Holographic display

A holographic display is a type of display that utilizes light diffraction to create a virtual three-dimensional image of an object. Holographic displays are unique from other forms of 3D imaging in that they do not require the aid of any special glasses or external equipment for a viewer to see the image.

History

1900's^[1]

1947 - British scientist Dennis Gabor first came up with the concept of a hologram while trying to improve the resolution of electron microscopes. He derived the name for holography, with "holos" being the Greek word for "whole," and "gramma" which is the term for "message."

1960 - The world's first laser was developed by Russian scientists N. Bassov, A. Prokhorov, and American scientist Charles Towns. This was a major milestone for holography because laser technology serves as the basis of most, if not all modern day holographic displays.

1962 - Dr. Denisyuk invented the white-light reflection hologram which was the first hologram that could be viewed under the light given off of an ordinary incandescent light bulb.

1968 - White-light transmission holography was invented by Dr. Stephen Benton. This type of holography was unique because it was able to reproduce the entire spectrum of colors by separating the seven colors that create white light.

1972 - Lloyd Cross produced the first traditional hologram by using white-light transmission holography to recreate a moving 3-dimensional image.

1989 - MIT spatial imaging group pioneered electroholography, which uses magnetic waves and acoustic-optical sensors to portray moving pictures onto a display

2000's

2005 - The University of Texas developed the laser plasma display, which is considered the first real 3D holographic display.

2010^[2] - Hollow pyramid shaped prisms are released into the consumer market, which if placed over a flat screen (or smartphone), can emulate a three-dimensional image by means of 2-D light refraction.

2012 - The first holographic display is implemented in a car's interactive navigation display system. The technology was showcased through the production car Lykan Hypersport.

2013^[3] - MIT researcher Michael Bove predicts that holographic displays will enter the mass market within the next ten years, adding that we already have all the technology necessary for holographic displays.

Types of Holographic Displays

Laser Plasma

Laser plasma displays, developed in 2005 by the University of Texas, utilize a series of powerful lasers that focus light in desired positions in order to create plasma excitations with the oxygen and nitrogen molecules in the air. This type of holographic display is capable of producing images in thin air, without the need of any sort of screen or external refraction media. The laser plasma display is able to depict very bright and visible objects, but it lacks in terms of resolution and picture quality.

Micromagnetic Piston Display^[4]

The piston display, invented by Belgian company IMEC in 2011, utilizes a MEMS (micro-electo-mechanical system) based structure. In this type of display, thousands of microscopic pistons are able to be manipulated up and down to act as pixels, which in turn reflect light with a desired wavelength to represent an image. This developing technology is currently in the prototype phase, as IMEC is still developing the mechanism that will mobilize their "pixels" more effectively. Some of the limitations of this type of this display include the high cost, difficulty of creating large screens, and its susceptibility to mechanical failures due to the relatively large amount of moving parts (microscopic pistons).

Holographic Television Display

The holographic television display was created by MIT researcher Michael Bove in 2013. Dr. Bove used a Microsoft Kinect camera as a relatively effective way to capture subjects in a three-dimensional space. The image is then processed by a PC graphics card and replicated with a series of laser diodes. The produced image is fully 3-dimensional and can be viewed from all 360 degrees to gain spatial perspective. Bove claims that this technology will be widespread by 2023, and that the technology will cost as much as today's ordinary consumer TV's.

Touchable Holograms^[5][6]

Touchable holograms were originally a Japanese invention that became further developed by American microprocessor company Intel. Touchable hologram technology is the closest modern representation of the holographic displays that one might see in sci-fi movies such as Star Wars and particularly in the Star Trek television franchise. This display is unique in that it can detect a user's touch by sensing movements in the air. The device then provides haptic feedback to the user by sending an ultrasonic air blast in return. In Intel's demonstration of this technology, the display was showcased representing a touchless, responsive piano. A possible implementation for this technology would be interactive displays in public kiosks; because this type of display does not require a user to physically touch a screen, it ensures that bacteria and viruses do not get transmitted from person to person.

Technologies Used

Laser

Most modern day holograms utilize a laser as its light source. In this type of hologram, a laser is shone onto a scene that is then reflected onto a recording apparatus. In addition, part of the laser must shine directly onto a specific area of the display to act as a reference beam. The purpose of the reference beam is to provide the recording device with information such as background light, picture angle, and beam profile. The image is then processed to compensate for any variation in picture fidelity, and then sent to the display.

Electroholography^[7]

Electroholographic displays are digital displays that transmit stored image data using an electromagnetic resonator. These signals are then read by an acoustic-optic modulator and converted into a legible image and displayed on an RGB laser monitor. Electroholographic displays hold an advantage over traditional displays in terms of picture accuracy and range of color.

Full Parallax/HPO/VPO

Full parallax holography is the process of delivering optical information in both the x and y directions. The resulting image will therefore provide an observer the same perspective of a scene no matter which direction he is standing.

Horizontal Parallax Only (HPO) and Vertical parallax Only (VPO) displays only deliver optical information in two dimensions. This method of display partially compromises the image in certain viewing angles, but it requires much less computational power and data transfer. Because humans' eyes are positioned side by side, HPO displays are generally preferred over VPO displays, and sometimes preferred over full parallax displays due to their lesser demand on processing power.

MEMS

MEMS technology allows holographic displays to incorporate very small moving parts into its design. The prime example of a MEMS-enabled display is the piston display, listed in the above section. Micropistons used in the display can behave like pixels on a computer monitor, allowing for sharp image quality.

Hologram-like Display

Mitsubishi is developing a hologram-like 'aerial display'.^[8]

See also

• Holographic screen

References

1. Sergey, Zharkiy. "History of the holography". www.holography.ru. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
2. "How To Turn Your Smartphone Into A 3D Hologram Projector". IFLScience. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
3. "The Progression of Holography into Business– An interview with Dr. V. Michael Bove, Jr. MIT Media Lab". www1.huawei.com. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
4. Staff. "5 Amazing Holographic Displays, Technologies That Actually Exist Now - TechEBlog". www.techeblog.com. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
5. "Japanese scientists create touchable holograms". Reuters. 2015-11-30. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
6. "Touchable 3D holograms in daylight now possible using superfast femtosecond lasers". International Business Times UK. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
7. Reichelt, Stephan; Haussler, Ralf; Leister, Norbert; Futterer, Gerald; Stolle, Hagen; Schwerdtner, Armin (2010-04-01). Holographic 3-D Displays - Electro-holography within the Grasp of Commercialization. InTech. doi:10.5772/8650.
8. Mitsubishi is developing a hologram-like 'Aerial Display'