Hugh, Margrave of Tuscany

A later medieval miniature of Duke Hugh ( Ugo dux)

Hugh (Latin: Ugo, Hugo; 953/4 – 21 December 1001),^[1] called the Great, was the Margrave of Tuscany from 969^{[lower-alpha 1]} until his death, and the Duke of Spoleto and Margrave of Camerino from 989 to 996 (as "Hugh II").^[5][6] He restored the state apparatus in Tuscany^{[lower-alpha 2]} after decades of neglect by margraves whose main interests lay elsewhere.^[3] Hugh supported the new Ottonian dynasty (in Italy since 961), and was praised for his justice by the contemporary theologian Peter Damian in his De principis officio (On the Office of a Prince).^[3]

Hugh was the son and successor of Hubert, an illegitimate son of King Hugh.^[3] His mother was Willa, a daughter of Boniface I, Duke of Spoleto and Margrave of Camerino.^[1] The Tuscany that Hugh inherited was not yet characterised by incastellamento (except in the diocese of Lucca) and royal intervention was rare.^[2] It was also larger in area than it had been under the last margrave unaffiliated with the royal family, Adalbert II (died 915).^[2] The march was defined less by geography than by the public institutions controlled by the margrave. Hugh had his own tribunals, mints and army, and the lands he distributed to the church in his march was mostly public land.^[2]

The basis of Hugh's power was the wealthy cities of the Arno valley, although he also possessed extensive landed properties.^[3] Towards the end of his life he increasingly dissipated marchesal (public) lands on the foundation of monasteries.^[3][7] The increase in gift-giving to monasteries by Hugh and his vassals (fideles) has been linked to a "spiritual revival".^[8] Hugh gave lands around Arezzo to the Guidi clan, a family he patronised.^[9] He also gave some to the churches of the city, acts confirmed later by the emperors Otto III and Henry II.^[9] Hugh supported Otto III in his ecclesiastical reforms and against Venice, to whose duke, Pietro IV Candiano, he was related.^[1] In 996, Otto placed the eight Adriatic counties^{[lower-alpha 3]} disputed between him and the papacy under the joint control of Hugh and Margrave Conrad of Ivrea, also Duke of Spoleto and Camerino, although he also left a missus to oversee the courts and finances.^[10] In a letter dated 5 August 996 Otto tells Pope Gregory V that "we are leaving the foremost men of Italy as aid and comfort to you—Hugh of Tuscany, faithful to us in everything, and Conrad. . .", and goes on to assure him he would receive "the works and services due" him in the disputed territory.^[10]

Mino da Fiesole's monument to Hugh in the Badia Fiorentina (completed 1481–82)

Hugh took an interest in the affairs of Bobbio, a monastery in disarray, and a correspondence with its abbot in self-imposed exile, Gerbert of Aurillac. Hugh seems also to have been on familiar terms with abbot Guarin of Cuxà.^[11] Gerbert wrote Hugh a letter dated 1 August 896.^{[lower-alpha 4]} Hugh and Conrad of Ivrea apparently requested the Empress Theophanu to come to Italy to set matters straight at Bobbio.^[11] When Gerbert later became pope as Sylvester II, he summoned a synod at Rome on 13 January 1001, at which Hugh was present along with Duke of Bavaria, the future Henry II.^[12]

In 992, Aloara, the widow of Pandulf Ironhead, who had been regent of the Principality of Capua since her husband's death, died. A revolt broke out at Capua, which under Pandulf had recognised imperial authority, and Prince Landenulf II was assassinated. Hugh, whose job it was as ruler of Spoleto to maintain the link between the south Italian principalities and the empire,^[13] intervened to place Pandulf's youngest son, Laidulf on the Capuan throne and quell the revolt.^[14]

Upon Hugh's death at Pistoia in 1001, his state collapsed. In 1004 war broke out between Lucca and Pisa.^[3] The power of the House of Canossa, margraves from 1027 until 1115, barely extended beyond their own lands, and they did not control the cities.^[3] Hugh left no children by his wife Judith.^[3] He was buried in the Badia Fiorentina, which his mother had founded in 978, where a monument was later added by Mino da Fiesole.^[1] Hugh is still commemorated annually by the monks on 21 December, the feast of Saint Thomas.^[4] Hugh's life became surrounded by legends and he was remembered by Placido Puccinelli in the 17th century as a moral and pious prince. His tomb was said to be the site of celestial visions. The Tuscan poet Dante Alighieri, in Paradiso XVI, 127–30, calls Hugh a "great baron":^[1]

Ciascun che della bella insegna porta del gran barone il cui nome e il cui pregio la festa di Tommaso riconforta, da esso ebbe milizia e privilegio;

Each one that bears the beautiful escutcheon Of the great Baron, whose renown and name The festival of Thomas keepeth fresh Knighthood and privilege from him received;[lower-alpha 5]

References

Notes

1. Wickham places the start of his reign in 969,^[2][3] but other sources give 961.^[4]
2. The march of Tuscany, or Tuscia in Latin, corresponds to the north and centre of modern Toscana.^[2]
3. The disputed counties, granted to the papacy by Otto's grandfather in 962, were Pesaro, Fano, Senigallia, Ancona, Fossombrone, Cagli, Jesi and Osimo.
4. The short letter addressed "to margrave Hugh" reads: "Not without reason do we hold you in the highest esteem, exalting you and your followers with vows and praises, for you, though so busy, deem it worth while to have remembered me. This we value especially, therefore and hence with the utmost confidence in you, we pray the more earnestly that your memory of us may not be destroyed. We are pouring forth such prayers as we, absent, are able that you may relieve the present exhausted circumstances of Saint Columban."^[11]
5. The translation is H. W. Longfellow's.

Citations

1. Barker & Kleinhenz 2004, p. 516.
2. Wickham 1988, pp. xxix–xxx.
3. Wickham 1981, p. 185.
4. "Ugo marchese di Toscana" Enciclopedie on line.
5. Barker & Kleinhenz 2004, p. 516, say that Hugh "became involved in the administration of Spoleto and Camerino [at an early age]".
6. Cilento 1960, dates Hugh's rule of Spoleto to 987.
7. Wickham 1988, p. 112.
8. Wickham 1988, p. 194–95, who notes that monastic donations tended to be cyclic.
9. Wickham 1988, p. 184.
10. Lattin 1961, pp. 271–72.
11. Lattin 1961, p. 126.
12. Lattin 1961, p. 334.
13. Cilento 1960.
14. Previté Orton 1922, p. 171.

Sources

• Barker, John W.; Kleinhenz, Christopher (2004). "Hugo, Marquis of Tuscany". In Kleinhenz, Christopher. Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia 1. Taylor & Francis. p. 516.
• Cilento, Nicola (1960). "Ademario". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 1. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiano.
• Lattin, Harriet Pratt (ed.) (1961). The Letters of Gerbert, With his Papal Privileges as Sylvester II. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Previté-Orton, C. W. (1922). "Italy in the Tenth Century". In Whitney, J. P.; Tanner, J. R.; Gwatkin, H. W.; et al. The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3: Germany and the Western Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 148–87.
• Wickham, Chris (1981). Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society, 400–1000. London: Macmillan.
• Wickham, Chris (1988). The Mountains and the City: The Tuscan Appennines in the Early Middle Ages. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Further reading

• Falce, Antonio (1921). Il marchese Ugo di Tuscia. Florence: Bemporad e Figlio.
• Keller, Hagen (1973). "La Marca di Tuscia fino all'anno Mille". Atti del 5. Congresso internazionale di studi sull'alto medioevo. Spoleto. pp. 117–40.
• Kurze, W. (1973). "Monasteri e nobiltà nella Tuscia altomedioevale". Atti del 5. Congresso internazionale di studi sull'alto medioevo. Spoleto. pp. 339–62.
• Nobili, M. (1981). "Le famiglie marchionali della Tuscia". I ceti dirigenti in Toscana nell'età precomunale. Pisa. pp. 79–105.
• Puccinelli, Placido (1664). Istoria delle eroiche azioni di Ugo il Grande. Milan.