Hoklo people

Hoklo

Total population
Around 60 million (est. worldwide)
Regions with significant populations
ChinaMainland China Fujian
Guangdong
Hainan
 Taiwan Majority of Taiwanese
 Hong Kong A minority population
 Macao A minority population
 Malaysia Largest group of Malaysian Chinese
 Singapore Largest group of Chinese Singaporeans
 Indonesia Largest group of Indonesian Chinese
 Myanmar One of the 3 largest groups of Burmese Chinese
 Philippines Majority of Chinese Filipinos
Languages
Hokkien of Minnan Chinese and/or Mandarin. Diaspora also speak their respective home country's language(s)
Religion
Chinese folk religions (including Taoism, Confucianism, ancestral worship and others), Mahayana Buddhism and non-religious. Minority: Christianity.
Minnan-speaking areas in South China and Taiwan. Only the speakers of Quanzhou-Zhangzhou dialects (also known as Hokkien) are seen as Hoklos.

The Hoklo people (endonym Hok-ló lâng, Hō-ló lâng, or Ho̍h-ló lâng) are Han Chinese people whose traditional ancestral homes are in southern Fujian of South China. They are also known by various endonyms (above), or other related terms such as Min Nan people (閩南人) or Hokkien people (福建人).

In a narrow scope, "Hoklo people" refers mainly to people who speak and use the Hokkien dialect of Min Nan Chinese spoken in southern Fujian, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore and by many overseas Chinese throughout Southeast Asia. In a wider scope, "Hoklo people" can include speakers of other Min Nan dialects, such as Zhongshan Min, Zhenan Min, Teochew dialect, and Hainanese.[1]

Etymology

In Taiwan, there are three common ways to write Hoklo in Chinese characters (Min Nan pronunciations are given in Pe̍h-ōe-jī).although none have been established as etymologically correct:

In Hakka, Teochew, and Cantonese, Hoklo may be written as 學老 (lit. "learned aged") and 學佬 (lit. "learned folk").

Despite the many ways to write Hoklo in Chinese, many Taiwanese will use the term Hō-ló[2] to refer to the language and Hoklo culture.

Definition

In general, the Hoklo people can refer to one of the following:

In Taiwan

Main article: Hoklo Taiwanese

About 70% of the Taiwanese people descend from Hoklo immigrants who arrived to the island prior to the start of Japanese rule in 1895. They could be categorized as originating from Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, and Zhangpu based on their dialects and districts of origin.[3] People from the former two areas (Quanzhou-speaking) were dominant in the north of the island and along the west coast, whereas people from the latter two areas (Zhangzhou-speaking) were dominant in the south and perhaps the central plains as well.

During the two centuries of Qing rule, a large number of Hoklo men took aboriginal brides.[4] As some of the plains aboriginals also adopted Chinese customs and language,[5] many of those who today categorize themselves as Hoklo have some degree of indigenous ancestry. Thus, Hoklo culture in Taiwan has deviated from that in mainland China due to Austronesian and Japanese influences.[4]

The deep-rooted hostility between Taiwanese aborigines and (Taiwanese) Hoklo, and the Aboriginal communities' effective KMT networks contribute to Aboriginal skepticism against the DPP and the Aboriginals tendency to vote for the KMT.[6]

When the Taiwanese Han "blood nationalists" tried to claim Plains Aboriginal ancestry as a tool to promote Taiwanese independence and to claim an identity separate from that of mainland Chinese, in spite of the fact that their own ancestry was overwhelmingly that of recent migrants from China with genetic tests showing differences between them and plains aborigines, their claims were decidedly rejected by the modern descendants of Taiwanese Plains Aborigines. The Plains Aborigines seek to preserve their own traditional culture since the abuse of claiming their ancestry by Taiwanese "blood nationalists" to create a uniquely "non-Chinese" Taiwanese identity based on blood negates the actual significance of having Plains Aborigine ancestors.[7]

Within the Taiwanese Han Hoklo community itself, differences in culture indicate the degree to which mixture with aboriginals took place, with most Hoklo Han in Northern Taiwan having almost no Aboriginal admixture, which is limited to Hoklo Han in Southern Taiwan.[8] Plains aboriginals who were mixed and assimilated into the Hoklo Han population at different stages were differentiated by the historian Melissa J. Brown between "short-route" and "long-route".[9]

Indonesia and Malaysian Hoklo or Hokkien

Main article: Malaysian Chinese
Main article: Chinese Indonesians

The Hoklo or Hokkien make up one of the Malaysian Chinese groups. There are also Hokkien or Hoklo among the Chinese Indonesians.

Haifeng, Lufeng and Leizhou in Guangdong, China

The people of Leizhou and the non-Hakka people in Haifeng and Lufeng are Hoklo people, in a narrow scope, but are often being mistaken as Chaozhou/Teochew people in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia.

Prominent Hoklo people

Scientists, Mathematicians or Astronomers

Politicians

Military generals

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ben Sia, 《新加坡的漢語方言》 (The Chinese Languages and Dialects of Singapore)，1988
  2. ↑ http://www.webcitation.org/6e7e8isEY
  3. ↑ Davidson (1903), p. 591.
  4. 1 2 Exec. Yuan (2014), p. 48.
  5. ↑ Davidson (1903), p. 581.
  6. ↑ Damm, Jens (2012). "Multiculturalism in Taiwan and the Influence of Europe". In Damm, Jens; Lim, Paul. European perspectives on Taiwan. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. p. 95. ISBN 9783531943039.
  7. ↑ Chen, Shu-Juo (2009). How Han are Taiwanese Han? Genetic inference of Plains Indigenous ancestry among Taiwanese Han and its implications for Taiwan identity (Ph.D.). STANFORD UNIVERSITY. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  8. ↑ Brown 2004. pp. 156-7.
  9. ↑ Brown 2004. p. 162.

Bibliography

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