Cantonese people

Cantonese
廣府人
广府人
Gwóngfú Yàhn
Total population
(Around 66 million (est. worldwide)[1])
Regions with significant populations
China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan,),Hong Kong, Macau, Southeast Asia (Singapore, Malaysia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar), Western world (United States, Peru, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, Venezuela)
Languages
Yue Chinese
Religion
Predominantly Chinese folk religions (which include Taoism, Confucianism, ancestral worship) and Mahayana Buddhism. Minorities: Christianity, Atheism, Freethought; others.
Related ethnic groups
Hong Kong people, Macanese people, Taishanese people, other Han Chinese.
Cantonese people
Traditional Chinese 廣府人
Simplified Chinese 广府人
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese 廣東人
Simplified Chinese 广东人

Cantonese people (simplified Chinese: 广府人; traditional Chinese: 廣府人) are Han Chinese people whose ancestral homes are in Guangdong Province, China and traditionally the majority of Cantonese reside here. The term "Cantonese people" is customarily synonymous with the Bun Dei (本地; bun2 dei6) sub-ethnic group, or Gwong Dung Jan (广东人; 廣東人; Guǎngdōng rén, literally "the people of Guangdong") in a broader definition. They are referred to as "Kongfu" in Malaysia and "Konghu" in Indonesia[2] and as "Hoa" in Vietnam.

The Cantonese people were also responsible for establishing Cantonese as a mainstream language in Hong Kong during the early colonial era. Today, it is only here where the Cantonese language continues to thrive as the primary language among the people, instead of Mandarin. Most Cantonese people in Guangdong do not speak the Cantonese language fluently, nor is it the primary language in the region, which is Mandarin (that is Standard Chinese). Taishanese people are also Cantonese but speak a different variation of Yue Chinese. Many influential Asians of the 20th century, including many notable overseas Chinese from the migration era, are of Cantonese origin.

Historical origin of Cantonese people

Southern Han people like Hoklo, Cantonese, and Hakka all claim northern Chinese ancestral origins, from ancestors who migrated from Northern China's Yellow River Valley during the 4th–12th centuries, Hoklo clans living in southeastern coastal China like Chaozhou and Quanzhou-Zhangzhou originated from northern China's Henan province during the Tang dynasty.[3] The Han people migrated to southeastern and southern China multiple times throughout history.[4] The origin of the Cantonese is said to be northern Chinese who moved to Guangdong while the indigenous Yue (Baiyue) descendants were the minorities who practiced tattooing, as written in "The Real Yue People" essay by Qu Dajun, a Cantonese scholar who extolled the Cantonese people's Chineseness.[5] Vietnam, Guangdong, and Yunnan all experienced a major surge in Han Chinese migrants in Wang Mang's reign.[6]

Culture

A bronze statue on a pedestal, with the city skyline in the background. The pedestal is designed in the image of four clapperboards forming a box. The statue is of a woman wrapped in photographic film, looking straight up, with her left hand stretched upwards and holding a glass sphere containing a light.
A statue on the Avenue of Stars, a tribute to Hong Kong Cantonese cinema.
Bāngzi (梆子) is one of the main instruments used in Cantonese opera
Cantonese food Dim-sum
Cantonese gambling centre, the world largest diamond shaped Casino
Sculpture of the famous cultural Cantonese fighter Bruce Lee at the Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong

Yue Chinese, broadly "Cantonese", is consists of many closely related dialects native to areas of Guangdong and Guangxi. The pronunciation and vocabulary of Cantonese has also preserved many features of the official language of the Tang dynasty with elements of ancient Yue language.[7] Cantonese is an western word used by westerners to describe the native Guangdong people.[8]

More specifically, Cantonese refers to the prestige dialect of the language native to Guangzhou. This is the language used as a lingua franca, education, media in Hong Kong, Macau, and overseas. Unlike most other varieties of Chinese, Cantonese has semi-official status in Hong Kong and Macau, and has an independent tradition of a written vernacular. Aside from Standard Mandarin, Standard Cantonese is the only other Chinese dialect/language to be internationally known worldwide and has its own versions of songs, dramas, movies. Including animations and video games that are dubbed in Cantonese. Many books, articles, magazines, newspapers especially Manhua can also be found written in Cantonese. Hong Kong Cantonese is therefore a cultural marker and identity for Hong Kong people to distinguish themselves from mainland Chinese.

Cantonese language opera exists in the form of Cantonese opera, which uses a theatrical form of Cantonese singing and rhyming patterns in its performances. The Cantonese opera tradition may date back as far as the Song Dynasty in the 13th century.

Due to its political and economic status of being outside the direct control of the PRC, Hong Kong has been an active (and primary) producer of Cantonese language entertainment. Cantopop, Cantonese language pop music, enjoys multinational fan base in Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, China (Guangdong, Guangxi) and to a small extent Vietnam and Japan. Canton-Pop is also popular among the Chinese communities in the United States, Canada, Malaysia and Australia. The major center of the Cantonese music industry is in Hong Kong. Well-known Cantopop artists include Andy Lau, Aaron Kwok, Joey Yung, Alan Tam, Roman Tam, Danny Chan, Jacky Cheung, Leon Lai, Faye Wong, Sammi Cheng, and Coco Lee. Many of these well known stars are Cantonese or Taishanese, and from the families of other internal Chinese immigrants.

Hong Kong's Cantonese-language cinema is a thriving industry that enjoys international fame. One of the world's largest motion picture industries, recent films such as Kung Fu Hustle and Infernal Affairs have generated acclaim worldwide. For some decades Hong Kong Cantonese speaking movie was the third largest motion picture industry in the world (after Bollywood and Hollywood) and the second largest exporter of films, due to popular Hong Kong action films. Cantonese speaking movies can be found exported around the world particular in Europe, Latin America, Southeast Asia, South Korea and Japan.

Cantonese cuisine is one of the most famous types of cuisine, popular both within and outside China and is characterized by its variety of cooking methods, freshness and use of seafood.[9]Dim sum is equally famous for its variety of small servings. Typical dim sum dishes are Har Gow (steamed shrimp dumplings), Siu Mai (steamed pork dumplings), Cha Siu Bao (bbq pork buns), and so forth.

Historical figures

Some examples of the many historical and well known figures of Cantonese origin who originate mainly from Taishan, Shunde, Panyu and Dongguan are:[10][11]

Cantonese who contributed to modern history of China and Hong Kong

Cantonese Cultural hub

Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Macau are three cultural hub centers for Cantonese people, Hong Kong and Macau are two of the top 50 richest international cities in the world. They are also two of the highest GDP per capita in China. The type of Cantonese that is spoken in Hong Kong and Macau is called Guongzauwaa (廣州話), which originated in Guangzhou city, historically the cultural hub for Cantonese. Guangzhou was also ranked a world city in 2008. But, Guangzhou also became a city for migrant workers, which has constituted 40% of Guangzhou population, these migrants speak primary Mandarin and other non-Cantonese dialects.[23]

Unlike China, both Hong Kong and Macau retained a high level of autonomy and freedom, with different legal codes as compared to China proper. The colonies originally had only few people, so the British and Portuguese encouraged Chinese migration to their respective colonies, and relied on them to build western architecture for Europeans and Chinese architecture for Chinese. Due to these migrations, both of the cities became a linguistically and culturally Cantonese, due to large portion of early migrants being Cantonese. As a result, the culture of Cantonese began merging with western culture. Hong Kong's and Macau's cultures are generally viewed as where the "East meets West". Macau is also a World cultural heritage site (Historic Centre of Macau). Guangzhou was historically one of China's international trading ports since the Tang dynasty and Ming dynasty.

In the 17th century Guangzhou quickly emerged as one of the most suitable ports for international trade before long ships arrived from all over the world. Many empires frequented the port through Canton System in hopes to trade Chinese silk, porcelain ("fine china") and most lucratively, tea. By the middle of the 18th century, Guangzhou had emerged as one of the world's great trading ports under the Thirteen Factories. The privilege during this period made Guangzhou one of the top 3 cities in the world.[24] Cantonese links to overseas Chinese and beneficial tax reforms of the 1990s have aided the city's rapid growth.

Hong Kong

Hong Kong is currently one of the major hubs for Cantonese Culture. Hong Kong "Aboriginals" speaks Tanka and Hakka; meanwhile, some others speak a dialect under Yue Chinese (Same Branch with Cantonese), the Waitau Dialect. The British empire first colonized the empty Hong Kong Island in 1842, however it was in 1898 – 1997 that Hong Kong truly became an colony when the British empire added the New territories which constituted 86.2% of Hong Kong's modern territory, and it was this time that Chinese migrants (not only Cantonese but also other large bynver if Han Chinese subgroups etc.) started entering to this colony. The majority of them spoke a common language, Cantonese (Guangzhou Cantonese), which was the prestige dialect of Yue, and it was truly when Hong Kong became a hub of Cantonese Culture with heavy Cantonese Influence. It is today one of the world's leading international financial centers, and is ranked as the 5th world city. It is also the eighth most traded currency in the world.[25]

Macau

Macau Aboriginals were the Tanka. As the hub of Cantonese Culture moves slowly from Guangzhou to Hong Kong and Macau, the languages of these hubs changes. Macau people speaks a dialect similar to Sheckinese （石岐話）in Zhongshan 中山 (Formerly Romanized as Chungshan). While it became, officially, a colony of the Portuguese Empire in 1887, parts of the city were first loaned to the Portuguese by the Chinese empire as a trading centre in the 16th century. Portugal was required to administer the city under Chinese authority and sovereignty. Portugal later occupied the two closest offshore islands, Taipa and Coloane in 1851 and 1864 respectively. Macau was handed back to China in 1999, and by 2002, it had become one of the world's richest cities.[26] In 2004, the World's Highest Skyjump was broken in Macau.[27] It became the world's biggest gambling centre in 2006.[28]

Cantonese influence on Xinhai Revolution

The Xinhai revolution was the instrument that overthrew the corrupt Qing dynasty that would later bring Manchuria, Inner Mongolia and other regions under Han Chinese rule once again. Troops of Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary army (made up overwhelmingly of Cantonese). Most of the early revolutionary leaders were also Cantonese.[29] In 1895, Guangzhou started its first uprising against Qing dynasty. It would later become to known as the "cradle of the Xinhai revolution".[30][31][32] Hong Kong was the cradle of Sun Yat Sen's revolutionary thoughts and the base for subsequent uprisings. An important place for propaganda, Hong Kong saw the founding of the first revolutionary newspaper.[33][34] Zhongshan was the birthplace of first president of China and native Cantonese dialect of Sun Yat Sen.[35][36]

Academics

Jiangmen is considered the home of Chinese Academician town: The total of academicians is 31 people, a city with over as many 20 is extremely rare in China.[37]

Wu Lien-teh – First Han Chinese and Malaysian Chinese to be nominated for a Nobel prize in physiology or Medicine, Chu Ching-wu – Selected as the Best Researcher in the U.S. by U.S. News & World Report in 1990., GUO Jing-Kun – pioneer and one of academic leaders in the field of Materials Research Nancy Ip – member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the World Academy of Sciences. ,Vivian Wing-Wah Yam – she was a 2011 L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science laureate "for her work on light-emitting materials and innovative ways of capturing solar energy. Huan Yong – China's modern plant taxonomy founder, Chen Haozhu – Career in medicine for many years, has won the national, military science and technology progress award more than 20 other awards Albert Chan (professor) – a Hong Kong professor of chemistry and traditional Chinese medicine. Huang Cuifen one of the founders, successive Chinese Academy of Military Medical Institute of Basic Medical researcher Liang Sili – Chinese Engineer. Chief Designer of inertial guidance platforms for Chinese ballistic missiles. Chen Guoda – Expertise in Mechanical Engineering Huang Benli – Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen University, Professor, Huang has won many awards: 2 2nd-class Major Science and Technology Achievements Awards of Chinese Academy of Science Zhangyou Qi – Computational mechanics, civil engineering experts Xue Shepu – Researcher in cell proliferation and differentiation Huan Yong – Is one of the founders of modern science of plant classification. His lifelong hard work, rigorous scholarship on China Plant Science has made outstanding contributions. Li Chunxuan – Aerospace aircraft design, high-speed collision mechanics specialist. Chen Hao Zhu – Medical experts in cardiovascular disease. member of China Engineering Academy. Mr Wong – Chinese Academy of Engineering academician, general surgery specialist. TANG Zhao – Former director of the International Union Against Cancer Cai Ruixian – Received the Chinese Academy of Science and Technology Progress Award, Chinese Academy of Natural Science Award I Guocong – Former China Engineering Thermophysics director, China Power Engineering Society executive director; China Energy Research Association executive director. Kuang Yu Ping- 1989 was awarded the First Prize in Physics Wu Xun, 2003 was elected to the Academy of Mathematics and Physics Academy of Sciences. Henry NC Wong – University of London, and then to Harvard University postdoctoral research. Albert Chan – An organic chemist, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Huang Cuifen – University of London, and then to Harvard University postdoctoral research. Li Shaozhen – improve cataract surgery quality in the introduction of technology and innovation Huangyao Xiang – Zhongshan University Department of Physics. Chen Yong-Su – Research on a new target of cancer chemotherapy drugs and biochemical modulation Maisong Wei – 1965–1969 any Associate Professor University of Western Ontario in Canada. Ye Danian – 1991 was elected to the Chinese Academy of Sciences Division of Earth Sciences and in 2001 as Peking University professor of Earth and Space Sciences. Feng Peide – well-known experts in the field of aviation.

History

Nanyue Kingdom

Until the 19th century, Cantonese history was largely part of the history of Guangdong. What is now Guangdong was first brought under Qin influence by a Qin Dynasty general named Zhao Tuo who later founded the kingdom of Nanyue in 204 BC,[38][39][40][41][42] and became the strongest Baiyue state in China with many neighboring kingdoms declaring their allegiance to Nanyue rule. Zhao Tuo assimilated cultures of both Han and Yue as well as encouraging intermarriage. Nanyue under Zhao Tuo sacked the Han territory of Hunan in its capital city and defeated Han Dynasty's first attack on Nanyue. He later annexed the kingdom of Minyue in the east and conquered Au Lac (North Vietnam) to the west in 179 BC.[43] The greatly expanded Nanyue included the territories of modern-day Guangdong, Guangxi and northern Vietnam with its capital situated at modern-day Guangzhou. The original people of Guangdong belonged to the Yue until that kingdom was fully brought under Han control of Han Dynasty in 111 BC after the Han–Nanyue War, but it wasn't until subsequent dynasties such as the Jin Dynasty, Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty that major waves of Han Chinese literati migration to the south of Guangdong occurred. Migrations came in waves, displacing and assimilating the existing populations with intermarriage at different time periods, but some native groups like the Zhuang still reside.

From the tenth to twelfth century, Persian women were to be found in Guangzhou (Canton), some of them in the tenth century like Mei Zhu in the harem of the Emperor Liu Chang, and in the twelfth century large numbers of Persian women lived there, noted for wearing multiple earrings and "quarrelsome dispositions".[44][45] Some scholars did not differentiate between Persian and Arab, and some say that the Chinese called all women coming from the Persian Gulf "Persian Women".

The first conflict between the Cantonese and Europeans was the Ningpo Massacre, where the Cantonese defeated a group of Portuguese pirates.[46] During the 19th century, the First (1839–1842) and Second Opium War (1856–1860) with the West resulted in China's loss of control over Hong Kong and Kowloon, which were ceded to the British. Macau, a Portuguese settlement subjected to Chinese sovereignty since the Ming Dynasty (16th century), was subsequently turned into a colony although self-administration was not achieved until the 1840s. These colonies make up roughly less than 2% of Guangdong territories. An Third Pandemic broke out from Yunnan and spread to the city of Canton, beginning in March 1894; the disease killed 60,000 people in a few weeks. It then spread to the water traffic with the nearby city of Hong Kong. Within two months, after 100,000 deaths, the death rates dropped below epidemic rates, although the disease continued to be endemic in Hong Kong until 1929. Plague came to India in 1896, most likely from Hong Kong, where the epidemic had been festering since 1894. In India, 12.5 million Indians lost their lives to the disease.

Main article: Interracial_marriage

The turmoil of the second half of the 19th century compelled many residents of Guangdong to seek their fortunes overseas. Until the second half of the 20th century, the majority of overseas Chinese emigrated from two of China, Fujian and Guangdong. As a result of these migrations, many Chinese with a Cantonese background have settled throughout the world, particularly in North America, Latin America, the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, East Africa, and Pacific Islands, where they have established communities and mostly intermarried with local women, due to all the migrations being almost entirely of men. High numbers of Interracial marriage between Cantonese men with women from other countries has produced high numbers of Eurasians and mixed origins in countries such as Peru, Cuba, Madagascar, Mexico, Australia, America Hawaii, Guyana, Costa Rica. Several hundred Cantonese men also married British women in the UK [47] and resulted in number of Chinese-Eurasian community in Chinatown, Liverpool. Ernest John Eitel mentioned in 1889 how important change had taken place among Eurasian girls, the offspring of illicit connections: Instead of becoming concubines, they were commonly brought up respectably and married to Hong Kong Chinese husbands and became assimilated into the Hong Kong Cantonese population. An example of a Cantonese Eurasian is Nancy Kwan, who became a Hollywood sex symbol. She was of Eurasian origin born in 1939 in Hong Kong to a Cantonese architect father and a mother of British descent. The world's most influential martial artist. Bruce Lee, was also born to parents of Hong Kong heritage to a Cantonese father and a Eurasian mother.

Main article: California Gold Rush

Unlike the migrants from Fujian, who mostly settled in Southeast Asia, many Cantonese emigrants also migrated to the western hemisphere, particularly the United States and Canada. Chinese immigrants in North America were brought as cheap labourers to build the transcontinental railroads in the United States and Canada, while those in South America were mostly forced laborers brought in as coolies. Chinese in California participated in the California Gold Rush, while Chinese in Hawaii found employment in sugar plantations as contract laborers. Chinese also played a significant role in Australia's gold rush, from 1854 onwards. These early immigrants founded communities of Chinatowns but also faced hostility and a variety of discriminatory laws that targeted them. This includes denying the immigration of women to prevent Chinese families from taking root, culminating in anti-immigration laws that restricted Chinese migration. A large proportion of these early immigrants came from the Sze Yup (Seiyap) region of Guangdong. As a result, these early communities spoke mostly Taishanese, one of the dialects of Yue distinctive from Cantonese. The Taishan (, Hoisan) dialect is still spoken in Chinese communities in the Americas, by older people as well as more recent immigrants from Taishan. The relaxing of immigration laws after World War II allowed for subsequent waves of migration to the United States from both mainland China and Hong Kong, while the majority of the Chinese-Vietnamese boat people from the Vietnam War spoke Cantonese either as a first or secondary language. As a result, Cantonese continues to be widely used by Chinese communities of Guangdong and Hong Kong origin in the western world and has not been supplanted by Standard Chinese.

See also

References

  1. ↑ David P Brown (31 August 2011). "Top 100 Languages by Population". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  2. ↑ Chinese Overseas: Comparative Cultural Issues. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 92–93.
  3. ↑ Sow-Theng Leong; Tim Wright; George William Skinner (1997). Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History: Hakkas, Pengmin, and Their Neighbors. Stanford University Press. pp. 78–. ISBN 978-0-8047-2857-7.
  4. ↑ Jacques Gernet (31 May 1996). A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-0-521-49781-7.
  5. ↑ Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt; Wolfgang Schluchter; Björn Wittrock. Public Spheres and Collective Identities. Transaction Publishers. pp. 213–4. ISBN 978-1-4128-3248-9.
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  7. ↑ South China Morning Post. [2009] (2009). 11, October. "Linguistic heritage in peril". By Chloe Lai.
  8. ↑ Unity and diversity: local cultures and identities in China By David Faure
  9. ↑ Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People. p. 281.
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  11. 1 2 http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/-people--llc/1026987674
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  14. ↑ Lily Xiao Hong Lee, A. D. Stefanowska, Clara Wing-chung Ho – 2003 – 387 pages
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  19. ↑ 14th century Zheng He and the Huaqiao Policy 郑和的国家观与"华侨政策"
  20. ↑ Cooke & Li 2004, p. 63
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  26. ↑ Macau has become known as the 'Las Vegas of the Far East'. Papers by Cindia Ching-Chi
  27. ↑ "SkyJump » AJ Hackett Macau Tower". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
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  29. ↑ Shanghai on Strike: The Politics of Chinese Labor By Elizabeth J. Perry
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  39. ↑ Huai Nan Zi, section 18
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  44. ↑ Walter Joseph Fischel "Semitic and Oriental studies: a volume presented to William Popper, professor of Semitic languages, emeritus, on the occasion of his seventy-fifth birthday, October 29, 1949" University of California Press (1951) p. 407 Multiple women originating from the Persian Gulf lived in Guangzhou's foreign quarter, they were all called "Persian women" (波斯婦 Po-ssu-fu or Bosifu).
  45. ↑ Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Kenkyūbu (1928). Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issue 2. the University of Michigan: The Toyo Bunko. p. 34. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
  46. ↑ Zhidong Hao (2011). Macau History and Society (illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 67. ISBN 988-8028-54-5. Retrieved 4 November 2011. There was indeed a group of Portuguese who became pirates, called "Macau ruffians," or policemen who turned bad, along with "Manila-men" from the Philippines and escaped African slaves. Their fleet attacked "the Cantonese ships when they could get them at an advantage, and murdered their crews with circumstances of great atrocity."55 They were destroyed in Ningbo by a fleet of Chinese pirates with the support of the local Chinese government and other Europeans.
  47. ↑ "UK Chinese". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
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