city.[43][46] Recent 2013 estimates, put the number of Puerto Ricans in Baltimore at 4,746.[48] Baltimore has had a small and relatively stagnant Puerto Rican population since the late 20th century. However, the city's Puerto Rican community is starting to grow at a faster rate, with an increase of 900 between 2000 and 2010, and an increase of 1,600 between 2010 and 2013. With increasing crime and unemployment in Puerto Rico, Puerto Rican migration to the US mainland has picked up significantly, with Maryland being one of the top 10 destinations.[51] Some Puerto Ricans are moving to the Baltimore area from other US states, including states like New York and New Jersey. Most are settling in the outer neighborhoods of Southeast Baltimore.

Salvadorans

Salvadorans make up 15.9% of Baltimore's Latino population.[46]

During the mid-1980s, many Salvadorans fled to Baltimore in order to escape the Salvadoran Civil War.[41] Some Salvadorans and other Hispanics are moving to Baltimore from Virginia and the DC Metropolitan area because of looser immigration restrictions.[52] Most are settling in the inner neighborhoods of Southeast Baltimore.

In September 2014, immigrants from El Salvador were the fourth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore, after Mexicans, Jamaicans, and Trinidadians and Tobagonians, making Salvadorans the third-largest Hispanic/Latino population in the city, after Mexicans and Puerto Ricans.[12]

Spaniards

During the 1920s many Spanish Americans settled in Highlandtown, alongside many Greek Americans.[53]

In September 2014, immigrants from Spain were the seventy-fourth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Northern Americans

Northern Americans in Baltimore are residents who were born in or have ancestors from Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, or the United States.

In 2000, 525 Northern American-born immigrants lived in Baltimore, comprising 1.8% of all foreign-born residents of the city. This made Northern America the second smallest region of origin for immigrants after Oceania.[21]

In September 2014, 751 Northern American immigrants lived in Baltimore, making Northern America the second smallest region of origin for immigrants after Oceania.[12]

Americans

In the 2000 United States Census 129,568 Baltimoreans, 5.1% of the city, identify with the census category "United States or American".[10]

Appalachians
Further information: Hillbilly Highway and Urban Appalachians
Native Americans
Baltimore American Indian Center viewed from the street, 2011.

In the 2000 United States Census, there were 6,976 Native Americans in the Baltimore metropolitan area, making up 0.3% of the area's population.[10] The majority of the Native Americans living in Baltimore belong to the Lumbee, Piscataway tribe, and Cherokee tribes. The Lumbee are originally from North Carolina, where they are concentrated in Robeson County. During the early and mid-20th century, the same wave of migration that brought large numbers of African Americans from the Deep South and poor white people from Appalachia also brought many people from the Lumbee tribe. The Baltimore American Indian Center was established in 1968 in order to serve the needs of this community. In 2011 the center established a Native American heritage museum, including exhibits on Lumbee art and culture.[54] The urban Lumbee and other Native Americans in Baltimore are concentrated in the 6 blocks around Baltimore Street in East Baltimore.[55]

Canadians

In 1940, 1,310 immigrants from Canada lived in Baltimore. These immigrants comprised 2.1% of the city's foreign-born white population.[56] In total, 2,972 people of Canadian birth or descent lived in the city, comprising 2.1% of the foreign-stock white population.[57]

In September 2014, immigrants from Canada were the fourteenth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

French Canadians

At 10,494, French Canadian Americans made up 0.3% of the Baltimore metropolitan area's population.[10]

Many French-Canadians in Baltimore are descendants of Acadian refugees that settled in the city.[58]

Oceanians

Oceanians in Baltimore are residents of the city who were born in or have ancestors from Oceania, which includes Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands.

In 2000, 136 Oceanian-born immigrants lived in Baltimore, comprising 0.5% of all foreign-born residents of the city. This made Oceania the smallest region of origin for immigrants.[21]

In September 2014, 188 Oceanian immigrants lived in Baltimore, making Oceania the smallest region of origin for immigrants.[12]

Pacific Islanders

There are few Pacific Islanders in Baltimore. In 2000 the Pacific Islander community only numbered 1,028 people, less than 1% of the city's population. In the same year speakers of Pacific Island languages were the twentieth largest group of language speakers in the city.[10]

Native Hawaiians

The Native Hawaiian community in Baltimore is small and numbers only 285 people.[10]

Guamians or Chamorro

In 2000, the Guamian and Chamorro community in Baltimore is very small, numbering only 292 people.[10]

Samoans

In 2000, the tiny Samoan community in Baltimore numbers only 180 people. This makes Samoans the smallest ethnic group in Baltimore for which data exists.[10]

West Indians

There were 17,141 West Indian Americans in the Baltimore metropolitan area in 2000. This count excludes Caribbean people from Hispanic countries, such as Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and Cuba, however, if included the Caribbean population would be about 23,000.[10] In the same year Baltimore's West Indian population was 6,597, 1% of the city's population.[21]

In 1994, there were 30,000 West Indians in the Greater Baltimore area.[59]

An annual Baltimore Caribbean Carnival Festival is held in Druid Hill Park. The festival attracts around 20-25,000 people and includes food, music, and a parade.[60][61] The event has been held since 1981 when it was formed by the West Indian Association of Maryland, an organization for people of West Indian or Guyanese descent.[62]

By proclamation of Baltimore Mayor Kurt L. Schmoke, September 10–12 have been designated as "West Indian/Caribbean Days".[62]

Jamaicans, Trinidadians and Tobagonians, and Haitians were the largest non- Hispanic Caribbean populations. In September 2014, immigrants from the West Indies, other than Jamaicans, Trinidadians and Tobagonians, and Haitians, were the sixty-eighth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Haitians

During the time of the French Revolution, there was a slave revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, in what is now Haiti. French and French-speaking Black Catholic refugees from San Domingo, along with the Sulpician Fathers, founded St. Francis Xavier Church. The church is the oldest historically Black Catholic church in the United States.[63]

In September 2014, immigrants from Haiti were the thirty-seventh largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Jamaicans

Jamaican Americans are the largest West Indian group in Baltimore,[64] making up 1% of the city's population in 2000.[65] Many Jamaicans have settled in the Park Heights neighborhood. The northern portion of the neighborhood is predominantly Jewish and the lower portion is predominantly African-American. The Jamaicans, the majority of whom are black, have mostly settled in the lower portion of the neighborhood with other people of African descent.[66]

In September 2014, immigrants from Jamaica were the second largest foreign-born population in Baltimore, after Mexicans.[12]

Trinidadians and Tobagonians

Baltimore has a growing Trinidadian and Tobagonian population. They constitute the second largest West Indian population in Baltimore, after Jamaicans. The Trinidadians have established the Trinidad and Tobago Association of Baltimore and multiple Trinidadian businesses, including barbershops, groceries, and specialty stores. A newspaper called Caribbean Focus exists which caters to the community. Every year a festival is held to celebrate the culture of Trinidad and Tobago.[64]

In September 2014, immigrants from Trinidad and Tobago were the third largest foreign-born population in Baltimore, after Mexicans and Jamaicans.[12]

Whites or Caucasians

Close to a third of Baltimore is white according to the U.S. Census Bureau. At 201,566 people, they constitute 30.96% of the city's population.[9]

Europeans

White people in Baltimore are predominantly non-Hispanic people of European descent. Some of the larger European ethnic groups in Baltimore include Germans, the Irish, the English, Eastern Europeans, the French, and Greeks.

In 2000, 7,214 European-born immigrants lived in Baltimore, comprising 24.3% of all foreign-born residents of the city. This made Europe the third largest region of origin for immigrants after Latin America and Asia.[21]

In September 2014, 6,262 European immigrants lived in Baltimore, making Europe the fourth largest region of origin for immigrants after Latin America, Asia, and Africa. In the same year the most commonly spoken European languages included Spanish, French, German, Greek, Russian, Polish, various Slavic languages, Portuguese, Hungarian, Yiddish, various Scandinavian languages, and Serbo-Croatian.[12]

Albanians

In 1920, there was only one person in the city of Baltimore who spoke the Albanian language.[67]

In September 2014, immigrants from Albania were the one-hundredth and fifteenth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Austrians

It is difficult to determine how many people in Baltimore are of Austrian descent. During the 1800s, the Austrian Empire and later Austria-Hungary included many countries that are now independent, including Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, large portions of Serbia and Romania, and small parts of Italy, Montenegro, Poland, and Ukraine. Though many immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian Empire belonged to a wide variety of ethnic and national groups, immigrants from the Empire were classified as "Austrians" by the United States Census Bureau up until 1881. Because of this, it is also difficult to know an accurate count for immigrant groups such as Czechs and Slovaks before that time.[68] Furthermore, most Austrians who immigrated to the U.S. traveled first through Germany to reach the Port of Bremen, where they would embark on Norddeutscher Lloyd ships to Baltimore. Because of this, many Austrians were recorded as Germans in the census records.[69] Many of these Austrians settled in the immigrant neighborhood of Locust Point.[70]

In 1940, 1,984 immigrants from Austria lived in Baltimore. These immigrants comprised 3.3% of the city's foreign-born white population.[71] In total, 2,972 people of Austrian birth or descent lived in the city, comprising 2.9% of the foreign-stock white population.[72]

In September 2014, immigrants from Austria were the ninety-eighth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Belarusians

Immigrants from Belarus established the Transfiguration of our Lord Russian Orthodox Church in 1963 in order to serve the needs of the Russian Orthodox community.

Kaskad (Cascade) is a Russian language newspaper founded by a Jewish immigrant from Belarus. The newspaper is aimed at the Russian-speaking community of immigrants from Russia, Belarus, and other Russian-speaking areas. Many of the readers are Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union.[73][74]

In September 2014, immigrants from Belarus were the seventy-eighth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

British

The British people in Baltimore include people of English, Cornish, Scotch-Irish, Scottish, and Welsh descent.

In 1940, 3,428 immigrants from the United Kingdom lived in Baltimore. These immigrants comprised 5.6% of the city's foreign-born white population.[75] In total, 8,322 people of British birth or descent lived in the city, comprising 6% of the foreign-stock white population.[76]

In September 2014, immigrants from the United Kingdom were the nineteenth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

English

The English were the first European settlers in Maryland. At 235,352 people in 2000, English Americans made up 9.2% of the Baltimore metropolitan area's population. This made them the third largest European ethnic group in the Baltimore area after the Germans and the Irish.[10] In the same year Baltimore's English population was 21,015, 3.2% of the city's population.[21]

In September 2014, immigrants from England were the thirty-ninth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Scotch-Irish

At 32,755 people, Scotch-Irish Americans made up 1.3% of the Baltimore metropolitan area's population.[10] In the same year Baltimore city's Scotch-Irish population was 3,274, 0.5% of the city's population.[21]

Scottish

At 42,728 people, Scottish Americans made up 1.7% of the Baltimore metropolitan area's population.[10] In the same year Baltimore city's Scottish population was 4,306, 0.7% of the city's population.[21]

Many Scots settled in the immigrant neighborhood of Locust Point.[70]

In September 2014, immigrants from Scotland were the ninetieth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Welsh

At 19,776 people, Welsh Americans made up 0.8% of the Baltimore metropolitan area's population in 2000.[10] In the same year Baltimore city's Welsh population was 2,137, 0.3% of the city's population.[21]

Welsh immigrants, primarily from workers from South Wales, began settling in Baltimore in large numbers beginning in the 1820s. Welsh and Irish migrant workers composed a large portion of Baltimore's working class during the early and mid-1800s.[77] In 1850, a large community of copper workers from Wales settled in the neighborhood of Canton.[78] These workers established a Presbyterian church in 1865, located on Toone Street in Canton.[79]

Other Welsh people who came to the city settled in the immigrant neighborhood of Locust Point.[70]

Bulgarians

In 1920, only 26 people in Baltimore spoke the Bulgarian language.[67]

Cypriots

Baltimore has a significant Cypriot American population.[80]

Czechs
Bohemian National Cemetery, 2012.

The Czech presence in Baltimore dates back to the mid-19th century. The Czech community numbered 17,798 in 2000, making up 0.7% of the Baltimore metropolitan area's population.[10]

The history of the Czechs in Baltimore dates back to the mid-19th century. Thousands of Czechs immigrated to East Baltimore during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, becoming an important component of Baltimore's ethnic and cultural heritage. The Czech community has founded a number of cultural associations and organizations to preserve the city's Czech heritage, including a Roman Catholic church, a heritage association, a festival, a language school, and a cemetery. The population began to decline during the late 20th and early 21st centuries, as the community aged and many Czech Americans moved to the suburbs of Baltimore.

Danish

Some of the earliest Danish settlement in the United States occurred in Baltimore, along with other Eastern Shore cities such as Philadelphia and New York City.[81]

In 1920, 236 people in Baltimore spoke the Danish language.[67]

The Danish American community in the Baltimore metropolitan area numbered 5,503 in 2000, making up 0.2% of the area's population.[10] In the same year Baltimore city's Danish population was 488, 0.1% of the city's population.[21]

In September 2014, immigrants from Denmark were the one-hundredth and seventeenth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Dutch

At 27,754 people, Dutch Americans made up 1.1% of the Baltimore metropolitan area's population in 2000.[10] In the same year Baltimore city's Dutch population was 3,024, 0.5% of the city's population.[21]

Some Baltimoreans of Dutch descent have been Dutch Jews. Dutch Jews first began to immigrate during the 1830s and 1840s. By 1850, only 2% of Baltimore's Jewish population was Dutch. Only four Dutch Jewish families and twenty-one Dutch Jewish families immigrated during the 1860s and 1870s, respectively. Although the Dutch Jewish population was small, it comprised a large portion of the city's Dutch population. In 1850, 49% of Dutch-born Baltimoreans were Jewish. However, the population of Dutch Catholics increased as they found the city to be becoming more hospitable, and so the percentage of Dutch Jews declined. By 1860, only 17% of the Dutch-born were Jewish. One-third of the Dutch Jews lived in Ward 10 in 1860 and in Ward 5 in 1870.[82]

In 1920, 181 people in Baltimore spoke the Dutch language or one of the Frisian languages. 51 people spoke Flemish, a dialect of Dutch spoken in the Flanders region of Belgium.[67]

In September 2014, immigrants from the Netherlands were the forty-seventh largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Estonians

The Estonian American population is small, with only around 25,000-35,000 individuals in the United States. The Baltimore–Washington Metropolitan Area has one of the largest Estonian populations in the U.S.,[83] with around 2,000 living in Maryland.[84] The Baltimore Estonian community has established a number of institutions, including St. Mark's Estonian Lutheran Church (established as the Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church), the Baltimore Estonian Society,[85] the Baltimore Estonian House, the Baltimore Estonian Supplementary School, and the Baltimore Association for the Advancement of Estonian.[86]

Finns

The Finnish community in Baltimore was originally centered in the Highlandtown neighborhood. During the 1930s the Finns operated Highlandtown's Finnish Hall as a community center. The Hall was also a center for union organizing by the workers of Bethlehem Steel.[87] By the year 1940, there was a Finnish community of 400 people living in the neighborhood.[26] Large numbers of Finnish Americans were involved in labor activism and struggles for workers' rights. Many of the Finnish immigrants were socialists, which led to Finnish Americans developing a reputation for radicalism.[88] In the early days of the Communist Party USA, Finnish immigrants made up 40% of the Party's membership. Reflecting this tradition of Finnish American radicalism, the Finnish Hall was a center for leftist activism in Baltimore.[89]

In 1920, 110 people in Baltimore spoke the Finnish language.[67]

French
Eutaw Street in the Seton Hill Historic District, Baltimore's former Frenchtown, August 2011.

In the 2000 United States Census the French American community in Baltimore numbered 47,234 (1.9% of Baltimore's population) and an additional 10,494 (0.4%) identified as French Canadian American. This places Baltimore's total population of French descent at 57,728, which is 2.3% of Baltimore's population.[10] The Census also found that the French language (including French Creole) is spoken at home by 5,705 people in Baltimore.[24]

The French community in Baltimore dates back to the 18th century. The earliest wave of French immigration began in the mid-1700s, bringing many Acadian refugees from Canada's Maritime Provinces. The Acadians were exiled from Canada by the British during the French and Indian War. Later waves of French settlement in Baltimore from the 1790s to the early 1800s brought Roman Catholic refugees of the French Revolution and refugees of the Haitian Revolution from the French colony of Saint-Domingue.

French Canadians

At 10,494, French Canadian Americans make up 0.3% of the Baltimore metropolitan area's population.[10]

Many French-Canadians in Baltimore are descendants of Acadian refugees that settled in the city.[58]

Germans
Zion Lutheran Church, an historically German-American church, December 2009.

The first Germans began to immigrate to Baltimore in the 17th century. During the 1800s, the Port of Baltimore was the second-leading port of entry for immigrants, after Ellis Island in New York City. Many Germans immigrated to Baltimore during this time.[90] In 2000, the German population made up 18.7% of Baltimore's population, with 478,646 people of German descent living in Baltimore. This makes the Germans the largest European population in the city.[10]

Greeks
John Sarbanes and Sheila Dixon, cutting ribbon at 2007 Baltimore Greek Independence Day Parade.

The first Greeks in Baltimore were nine young boys who arrived as refugees of the Chios Massacre, the slaughter of tens of thousands of Greeks on the island of Chios at the hands of the Ottomans during the Greek War of Independence.[26] However, Greek immigration to Baltimore did not begin in significant numbers until the 1890s. Early Greek settlers established the Greek Orthodox Church “Evangelismos” in 1906 and the Greek Orthodox Cathedral of the Annunciation in 1909.[91] By the 1920s, a vibrant yet small Greek community had been firmly established. The peak of the Greek migration to Baltimore was between the 1930s and the 1950s.[92]

The Greek population saw another smaller surge in numbers after the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which allowed for the immigration of thousands of Greeks. This wave of Greek immigrants to Baltimore ended by the early 1980s. During the 1980s the Greek residents of the neighborhood that was then known simply as the Hill successfully petitioned the city government to rename the neighborhood as Greektown. By that time the Greek community was 25,000 strong.[93]

Hungarians

At 11,076 people, Hungarian Americans make up 0.4% of the Baltimore metropolitan area's population in 2000.[10] In the same year Baltimore city's Hungarian population was 1,245, 0.2% of the city's population.[21]

Hungarians first began to immigrate to Baltimore during the 1880s, along with other Eastern Europeans.[94] They tended to embark from Bremen, Germany and then settle in the neighborhood of Locust Point, alongside other European immigrants.[70]

In 1920, 600 people in Baltimore spoke the Hungarian language.[67]

In the 1930 United States Census, there were fewer than 1,000 Hungarian-born people in Baltimore.[26]

In September 2014, immigrants from Hungary were the seventy-third largest foreign-born population in Baltimore and the Hungarian language was twenty-third most commonly spoken language.[12]

Irish
Sláinte Irish Pub and Restaurant, August 2010.

At 341,683 people as of 2000, Irish Americans made up 13.4% of the Baltimore metropolitan area's population. This made them the second largest European ethnic group in the Baltimore area after the Germans.[10] In the same year Baltimore city's Irish population was 39,045, 6% of the city's population.[21]

In 1940, 2,159 immigrants from Ireland lived in Baltimore. These immigrants comprised 3.5% of the city's foreign-born white population.[95] In total, 4,077 people of Irish birth or descent lived in the city, comprising 4.6% of the foreign-stock white population.[96]

In September 2014, immigrants from Ireland were the sixty-sixth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Italians
Little Italy, at the corner of Pratt and Albermarle Streets, February 2007.

Italians began to settle in Baltimore during the late 1800s. Some Italians immigrants came to the Port of Baltimore by boat. The earliest Italian settlers in Baltimore were sailors from Genoa, the capital city of the Italian region of Liguria. Later immigrants came from Naples, Abruzzo, Cefalù, and Palermo. These immigrants created the monument to Christopher Columbus in Druid Hill Park.[97] Many other Italians came by train after entering the country through New York City's Ellis Island. The Italian immigrants who arrived by train would enter the city through the President Street Station. Because of this, the Italians largely settled in a nearby neighborhood that is now known as Little Italy.

Little Italy comprises 6 blocks bounded by Pratt Street to the North, the Inner Harbor to the South, Eden Street to the East, and President Street to the West. Other neighborhoods were large numbers of Italians settled include Lexington, Belair-Edison, and Cross Street. Many settled along Lombard Street, which was named after the Italian town of Guardia Lombardi. The Italian community, overwhelmingly Roman Catholic, established a number of Italian-American parishes such as St. Leo's Church and Our Lady of Pompeii Church. The Our Lady of Pompeii Church holds the annual Highlandtown Wine Festival, which celebrates Italian-American culture and benefits the Highlandtown community association.[98]

In 1920, 7,930 people in Baltimore spoke the Italian language.[67]

In 2013, an estimated 16,581 Italian-Americans resided in Baltimore city, 2.7% of the population.[99]

In September 2014, immigrants from Italy were the thirty-sixth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Latvians

The Latvian community in Maryland in very small and makes up less than 2,000 people.[84]

In 1920, 2,554 people in Baltimore spoke either the Latvian language or the Lithuanian language.[67]

In September 2014, immigrants from Latvia were the eighty-ninth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Lithuanians
Baltimore's former Little Lithuania, Hollins-Roundhouse Historic District, March 2012.

The Lithuanians began to settle in Baltimore in 1876.[26] The wave increased greatly during the 1880s and continued in large numbers until the 1920s. By 1950, the Lithuanian community numbered around 9,000.[26] The Lithuanians largely settled in a neighborhood north of Hollins Street that became known as Baltimore's Little Lithuania.[100] A few remnants of the neighborhood's Lithuanian heritage still remain, such as Lithuanian Hall located on Hollins Street.[101][102]

Three Roman Catholic churches have been designated as Lithuanian parishes: St. Alphonsus' beginning in 1917, St. John the Baptist Church from 1888 to 1917, and St. Wenceslaus beginning in 1872. St. Alphonsus' is the only remaining Lithuanian parish in Baltimore, as St. Wenceslaus was re-designated as a Bohemian parish and St. John the Baptist Church closed in 1989.[103] While most Lithuanians who settled in Baltimore were Roman Catholic, a large minority were Lithuanian Jews. The Yeshivas Ner Yisroel, a prominent yeshiva in Baltimore, was founded as a Lithuanian (Litvish)-style Talmudic college by Jews from Lithuania and Belarus.

Norwegians

The majority of the Norwegian immigrants to Baltimore worked in the shipping industry. The Baltimore chapter of the Sons of Norway, Lodge Nordkap, No. 215, was established in 1921 and is now located in Freeland, Maryland. These settlers also established the Norwegian American Club of Maryland.[104]

The peak of Norwegian immigration to Baltimore was in 1937, when 315 Norwegian ships arrived in the city and around 13,000 Norwegian immigrants stayed at the Norwegian Seamen's Church and lodging house that was located on South Broadway. The lodging house and church offered Norwegian language newspapers and Norwegian cuisine to the visitors. Many of the Norwegian seamen stayed in Baltimore and worked as factory engineers and ship chandlers.[105]

In 1920, 419 people in Baltimore spoke the Norwegian language.[67]

Norwegian Americans in Baltimore numbered 12,481 in 2000, making up 0.5% of the Baltimore metropolitan area's population.[10] In the same year Baltimore city's Norwegian population was 1,347, 0.2% of the city's population.[21]

In September 2014, immigrants from Norway were the one-hundredth and fourth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Poles
Polish migrant berry pickers in Baltimore, 1909.

Polish Americans in Baltimore numbered 122,814 in 2000, making up 4.8% of the Baltimore metropolitan area's population. They were the fifth largest European ethnic group in the city.[10]

The Polish community is largely centered in the neighborhoods of Canton, Fell's Point, Locust Point, and Highlandtown. The first Polish immigrants to Baltimore settled in the Fell's Point neighborhood in 1868. Polish mass immigration to Baltimore and other U.S. cities first started around 1870, many of whom were fleeing the Franco-Prussian War.[106]

Many of the Polish immigrants came from agricultural regions of Poland and were often considered unskilled workers. Many worked as stevedores for Baltimore's International Longshoremen's Association. Other Polish immigrants worked in the canneries, some travelling to the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Mississippi to work in the seafood canneries during the winter months. After the abolition of slavery, farmers had lost their slaves and wanted a cheap source of labor. Following changes in U.S. immigration laws many Central and Eastern European migrants, particularly Polish and Czech, came to Maryland to fill this need.[107]

Portuguese

At 3,316 people, Portuguese Americans made up 0.1% of the Baltimore metropolitan area's population in 2000.[10] In the same year Baltimore city's Portuguese population was 310, 0.0% of the city's population.[21]

Very few Portuguese Jews have settled in Baltimore. The city's small Portuguese-Jewish community founded the Sefardic Congregation Beth Israel in 1856, but the synagogue closed after two years due to low attendance.[108]

In 1920, only 33 people in Baltimore spoke the Portuguese language.[67]

In September 2014, immigrants from Portugal were the one-hundredth and eleventh largest foreign-born population in Baltimore and the Portuguese language (including Portuguese Creole) was the twenty-second most commonly spoken language.[12]

Romanians

Native-born and immigrant Romanians in the city formed communities in East Baltimore, alongside other Eastern Europeans.[109]

In 1920, 200 people in Baltimore spoke the Romanian language.[67]

In the 1930 United States Census, there were fewer than 1,000 Romanian-born people in Baltimore.[26]

Some Romanian immigrants to Baltimore have been Romanian Jews. The Rumanian Relief Committee and the Industrial Removal Office (IRO) helped resettle Romanian Jews in the United States. As a result of this program, some of the Romanian Jews settled in Baltimore.[110]

In September 2014, immigrants from Romania were the fifty-seventh largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

At one time the most powerful Romani clan in Baltimore was the Stevens clan of Romanian gypsies. Hundreds of Stevenses immigrated from Romania to Baltimore during the late 1800s.[111]

Russians

The Russian community in the Baltimore metropolitan area numbered 35,763 in 2000, making up 1.4% of the area's population.[10] Russian-Americans are the largest foreign-born groups in Baltimore.[112] According to the 2000 Census, the Russian language is spoken at home by 1,235 people in Baltimore.[24]

Most Russian immigrants to Baltimore have been Russian Jews. In the 1930 United States Census there were 17,000 Russians living in the city, most of whom were Jewish.[26] In comparison to Baltimore's wealthy and assimilated German Jews, the Russian Jews historically were largely poor and lived in slums with other Russians. Baltimore's Russian community, including the Russian Jews, was originally centered in Southeast Baltimore.[113] The largest wave of Russian-Jewish immigrants to Baltimore occurred during the 1880s. A second large wave of Russian-Jewish immigrants came during the 1990s, following the collapse of the Soviet Union.[114]

Rusyns
National Slavic Museum in Fell's Point, June 2014.

While many immigrants from Western Ukraine identify simply as Ukrainian Americans, others identify as Rusyn American. Rusyns also sometimes describe themselves as Ruthenians. A number of the Western Ukrainians that established St. Michael the Archangel Ukrainian Catholic Church identified as Rusyns. Rusyns also helped establish Sts. Peter & Paul Ukrainian Catholic Church.

In 1920, 151 people in Baltimore spoke the Ruthenian language.[67]

Serbs

In 1999, the Serbian American community in Baltimore was very small. At the time, only about 400 Serbian families were scattered between Baltimore and Richmond, Virginia.[115]

In 1920, 261 people in Baltimore spoke the Serbo-Croatian language.[67]

In September 2014, immigrants from Serbia were the ninety-third largest foreign-born population in Baltimore and the Serbo-Croatian language was the thirty-first most commonly spoken language in the city.[12]

Slovaks
Czech and Slovak Heritage Festival in Parkville, Maryland, October 2014.

At 6,077 people, Slovak Americans made up 0.2% of the Baltimore metropolitan area's population in 2000.[10] In the same year Baltimore's Slovak population was 536, 0.11% of the city's population.[21]

Many Slovak immigrants to the city settled in East Baltimore along with Czechs and other Slavic ethnic groups. However, many Slovaks have since migrated to the suburbs, particularly in Anne Arundel and Harford County.[116]

Slovaks, along with Czechs, established the Bohemian National Cemetery of Baltimore and the Grand Lodge Č.S.P.S. of Baltimore.

An annual Czech and Slovak Heritage Festival exists and is held in Baltimore's suburb of Parkville.[117][118]

In 1920, 402 people in Baltimore spoke the Slovak language.[67]

In September 2014, immigrants from Slovakia were the fifty-ninth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Slovenes

In 1920, 134 people in Baltimore spoke the Slovenian language.[67]

Spaniards

During the 1920s many Spanish Americans settled in Highlandtown, alongside many Greek Americans.[53]

In September 2014, immigrants from Spain were the seventy-fourth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Swedes

At 14,598 people, Swedish Americans make up 0.6% of the Baltimore metropolitan area's population in 2000.[10]

Many Swedes settled in the immigrant neighborhood of Locust Point.[70]

In 1920, 419 people in Baltimore spoke the Swedish language.[67]

In September 2014, immigrants from Sweden were the one-hundredth and thirteenth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Swiss

Swiss immigrants to Baltimore were primarily Swiss of German descent. Many of the Swiss immigrants belonged to radical Anabaptist sects such as the Amish and the Mennonites. Many of the Mennonites and Amish that settled in Baltimore were originally Pennsylvania Dutch.[26] Other German migrants from Pennsylvania were Lutheran; the Zion Lutheran Church built in 1755 had a large number of Pennsylvania Dutch members.

In September 2014, immigrants from Switzerland were the eightieth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Ukrainians
St. Michael's, a Ukrainian Catholic parish in Baltimore, 2009 (Church in background).

Ukrainians began settling in Baltimore during the 1880s, settling mostly in East Baltimore and Southeast Baltimore, especially in the Highlandtown neighborhood.[26] Most of these immigrants came from Western Ukraine and were Catholic. By the 1890s, Ukrainian Catholic priests were traveling from Pennsylvania to Baltimore to serve the Ukrainian Catholic community. St. Michael the Archangel Ukrainian Catholic Church was founded as a parish in 1893 and the church was built in 1912, though construction took nearly a century to complete.[119]

Middle Eastern and North African people

Most people of Middle Eastern origin in Baltimore are Arabs or Iranians. There are also Turkish and Israeli populations.

In September 2014, the most commonly spoken Middle Eastern languages in Baltimore included Arabic, Persian, and Hebrew.[12]

Arabs

At 7,897 people, Arab Americans make up 0.3% of the Baltimore metropolitan area's population in 2000.[10] In the same year Baltimore city's Arab population was 1,298, 0.2% of the city's population.[21]

In 1920, only 29 people in Baltimore spoke the Syrian or Arabic languages.[67]

In September 2014, the Arabic language was the seventh most commonly spoken language in Baltimore, after the English language.[12]

During the 2015 Baltimore riots, the Bloods gang allegedly protected Black-owned stores by directing rioters to loot and vandalize Arab-owned stores instead.[30]

Egyptians

An Egyptian American community exists in southeastern Baltimore, especially in Highlandtown. Other Egyptians live in eastern Baltimore County, mainly in Dundalk. Many Egyptians first immigrate to New York City, then resettle in the Baltimore area due to more job opportunities and a lower cost of living.[120]

In September 2014, immigrants from Egypt were the thirty-eighth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Armenians

In 1920, only 29 people in Baltimore spoke the Armenian language.[67]

In September 2014, immigrants from Armenia were the one-hundredth and third largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Iranians

Iranian-Americans hold an annual festival, the Chaharshanbe Suri (Festival of Fire), as part of their celebration of the Iranian New Year (known as Nowruz). The event is held at Oregon Ridge Park in Cockeysville, a suburb of Baltimore.[121]

After the Iranian Revolution in 1978, many Persian Jews fled the country and immigrated to Baltimore.[122] More arrived during the 1980s.[123] In 2009, Iranian Jews established a Persian-style synagogue in Baltimore.[124]

In September 2014, immigrants from Iran were the thirty-first largest foreign-born population in Baltimore and the Persian language was the eighteenth most commonly spoken language, after English.[12]

Israelis

In September 2014, immigrants from Israel were the forty-eighth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

In 1920, 19,320 people in Baltimore spoke either the Hebrew language or the Yiddish language.[67]

In September 2014, the Hebrew language was the thirty-second most commonly spoken language in Baltimore, after the English language.[12]

Jews
Young Men's and Young Women's Hebrew Association Building, May 2012
Turks

In 1920, only 8 people in Baltimore spoke the Turkish language.[67]

In September 2014, immigrants from Turkey were the eighty-seventh largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.[12]

Demographics

Ethnic group 2000 Percentage
Total population 651,154
African Americans 417,009 64.04
Whites 201,566 30.96
Hispanics 11,061 1.70
Asian Americans 9,824 1.51
Other 11,694 1.80

See also

References

  1. ↑ Akerson, Louise A. (1988). American Indians in the Baltimore area. Baltimore, Maryland: Baltimore Center for Urban Archaeology (Md.). p. 15. OCLC 18473413.
  2. ↑ Potter, Stephen R. (1993). Commoners, Tribute, and Chiefs: The Development of Algonquian Culture in the Potomac Valley. Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia Press. p. 119. ISBN 0-8139-1422-1. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
  3. ↑ A Point of Natural Origin and Locust Point – Celebrating 300 Years of a Historic Community, Scott Sheads, Mylocustpoint.
  4. ↑ "Ghosts of industrial heyday still haunt Baltimore’s harbor, creeks". Chesapeake Bay Journal. Retrieved 2012-09-08.
  5. ↑ Also shown as "Chisupioc" (by John Smith of Jamestown) and "Chisapeack", in Algonquian "Che" means "big" or "great", "sepi" means river, and the "oc" or "ok" ending indicated something (a village, in this case) "at" that feature. "Sepi" is also found in another placename of Algonquian origin, Mississippi. The name was soon transferred by the English from the big river at that site to the big bay. Stewart, George (1945). Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States. New York: Random House. p. 23.
  6. ↑ Farenthold, David A. (2006-12-12). "A Dead Indian Language Is Brought Back to Life". The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
  7. ↑ Murphree, Daniel Scott (2012). Native America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 494. ISBN 978-0-313-38126-3. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
  8. ↑ Wiener, Roberta; Arnold, James R. (2005). "5; Maryland's Battles - Battles with the Native Americans". Maryland: The History of Maryland Colony, 1634-1776. Chicago, Illinois: Raintree. pp. 33–5. ISBN 0-739-86880-2. OCLC 52429938. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Baltimore, MD Ethnicity" ERsys.com. (Based on U.S. Census, 2000). Retrieved 12/05/14.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 "Table DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000" (PDF). 2000 United States Census. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  11. ↑ "Rain keeps crowds at bay during annual Africa festival". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 "The Role of Immigrants in Growing Baltimore: Recommendations to Retain and Attract New Americans" (PDF). WBAL-TV. Retrieved 2014-10-31.
  13. ↑ "More From Eritrea Seek Life Of Peace In Maryland". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2014-05-15.
  14. ↑ Medland, Mary (10 December 2013). "Ethiopian-owned businesses enliven Baltimore neighborhoods". Bmore. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  15. ↑ "ECCB - For Ethiopians in Baltimore". Ethiopian Community Center in Baltimore. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  16. ↑ "Little Ethiopia: What was once Baltimore’s Chinatown is now home to a flurry of Ethiopian businesses". Baltimore City Paper. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
  17. ↑ "Baltimoreans react to violence in Kenya". WBAL-TV. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
  18. ↑ "Baltimore Liberians Mourn Loss Of Relatives To Ebola". WYPR. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
  19. ↑ "Nigerian fest, feast beckon". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
  20. ↑ "Baltimore's Sudanese immigrants return to homeland to build a new nation". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "Social Statistics Baltimore, Maryland". Infoplease. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
  22. 1 2 "Orientation program helps refugees in Baltimore". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2014-05-15.
  23. ↑ "Howard school system opens arms to aid Burmese refugees". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2014-05-15.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 "Immigration and the 2010 Census Governor’s 2010 Census Outreach Initiatives" (PDF). Maryland State Data Center. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  25. 1 2 3 "16th-century swordplay highlights festival". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 American Guide Series (1940). Maryland: A Guide to the Old Line State. United States: Federal Writers' Project. OCLC 814094.
  27. ↑ "Baltimore Chinatown History, University of Maryland".
  28. 1 2 Bell, Madison Smartt (2007). Charm City: A Walk Through Baltimore. New York: Crown Journeys. p. 52. ISBN 9780307342065. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  29. ↑ "The `where' of Chinatown: Rekindling its vitality has support, but site is in dispute".
  30. 1 2 "Amid Violence, Factions and Messages Converge in a Weary and Unsettled Baltimore". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-04-30.
  31. ↑ "Filipino festival whets appetites". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  32. ↑ "Indian-American group plans area's first Hindu temple Single-story building would seat 250". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2015-05-08.
  33. ↑ "India celebrates a deity with its `chariot festival'". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
  34. ↑ "Should I Satay or Should I Go?". Baltimore City Paper. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
  35. ↑ "Indonesian cuisine comes to Towson". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
  36. ↑ "Mappers' Delight - Northern Virginia's Korean community finally gets organized politically—about cartography". Washington City Paper. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
  37. ↑ Ajmera, Maya; Dennis, Yvonne Wakim (15 January 2008). "Baltimore, Maryland". Children of the U.S.A. A Global Fund for Children Book. Arlene Hirschfelder, Cynthia Pon. Watertown, MA: Charlesbridge Publishing. p. 54. ISBN 1-570-91615-2. OCLC 71237300.
  38. 1 2 Hancock, Ian (2010). Danger! Educated Gypsy: Selected Essays. Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England: University of Hertfordshire. p. 142. ISBN 9-781-907-39602-1. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
  39. ↑ "After more than a century in Baltimore, Gypsies still feel unaccepted". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
  40. ↑ "About Pho-ing Time". Baltimore City Paper. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Olesker, Michael (2001). Journeys to the Heart of Baltimore. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 5. ISBN 0801867541. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
  42. ↑ "Anxious hours for Chileans in Md.". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2014-11-07.
  43. 1 2 3 "Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin: 2010, 2010 Census Summary File 1". American FactFinder. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
  44. ↑ "Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010". American FactFinder. Retrieved 2015-04-18.
  45. ↑ "Baltimore Says, 'Immigrants Welcome'". NPR. Retrieved 2014-11-07.
  46. 1 2 3 "Hispanic Population in Select U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 2010". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
  47. 1 2 http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_00_SF1_QTP9&prodType=table
  48. 1 2 http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_DP05&prodType=table
  49. ↑ "Carrying on a Peruvian tradition". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
  50. ↑ http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table
  51. ↑ http://content.usatoday.com/dist/custom/gci/InsidePage.aspx?cId=thedailyjournal&sParam=53490820.story
  52. ↑ http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2013/03/08/struggling-with-population-decline-baltimore-pins-its-hopes-on-immigrants/
  53. 1 2 "Old memories in step with annual tradition". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
  54. ↑ "American Indian Center to debut new museum". The Dundalk Eagle. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
  55. ↑ Fixico, Donald Lee (2006). Daily Life of Native Americans in the Twentieth Century. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 29. ISBN 0-313-04297-7. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
  56. ↑ Durr, Kenneth D. (1998). "Why we are troubled": white working-class politics in Baltimore, 1940-1980. Washington, D.C.: American University. p. 23. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
  57. ↑ Durr, Kenneth D. (1998). "Why we are troubled": white working-class politics in Baltimore, 1940-1980. Washington, D.C.: American University. p. 142. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
  58. 1 2 "Strangers in a Strange Land: A Look at How Exiled Acadians Fared in Maryland". Acadian and French-Canadian Ancestral Home. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
  59. ↑ "Amid Caribbean celebration, sadness". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
  60. ↑ "Caribbean Festival offers authentic food, music". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
  61. ↑ "Celebrating Caribbean culture". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
  62. 1 2 "Caribbean Festival ends with feast of food, music 80 booths, five bands draw thousands". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
  63. ↑ Gatewood, Willard B. (1990). Aristocrats of Color: The Black Elite, 1880-1920. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 306. ISBN 1-55728-593-4. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
  64. 1 2 "Islands Unto Themselves". Baltimore City Paper. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
  65. ↑ "Baltimore, MD, Ancestry & Family History". Epodunk.com. Retrieved 2015-04-19.
  66. ↑ Olesker, Michael (2001). Journeys to the Heart of Baltimore. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 134. ISBN 0801867541. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
  67. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Carpenter, Niles (1927). Immigrants and their children, 1920. A study based on census statistics relative to the foreign born and the native white of foreign or mixed parentage. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 380. Retrieved 2014-11-25.
  68. ↑ "The Bohemians of the United States". Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  69. ↑ Agstner, Rudolf (2012). Austria (-Hungary) and Its Consulates in the United States of America Since 1820. London, England: LIT Verlag. p. 63. ISBN 9-783-643-90191-0. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
  70. 1 2 3 4 5 Tilghman, Mary K. (2008). Insiders' Guide to Baltimore. Guilford, Connecticut: Insiders' Guide. p. 210. ISBN 9780762745531. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
  71. ↑ Durr, Kenneth D. (1998). "Why we are troubled": white working-class politics in Baltimore, 1940-1980. Washington, D.C.: American University. p. 23. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
  72. ↑ Durr, Kenneth D. (1998). "Why we are troubled": white working-class politics in Baltimore, 1940-1980. Washington, D.C.: American University. p. 142. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
  73. ↑ "A Way To 'Defend Our Culture'". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2014-07-09.
  74. ↑ "`I feel myself at home here'". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2014-07-09.
  75. ↑ Durr, Kenneth D. (1998). "Why we are troubled": white working-class politics in Baltimore, 1940-1980. Washington, D.C.: American University. p. 23. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
  76. ↑ Durr, Kenneth D. (1998). "Why we are troubled": white working-class politics in Baltimore, 1940-1980. Washington, D.C.: American University. p. 142. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
  77. ↑ "A Historic Context for the Archaeology of Industrial Labor in the State of Maryland". Center for Heritage Resource Studies. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
  78. ↑ "Historical & Architectural Preservation / Historic Districts / Maps Of Historic Districts / Canton". Baltimore City Government. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
  79. ↑ "Canton Timeline". Canton Community Association. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
  80. ↑ Zervas, Theodoros G. (2013). "Cypriot Americans". Sage Knowledge. Sage Publications. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  81. ↑ Marzolf, Marion (1972). The Danish-Language Press in America. New York: Arno Press. p. 26. ISBN 0-405-11650-0. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
  82. ↑ Swierenga, Robert P. (1994). The Forerunners: Dutch Jewry in the North American Diaspora. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. p. 199. ISBN 0814324339. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
  83. ↑ Kärner, Karin Annus (2005). Estonian Tastes And Traditions. New York City: Hippocrene Books. p. 6. ISBN 0-7818-1122-8. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
  84. 1 2 "U.S. recognition elates Md. Baltic community THE SOVIET CRISIS". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
  85. ↑ "Baltimore Eesti Selts (Baltimore Estonian Society), Records". Immigration History Research Center. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
  86. ↑ Pennar, Jaan; Parming, Tönu (July 1975). The Estonians in America, 1627-1975: a chronology & fact book. Ethnic chronology series 17. P. Peter Rebane. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications. p. 138. ISBN 0-379-00519-0. OCLC 1288426.
  87. ↑ Olson, Karen (2005). Wives Of Steel: Voices Of Women From The Sparrows Point Steelmaking Communities. University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press. p. 30. ISBN 0-271-02685-5. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
  88. ↑ Shopes, Linda (1991). The Baltimore Book: New Views of Local History. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Temple University Press. p. 195. ISBN 0-877-22817-5. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
  89. ↑ Lannon, Albert Vetere (1999). Second String Red: The Life of Al Lannon, American Communist. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 47. ISBN 0-739-10002-5. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
  90. ↑ "Point of Entry: Baltimore, the Other Ellis Island". baltimoremd.com. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
  91. ↑ "Greek historical highlights of the past 100 years". Greek Orthodox Cathedral of the Annunciation. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  92. ↑ "A Brief History of St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church". St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  93. ↑ Moskos, Charles C. (2009). Greek Americans, Struggle and Success. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 156. ISBN 0-88738-778-0. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
  94. ↑ "The Baltimore Experience > 400 Years of History > A City of Immigrants". Baltimore National Heritage Area. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
  95. ↑ Durr, Kenneth D. (1998). "Why we are troubled": white working-class politics in Baltimore, 1940-1980. Washington, D.C.: American University. p. 23. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
  96. ↑ Durr, Kenneth D. (1998). "Why we are troubled": white working-class politics in Baltimore, 1940-1980. Washington, D.C.: American University. p. 142. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
  97. ↑ Lagumina, S. (2000). The Italian American Experience: An Encyclopedia. New York City: Garland Publishing. p. 51. ISBN 0-203-80114-8. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
  98. ↑ "Raise A Glass For The 9th Annual Highlandtown Wine Festival". CBS Baltimore. Retrieved 2012-08-23.
  99. ↑ "2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". American FactFinder. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
  100. ↑ Maryland Historical Trust: Listing for Hollins-Roundhouse Historic District
  101. ↑ Facaros, Pauls, Dana, Michael (1982). New York & the Mid-Atlantic States. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway. p. 79. ISBN 0895268566.
  102. ↑ "History of Lithuanian Hall". Baltimore Lithuanian-American Community. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
  103. ↑ "Archdiocese of Baltimore National Parishes" (PDF). St. Mary's Seminary and University. Retrieved 2012-08-25.
  104. ↑ "They came, they saw, they minded their manners". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
  105. ↑ "We the People, Maryland's Ethnic Heritage: Scandinavians" (PDF). Maryland Magazine. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
  106. ↑ "The Polish Immigrant and the Catholic Church in America". PolishRoots. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
  107. ↑ "John Slebzak, Page One". Lewis Hine Project. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
  108. ↑ Blum, Isidor (1910). The Jews of Baltimore: An Historical Summary of Their Progress and Status as Citizens of Baltimore from Early Days to the Year Nineteen Hundred and Ten. Baltimore, Maryland: Historical Review Publishing Company. p. 16. OCLC 6449997. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
  109. ↑ Roberts, Samuel (2009). Infectious Fear: Politics, Disease, and the Health Effects of Segregation. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. p. 9. ISBN 9780807894071. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
  110. ↑ Wertsman, Vladimir (2010). Salute to Romanian Jews in America and Canada, 1850-2010: History, Achievements and Biographies. United States: Xlibris. p. 60. ISBN 9781453512791. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
  111. ↑ "Fortune-teller, 62, laid to rest in festive funeral Mourners gather to eulogize slain Gypsy matriarch". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2014-11-13.
  112. ↑ "Moscow Nights: Getting Down With Baltimore's Burgeoning Eastern Bloc". Baltimore City Paper.
  113. ↑ Hill, Jayme Rae (2008). From the Brothel to the Block: Politics and Prostitution in Baltimore During the Progressive Era. Baltimore, Maryland: University of Maryland, Baltimore County. pp. 33–4. OCLC 434829400. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
  114. ↑ "DiverCity: From Russian With Love". Baltimore Magazine. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
  115. ↑ "Far From Loved Ones, Immigrants Anguish". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2014-05-15.
  116. ↑ Olesker, Michael (2001). Journeys to the Heart of Baltimore. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 75. ISBN 0801867541. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
  117. ↑ "Czech-Slovak festival is Sunday in Parkville". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  118. ↑ "Czech and Slovak Festival is Sunday". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  119. ↑ Arnett, Brugger, Papenfuse, Earl, Robert J., Edward C. (1999). Maryland: A New Guide to the Old Line State. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 322. ISBN 0-8018-5979-4. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
  120. ↑ "Egyptians came for jobs, then built lives". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  121. ↑ "Local Iranian-Americans are springing into the new year with traditional flair". 2014-05-13.
  122. ↑ "1950-Present". Jewish Museum of Maryland. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  123. ↑ "Baltimore’s Jewish Heritage". Baltimore National Heritage Area. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  124. ↑ "Persian-style synagogue opening in Baltimore". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 2014-05-13.

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ethnic groups in Baltimore.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Sunday, April 17, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.