Homo cepranensis

Homo cepranensis Temporal range: Pleistocene, 0.5–0.35 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Holotype skull
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Family:	Hominidae
Genus:	Homo
Species:	H. cepranensis
Binomial name
†Homo cepranensis Mallegni et al., 2003

Homo cepranensis is a proposed name for a species of the genus Homo, known from only one skull cap discovered in 1994.^[1] The fossil was accidentally unearthed in a highway construction project. Although damaged by a bulldozer it was recognized, documented and described by archeologist Italo Biddittu, who happened to be present when the nearly complete hominin calvaria came to light, nicknamed "Argil" by its discoverer^[2] and "Ceprano Man" after the nearby town Ceprano in the province of Frosinone, 89 kilometers Southeast of Rome, Italy.^[3][4]

The generally morphological robust find shows peculiar characteristics, especially in the frontal bone and has no equivalent in Europe or elsewhere, its taxonomic status has been so far controversial as it differs from the other hominid species H. ergaster, H. erectus, and H. heidelbergensis. The results of morphometric and cladistic analyses and comparisons with other fossils lead to the conclusion that this fossil is a distinct hominid species.^[5][6]

The holotype (see image) of Homo cepranenis has a unique combination of morphological features: 1: incomplete sulcus supraorbitalis, 2: frontal tuber weakly developed medially shifted, 3: supraorbital region medially concave, 4: intermediate position of the external auditory meatus in regard to the processus zygomaticus temporalis); 5 and 6 (blue) = more derived traits (i.e. 5: straight torus occipitalis transversus, 6: medio-lateral concavity of the articular tubercle); 7 to 10 (green) = more primitive traits (i.e. 7: petro-tympanic crest orientated downward, 8: opisthocranion coincident with inion, 9: processus retromastoideus, 10: torus angularis parietalis ^[7]

The fossil was first estimated to be between 700,000 to 900,000 years old determined on the basis of regional correlations and a series of absolute dates.^[8] After clarification of its geostratigaphic, biostratigraphic and archaeological relation to the well known and nearby Acheulean site of Fontana Ranuccio, dated to 487,000 +/- 6,000 years, Muttoni et al. suggested that Ceprano is most likely 450,000 years old - the mid of the Middle Pleistocene. Taking the circumstances of the recovery of the fossil into account A. Ascenzi states in 2001: "...given the absence in the sediments containing the cranium of any leucitic remnants of the more recent volcanic activity known in the region—that are referred to the range between 100 and 700 ka and the presence above the cranium itself of a clear stratigraphic unconformity that marks the lowest limit of the sandy leucitic pyroclasts, an age between 800 and 900 ka is at present our best chronological estimate.[sic]"^[9]

The cranial features on the bone seem to be intermediate between those found on Homo erectus and those of later species, such as Homo heidelbergensis, that dominated Europe long before Homo neanderthalensis. A 2011 study suggested that it was ancestral to Homo neanderthalensis.^[10]

References

1. Mallegni, F (2003). "Homo cepranensis sp. nov. and the evolution of African-European Middle Pleistocene hominids". Comptes Rendus Palevol 2 (2): 153–159. doi:10.1016/S1631-0683(03)00015-0. ISSN 1631-0683.
2. "THE ARGIL, THE OLDEST MAN IN EUROPE". nostra italia. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
3. "A cranium for the earliest Europeans: Phylogenetic position of the hominid from Ceprano, Italy by G. Manzi, F. Mallegni, and A. Ascenzi". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
4. "The Origin of Humankind: Conference Proceedings of the International edited by Massimiliano Aloisi". Google Books. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
5. "Homo cepranensis: Still its own Species?". anthropology ua edu. October 22, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
6. "The Stem Species of Our Species: A Place for the Archaic Human Cranium from Ceprano, Italy". PLOS ONE. April 20, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
7. "Homo cepranensis". Macroevolution net. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
8. "Pleistocene magnetochronology of early hominin sites at Ceprano and Fontana Ranuccio, Italy". ScienceDirect. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
9. "Ceprano calvaria". tumblr. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
10. http://www.ploscollections.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0018821;jsessionid=4A4B8A5E7DD12BC3E642D5AE30B80069.ambra02