Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women

Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women

Cover of the first edition
Authors Alan P. Bell, Martin S. Weinberg
Country United States
Language English
Subject Homosexuality
Published 1978 (The Macmillan Company of Australia)
Media type Print (hardcover and paperback)
Pages 505
ISBN 978-0671251505

Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women is a 1978 book about homosexuality by psychologist Alan P. Bell and sociologist Martin S. Weinberg. Together with Homosexuality: An Annotated Bibliography (1972), it was part of a series of books that culminated in the publication of Sexual Preference in 1981.[1][2] The work was a publication of the Institute for Sex Research.[3][4] Though Homosexualities was influential, and is sometimes seen as a classic work, many of Bell and Weinberg's findings have become dated due to social changes since 1978, such as the AIDS epidemic and the progress of the gay rights movement.

Background

Alfred Kinsey had intended to publish a study of homosexuality to complement Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953), but died before being able to produce such a volume. Following Kinsey's death, the Institute for Sex Research became involved in other projects and did not focus its attention on homosexuality again until the late 1960s. Stanley Yolles of the National Institute of Mental Health established the National Institute of Mental Health Task Force on Homosexuality, which held its first meeting in 1967, and decided that further research into homosexuality was needed. The NIMH Task Force invited the Institute for Sex Research to submit a proposal for a comprehensive study of the development of homosexuality. The Institute's proposal, based upon many of the NIMH Task Force's recommendations, was modified after consultation with NIMH officials.[5][6][7]

Bell and Weinberg, during the initial stages of their work, consulted with numerous experts on homosexuality who often held views quite different from theirs. Those listed as contributors to the study included ethologist Frank A. Beach, psychoanalyst Irving Bieber, Wainright Churchill, psychologist Albert Ellis, anthropologist Paul Gebhard, psychologist Evelyn Hooker, sociologist Laud Humphreys, psychiatrist Judd Marmor, sexologist Wardell Pomeroy, sociologist Edward Sagarin, psychiatrist Robert Stoller, psychologist Clarence Arthur Tripp, and sociologist Colin J. Williams. Bell and Weinberg commented that, "Our correspondence and personal meetings with these individuals were of great help to us in constructing a viable interview schedule. While the final instrument, devised over many meetings of various Institute personnel, did not entirely please or represent the views of any one person associated with it, the interview schedule in its final form was the result of endless discussions and sometimes painful compromise on the part of many highly committed people."[8]

Homosexualities was part of a series of books that resulted from what Bell and Weinberg called the San Francisco Study.[9] The series began with Homosexuality: An Annotated Bibliography in 1972 and culminated in the publication of Sexual Preference in 1981.[10][11] The book's direct predecessor was Patterns of Adjustment in Deviant Populations, a 1967 survey of white gay men in Chicago designed by Bell and Gebhard and funded by NIMH. This pilot study contained many questions identical to those used in Homosexualities,[12] which was a survey of gay men and lesbians carried out in the San Francisco Bay Area in 1969 and 1970.[13]

Summary

Kinsey and his colleagues used a single scale to measure a person's balance of heterosexuality and homosexuality, and took both sexual behavior and sexual feelings into account in assigning people ratings.[14] Bell and Weinberg, believing that the Kinsey scale as originally conceived was unsatisfactory, modified it by employing two different scales, one to measure sexual behavior and one to measure sexual feelings. Their reason was that "sexual behavior and sexual feelings may not always be the same for an individual".[15] Bell and Weinberg described their criteria for heterosexuality and homosexuality and its rationale as follows: "In reality, the ratio of homosexuality to heterosexuality in individuals' sexual behavior and feelings varies infinitely, but for statistical purposes it was obviously necessary for us arbitrarily to distinguish between 'homosexual' and 'heterosexual' respondents. Respondents were therefore assigned to one or the other group based on their self-ratings on the seven-point Kinsey Scale, which ranges from 'exclusively heterosexual' (a score of 0) to 'exclusively homosexual' (a score of 6)...If a respondent's score with respect to feelings, added to his or her score with respect to behaviors, amounted to 4 or more, he or she was assigned to the 'homosexual' group."[16]

Bell and Weinberg found that homosexuality was not necessarily related to pathology.[17] Like Kinsey and his colleagues, they found bisexual behavior and orientation to be widespread. They proposed that homosexuals could be divided into five categories based on their life styles: "close coupled" (exclusively monogamous relationships), "open coupled" and "functional" (more or less open relationships), and "dysfunctional" and "asexual" (relatively uninterested in sex). Bell and Weinberg maintained that these represented natural groupings, and considered them appropriate for both males and females, although they found dramatic differences between the life styles of gay men and lesbians. Between 10 and 15 per cent of males were monogamous, half or more were in open relationships, and about 25 per cent in the dysfunctional or asexual categories.[18]

Females were more likely than males to be monogamous. One third or more of the lesbians were monogamous, while the rest fell into the other categories. There were even larger differences between males and females in sexual behavior. Nearly half of the males had over 500 different sexual partners in a life time, another third had between 100 and 500, and over 90 per cent had at least 25 (black gay men were on average slightly less promiscuous than white gay men). Much sex between men took place between strangers, met in baths or bars. 25 per cent of white gay men at some time had sex with boys who were sixteen or younger, after they themselves reached the age of 21. Most lesbians, however, had fewer than 10 same-sex partners over a life time, and very few cruised or looked for casual sex. Little lesbian sex took place between strangers.[19][20] Women's sexual behavior showed a relatively greater level of heterosexual activity and a relatively lower level of homosexual activity compared to that of men.[21]

Comparing the happiness of homosexuals to that of heterosexuals, Bell and Weinberg found that while "close coupled" gay men reported more happiness than straight men, "asexual" and "dysfunctional" gay men were less happy on average than straight men. 20 per cent of gay men had attempted suicide, and another 20 per cent had seriously considered suicide.[22] "Close coupled" gay men were happier than "open coupled" gay men.[23] About two thirds of gay men had at some time contracted venereal disease through homosexual sex.[24]

Bell and Weinberg documented efforts by homosexuals to change their sexual orientation, finding that depending on factors such as sex and race, between 29 and 38 per cent of its subjects had considered abandoning homosexual behavior. Between 40 and 75 per cent of those who had considered abandoning homosexuality actually attempted it, some making repeated attempts. The attempts included measures such as withdrawing from gay sociosexual involvement, increasing heterosexual sociosexual involvement, stopping homosexual feelings, and seeking professional help. Between 11 and 23 percent of the subjects had consulted a professional to seek help in giving up homosexuality. When asked whether, had it been possible to take a magic pill at birth that would have guaranteed that they would have become heterosexual, between 72 and 89 per cent indicated that they would not have wanted to take the pill. When asked whether they would want to take such a pill now, between 86 and 95 per cent said no.[25] Those who regretted their sexual orientation did so primarily because it exposed them to societal rejection (about 50 per cent gave this as a reason).[26]

Many gay men and lesbians had children, especially if they had been previously married.[27] Over 50 per cent of homosexuals who had been married had children.[28] When they asked homosexuals whether they would be disturbed if their own children became homosexual, between 25 and 33 per cent said yes. Between 69 and 77 per cent said that they would not be upset, or only a little upset, if one of their children became homosexual.[29] Compared to heterosexuals, homosexuals were much less likely to marry: 25 per cent of homosexuals married and 75 per cent did not, while for heterosexuals, the proportions were roughly reversed. When homosexuals did marry, they had less heterosexual intercourse and fewer children than heterosexuals.[30] Some other findings were that 1 per cent of gay men were attracted to feminine qualities in a man,[31] that gay men had little interest in competitive sport, and that older gay men were more likely than younger gay men to concentrate on fellatio. Bell and Weinberg were unable to explain the finding about sport, and were wary of concluding that the differences in sexual behavior between older and younger gay men represented a shift in sexual mores.[32]

Reception

Positive and negative reactions

Historian Martin Duberman writes that in 1976, prior to the publication of Homosexualities, he heard a rumor that "Bell's soon-to-appear study on the etiology of male homosexuality, in preparation more than ten years, would give renewed respectability to the long dominant but recently challenged psychoanalytic view (associated primarily with the work of Charles Socarides and Irving Bieber), that the parental configuration of absent/hostile/remote father and binding/suffocating/domineering mother was what produced gay sons." Duberman relates that when he met Bell that year and asked him whether the rumor was correct, Bell "squirmed uncomfortably" and gave "a long-winded, evasive reply." According to Duberman, "I finally got him [Bell] to say that he had tentatively concluded that "estrangement from the father (irrespective of the mother's "binding" love or lack of it) was likely to produce a homosexual son; and that estrangement from the mother could be directly correlated with a heterosexual outcome for the son."[33]

Duberman adds that when Homosexualities appeared in 1978, "it proved a double surprise to me: It avoided the question of etiology, and it was a work of considerable substance." Duberman characterized the book as "the most ambitious study" of male homosexuality yet attempted in his review in The New York Times, but was critical of its "sample techniques and simplistic typologies" and saw it as part of "sexology's mainstream", believing that while most gays would welcome Bell and Weinberg's conclusion that gays differ little from "mainstream Americans", gay radicals would be angered. Duberman suggested that Bell and Weinberg offered a "sanitized" version of gay experience.[33]

Clarissa K. Wittenberg reviewed Homosexualities on the front page of Psychiatric News, the official newsletter of the American Psychiatric Association, writing that the book was certain to become an instant classic and that it fully deserved this status.[34] Philosopher Lee C. Rice calls the book "a monumentally important study" which puts to rest "many psychological myths about the gay personality" and makes "many tentative suggestions for the development and sharpening of new concepts to deal with human sexuality".[35]

Gay activist Dennis Altman finds Homosexualities to be a typical example of how research into homosexuality is justified in terms of legitimizing of the homosexual life style. Altman noted that Bell and Weinberg's finding that homosexuality is not necessarily related to pathology did not call into question either the concept of pathology or the ability of psychologists to determine it. He suggested that like many other studies of homosexuality, the book appealed to "people who need to combat the way we have been stigmatized by one set of experts with the reassurances of another." Altman also found it to be "heavily influenced by conventional assumptions about relationships and happiness."[36]

John P. DeCecco, Professor of Psychology and Human Sexuality, dismisses Homosexualities, writing that while its authors presented it as a definitive study of homosexuality, it was a hurried retreat "behind computer statistics" and showed "theoretical nakedness". DeCecco finds the book to be an example of the "theoretical blindness" that in his view has dominated research on homosexuality in the United States since the early 1970s. He expresses a more favorable view of European thinkers such as Michel Foucault.[37]

Sociologists Edward Laumann and John Gagnon, and their co-authors, write that while Bell and Weinberg covered a wide range of sexual behaviors, "they did not use probability samples" and their study "therefore could not be used to estimate population rates." Laumann et al. nevertheless found Homosexualities to be of value in planning their own study.[38] Psychologist Jim McKnight writes that while the idea that bisexuality is a form of sexual orientation intermediate between homosexuality and heterosexuality is implicit in the Kinsey scale, that conception of bisexuality was brought into question by the publication of Homosexualities and is now "severely challenged".[39] Philosopher Timothy F. Murphy calls Homosexualities an important study of homosexuality, commenting that despite its limitations, flaws, and incompleteness, it is useful, provided that it, like other studies, is regarded as part of a scientific process of "measuring the adequacy of hypotheses and evidence" rather than as a "window opening on veridical truth".[40]

Psychology professors Stanton L. Jones and Mark A. Yarhouse observe that Homosexualities is one of the most influential studies ever conducted on homosexuality, but that like several other iconic studies, including those by Hooker, Kinsey, J. Michael Bailey, and Richard Pillard, its authors' conclusions were based on convenience samples, which have no known representativeness. They nevertheless consulted Bell and Weinberg's interview protocols when developing a questionnaire for their own study of ex-gays.[41]

In 2002, The New York Times quoted Duberman as saying that Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women resulted from "the most ambitious study of male homosexuality ever attempted", and that together with Sexual Preference (1981) the book "refuted a large number of previous studies that gay men were social misfits".[42]

Obsolescence

Some of Bell and Weinberg's findings are outdated.[43][44][45] Philosopher Michael Ruse comments in Homosexuality: A Philosophical Inquiry (1988) that the AIDS epidemic, which began after Homosexualities was published, has probably made Bell and Weinberg's picture of gay sexual behavior obsolete.[46] Philosopher John Corvino writes that Homosexualities is the study most commonly cited to prove that gay men are sexually promiscuous, but that it was not based on a broad sample and that a more recent and extensive University of Chicago study, Edward Laumann et al.'s The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States, produced different results.[47] Laumann et al. found that gay and bisexual men reported an average of 3.1 sex partners in the previous 12 months in 1994, well above the 1.8 reported by heterosexual men, but far fewer than was the norm in some urban gay communities in the pre-AIDS era.[48] Murphy comments that Bell and Weinberg studied people who came of age before gay liberation, and it is likely that a much smaller proportion of gays would now be dissatisfied with their sexual orientation or interested in attempting to change it through therapy.[49]

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Bell 1981. pp. iv, 238.
  2. ↑ Bell 1972. p. iv.
  3. ↑ Rice 1980. p. 280.
  4. ↑ DeCecco 1982. p. 282.
  5. ↑ Kinsey 1948. p. ii.
  6. ↑ Kinsey 1953. p. iv.
  7. ↑ Bell 1978. pp. 9-14.
  8. ↑ Bell 1978. pp. 14-15, 491.
  9. ↑ Bell 1978. p. 25.
  10. ↑ Bell 1981. pp. iv, 238.
  11. ↑ Bell 1972. p. iv.
  12. ↑ Bell 1978. pp. 10, 22.
  13. ↑ LeVay 1995. p. 62
  14. ↑ Kinsey 1948. p. 647.
  15. ↑ Weinberg 1994. p. 41.
  16. ↑ Bell 1978. p. 35.
  17. ↑ Altman 1982. pp. 62, 178.
  18. ↑ Ruse 1988. pp. 5-6, 9-10.
  19. ↑ Ruse 1988. pp. 9-10, 256.
  20. ↑ LeVay 1995. p. 62
  21. ↑ Weinberg 1994. p. 70.
  22. ↑ Ruse 1988. pp. 210-211, 213.
  23. ↑ Altman 1982. p. 189.
  24. ↑ Bell 1978. p. 118.
  25. ↑ Murphy 1997. pp. 100, 111, 198.
  26. ↑ Ruse 1988. p. 211.
  27. ↑ Murphy 1997. p. 246.
  28. ↑ Ruse 1988. p. 142.
  29. ↑ Murphy 1997. pp. 116, 246.
  30. ↑ Ruse 1988. p. 210.
  31. ↑ LeVay 1995. p. 409
  32. ↑ Altman 1982. pp. 62, 178.
  33. 1 2 Duberman 1996. pp. 45-46.
  34. ↑ Bayer 1987. p. 187.
  35. ↑ Rice 1980. p. 280.
  36. ↑ Altman 1982. pp. 52-53, 189.
  37. ↑ DeCecco 1982. p. 282.
  38. ↑ Laumann 1994. p. 36.
  39. ↑ McKnight 1997. p. 33.
  40. ↑ Murphy 1997. p. 60.
  41. ↑ Jones 2007. pp. 19, 133, 134, 388, 399.
  42. ↑ McCoubrey 2002.
  43. ↑ Ruse 1988. pp. 9-10.
  44. ↑ Murphy 1997. p. 100.
  45. ↑ Corvino 1997. p. 147.
  46. ↑ Ruse 1988. pp. 9-10.
  47. ↑ Corvino 1997. p. 147.
  48. ↑ LeVay 2009. pp. 294, R-3.
  49. ↑ Murphy 1997. p. 100.

Bibliography

Books
  • Altman, Dennis (1982). The Homosexualization of America. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-4143-2. 
  • Bayer, Ronald (1987). Homosexuality and American Psychiatry: The Politics of Diagnosis. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02837-0. 
  • Bell, Alan P.; Weinberg, Martin S. (1972). Homosexuality: An Annotated Bibliography. New York: Harper & Row. p. iv. ISBN 0-06-014541-2. 
  • Bell, Alan P.; Weinberg, Martin S. (1978). Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men And Women. South Melbourne: The Macmillan Company of Australia. ISBN 0-333-25180-6. 
  • Bell, Alan P.; Weinberg, Martin S.; Hammersmith, Sue Kiefer (1981). Sexual Preference: Its Development in Men and Women. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-16673-X. 
  • Corvino, John (1997). Soble, Alan, ed. The Philosophy of Sex: Contemporary Readings. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-8476-8481-4. 
  • Duberman, Martin (1996). Midlife Queer: Autobiography of a Decade, 1971-1981. London: The University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-16024-6. 
  • Jones, Stanton L.; Yarhouse, Mark A. (2007). Ex-gays? A Longitudinal Study of Religiously Mediated Change in Sexual Orientation. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-2846-3. 
  • Kinsey, Alfred C.; Pomeroy, Wardell B.; Martin, Clyde E. (1948). Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Company. 
  • Kinsey, Alfred C.; Pomeroy, Wardell B.; Martin, Clyde E.; Gebhard, Paul H. (1953). Sexual Behavior in the Human Female. Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Company. 
  • Laumann, Edward O.; Gagnon, John H.; Michael, Robert T.; Michaels, Stuart (1994). The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-46957-3. 
  • LeVay, Simon; Baldwin, Janice (2009). Human Sexuality, Third edition. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc. ISBN 978-0-87893-424-9. 
  • LeVay, Simon; Nonas, Elisabeth (1995). City of Friends: A Portrait of the Gay and Lesbian Community in America. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-12194-8. 
  • McKnight, Jim (1997). Straight Science? Homosexuality, Evolution and Adaptation. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-15773-0. 
  • Murphy, Timothy F. (1997). Gay Science: The Ethics of Sexual Orientation Research. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10849-4. 
  • Rice, Lee C. (1980). Soble, Alan, ed. The Philosophy of Sex: Contemporary Readings. Totowa, New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co. ISBN 0-8226-0351-9. 
  • Weinberg, Martin S.; Williams, Colin J.; Pryor, Douglas W. (1994). Dual Attraction: Understanding Bisexuality. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509841-2. 
Journals
  • DeCecco, John P. (1982). Davis, Clive M., ed. "The Journal of Sex Research, August 1982, Vol 18, No. 3". Lake Mills, Iowa: The Society for the Scientific Study of Sex. 
Online articles
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Monday, April 25, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.