Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake

The humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake included numerous national governments from around the world pledging to coordinate and send humanitarian aid to the Haitian people affected by the disaster. OCHA and ReliefWeb are coordinating and tracking this on a daily basis.[1]

However, more than 6 months after the quake, less than 1/10 of the money that was pledged by foreign governments to the United Nations special fund for the Haiti quake was actually received; and of all the nations who pledged money to this fund, as of 20 July 2010, only four had actually sent any of the pledged money: Australia, Brazil, Estonia, and Norway.[2] As detailed below, others have sent supplies and/or personnel instead of money, and/or they pledged or sent money outside of United Nations channels.

Africa

Abdoulaye Wade explained to Euronews: "Take the case of Liberia, the Afro-Americans were transplanted there. Today those people are successfully integrated with the other African peoples, because they’re of African origin anyway, and they had originally been sent to the America's against their will. So, it's not really so extraordinary to transplant those who want, to find a piece of land somewhere in Africa, and, with the help of the international community, to create a city, and perhaps a whole country."[29] The offer of repatriation was later modified as a resolution on creating a separate, independent state on the continent for repatriated Haitian refugees, the details of which were published by Le Soleil[30] on 16 January and slated for submission to the African Union at a later date.

[34]

Asia

Bahrain also sent a disaster relief team to assist with the relief operations in Haiti[4][41] [42]

Israeli doctor checks on a baby born in the field hospital

The Foreign Affairs Ministry dispatched a rescue team to Haiti consisting of 40 doctors, 20 nurses, and rescue workers, two rescue planes loaded with equipment, and a field hospital, including operating rooms, intensive care units and X-ray equipment to take care of the injured.[65][66][67] A Magen David Adom delegation arrived in Haiti on 17 January to establish field clinics in cooperation with local rescue groups and as part of a larger American Red Cross mission.[68] The Israeli rescue team remained in Haiti until 28 January 2010.[69] The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) set up a satellite communications room with phone and wireless internet access, and video conference systems so surgeons working in the field hospital could contact medical experts back in Israel.[70] Following a request from the United States and the United Nations, the Israel Police sent 100 officers to join peacekeeping forces in Haiti. Israel also sent a group of Israel Police forensics investigators to assist in the identification of earthquake casualties shortly after the quake.[71] Israel also sent 220 personnel of the Home Front Command's search and rescue teams and the Israeli Medical Corps.[72]

King Abdullah II of Jordan sent two humanitarian aid aircraft carrying relief items and a makeshift military field hospital to Haiti.[79] The main Jordanian News Agency, Petra, reported on 15 January 2010: "A second military airplane left to Haiti on Friday to help victims of the earthquake that hit the island on Tuesday. The plane, dispatched upon directives of His Majesty King Abdullah II, is carrying Jordanian medics and medical equipments used during disaster times."[80][81] Jordan established a 12-bed military hospital in Port-au-Prince, and are also feeding children who enter; dispatched two planes carrying a mobile field hospital, rescue team, doctors and six tons of aid supplies that include food, medicine and clothing.[4] Jor

In addition, South Korean National Emergency Management Agency immediately dispatched team of 35 rescue workers to provide search and rescue and medical services. They set up an independent clinic in the Haitian capital of Port-au-Prince.[85] In January 2010, an additional 10-member diligence team was sent to review the area and determine on-site needs. In March 2010, South Korea sent in a further 250-member force to Haiti for a United Nations (U.N.)-led peacekeeping mission to help rebuild the island.[84]

The Kuwaiti government also donated 100 tons of humanitarian aid in the form of food, medical supplies, tents and blankets.[4]

Lebanon also airlifted 25 tons of tents, 3 tons of medicine, vaccines and other supplies; along with sending aid workers to help in relief effort.[4][88]

Qatar sent a 26-member rescue team and C-17 Globemaster III strategic transport aircraft loaded with 50 tons of relief materials.[94] The Qatari rescue team, headed by Captain Mubarak Sherida Al Kaabi, established a field hospital to receive the urgent cases and help picking up bodies and reach those trapped under the rubble. Captain Al Kaabi said the team has saved a woman found alive and has given her full healthcare. So far, the number of cases have been treated by the team since its arrival reached more than 250 cases suffering from neglected trauma and fractures in addition to some minor surgeries as well as other conditions, Al Kaabi noted.[95] A picture of members of a Qatari rescue team praying at Port-au-Prince International Airport in Port-au-Prince, Haiti was taken on 20 January 2010.[96][97]

This money confirmed to have been delivered by the United Nations. From the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA); "The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has contributed US$50 million to support the United Nations humanitarian response to the earthquake in Haiti. This makes the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia one of the main contributors to the Haiti Flash Appeal, which was launched on 15 January."[103] The Jeddah, Saudi Arabia–based Islamic Development Bank (IDB) also pledged $5 million to Haiti. Dr. Ahmad Mohammed Ali, President of the Jeddah-based Islamic Development Bank (IDB), has announced the Bank's approval to extend $5 million in aid for the reconstruction of Haitian educational facilities. Hundreds of schools were destroyed last month by a massive earthquake that devastated the island nation.[104]

Also, President Ma Ying-jeou, due to be in Latin America to attend the inauguration of Honduras' president-elect, is planning for a brief stop-over to visit Haiti to express his concern over the deadly earthquake and convey sympathy of Taiwanese people, as well as deliver more aid and provide long-term support for humanitarian reason.[112][113]

King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit also sent a missive of condolence to the President of Haiti.[116] Following that, the Council of Ministers resolved to send another US$100,000, which was later extended to US$382,000, and 20,000 tonnes of rice as humanitarian contribution.[117] Deputy Education Minister Chaiwuti Bannawat said in a cabinet meeting that medical teams from many educational institutes under his ministry were ready to go to Haiti but needed funding from the government. While Foreign Minister Kasit Piromya proposed to have his ministry co-ordinate the relief effort. Also, Natural Resources and Environment Minister Suwit Khunkitti offered to personally take the aid to the affected country. However, all was turned down by Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva, citing that money and rice was enough for the moment.[117]

Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said that Turkey is dispatching a mobile hospital, two check-up devices, a 20-member relief team, and 10 tons of medicine and medical equipment. The Turkish government has donated $1 million for Haiti.[118] in kind – Field Hospital, 2 Healthcare Survey Unit, Medical Unit consists of 17 Personnel/paramedics and 10 tonnes of medical/first aid items, 20 tonnes of relief material consisting 200 tents, 2000 blankets, 145 set of kitchen materials, 1000 plastic bags for corps and 3 relief personnel, 1.5 tonnes of Logistic equipment including food and cloths, fully equipped 10 SAR Personnel of AKUT Association[119][120][121] The Turkish rescue workers assistance in Haiti was noted in an 18 January 2010 article on Turkish help in a joint rescue at a grocery store in Haiti; "A Creole-speaking man and woman were rescued late Sunday night by a team from Miami, Florida, and a Turkish team."[122] Pictures of the Turkish rescue team working in Haiti are available online.[121][123]

This money was not delivered to the UN fund for Haiti, at least as of 6 months later.[2]

The United Arab Emirates either pledged or gave over $2.6 million; along with three UAE charities donating more than 200 tons of medical equipment, tents and blankets, food and drinking water.[126]

Europe

The €50,500 was not delivered to the UN fund for Haiti, at least as of 6 months later.[2]

On 15 January 2010, Belgian Chief Coordinator Geert Gijs, upon learning that U.N. security personnel would not remain overnight at their field hospital, decided to pack up his team's supplies and leave; Gijs said he it was a "tough decision" but that he decided to evacuate after a Canadian medical team, also at the hospital, left the site with their security officers on Friday afternoon.[132] The decision left Sanjay Gupta, a CNN correspondent, as the only doctor present overnight at the hospital; Gupta was limited in his ability to help the 25 patients left at the field hospital because the Belgian team had taken their supplies when they left.[132][133] The team returned the next morning.

Later, the country sent medical supplies and a medical team to Haiti and started gathering a second team of volunteers. Also the Bulgarian Red Cross and UNICEF started gathering donations via SMS service and a bank account. At least 635,000 euros have been gathered to date. A number of benefit concerts have been organized in schools and clubs[137]

This pledge was increased by another US$8M (kr40 million).[143] The Danish people donated kr65,000,000. In total Denmark donated kr115.000.000.[144]

Haiti is a member of La Francophonie (association of French-speaking nations), but officially bilingual. The aid provided by France according to the French Government[151] consists of:

24 Sécurité civile personnel tasked with supplying water for up to 20,000 people a day, 11 gendarmes to ensure the security of the detachments on the ground and 11 gendarmes to ensure the security of the detachments on the ground and 5 German staff of the THW.

In total nearly 300 Sécurité civile personnel will eventually be in Haiti with several dozen tons of equipment.[152] Two ships, the Siroco and the BATRAL Francis Garnier, were dispatched as part of Opération Séisme Haiti 2010. The Siroco, who was off the Senegalese coast, and has been ordered to head for Haiti.[153] She is equipped with medical facilities (two operating theatres and 50 inpatient beds) and can carry 2,000 tonnes of cargo and 2,000 passengers, as well as four helicopters.[154] A French Air Force Airbus A340 was dispatched to Fort-de-France carrying medical personnel to staff the Siroco and members of the Gendarmerie.[155] A team of six people, including a TDF (State Radio & Television Company) engineer, was dispatched with the communications hardware required to reestablish UN radio transmissions of Haiti Minustah FM, and also to repair the large transmitters located on the heights of the city. Radio France also lent assistance to several private radio stations.[156] The BATRAL Francis Garnier, a light transport and supply ship, left Fort-de-France (Martinique) Friday with 100 tons of freight and 60 soldiers. The boat carried 6 trucks, an ambulance, 4x4 vehicles, three mechanical shovels, food, bottled water, machines of building site, tents, humanitarian material and food. The ship does not require a dock to unload.[157] Two C-130 Hercules belonging to the 2/61 Transport Squadron ('Franche-Comté'), were dispatched to Martinique. The first C130 from France arrived Sunday with reinforcements, medical equipment and communications equipment for Haïti. The second airplane arrived Sunday 17 January. Together with three CASA CN-235 planes, an Airbus A310 (from the Esterel Squadron), an Aérospatiale Puma Helicopter and a Bombardier Dash 8 from the civil security they allow up to 8 flights daily from the French Antilles to Haiti.[158][159] The French government will contribute €10 million (US$14.4 million) for Haitian relief and rescue work, Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner announced on 18 January. The contribution was a response to the appeal for emergency funding launched by the United Nations on Saturday.[160]

President of Ireland Mary McAleese sent a message to Haiti's President Rene Garcia Preval, confirming that Ireland was praying for Haiti and that Ireland would assist with money. "The loss of so many lives and the widespread destruction caused by the earthquake has deeply grieved me", she said.[174]

Italy sent the aircraft carrier Cavour with 920 military personnel aboard to Haiti to assist in rescue and reconstruction work, as part of Operazione White Crane. The Cavour sailed from Italy on 19 Jan., with a stop planned in Brazil to pick up Brazilian military medical staff, the Italian military general staff said in a statement. It will transport Italian Navy helicopters, tracked and wheeled Army vehicles, and hospital facilities that offer two operating theaters. A company of Army engineers is included in the contingent, as well as the Cavour crew members and medical staff, and force protection personnel from the Navy, Army and Air Force. Italian Carabinieri military police will also be on board. Italy will also send a further contingent of 200 members of its military Carabinieri police corps to Haiti to help ensure security for the distribution of aid. The Carabinieri would be part of an EU police force to restore order and end looting on the island.

On 18 January a TAP Portugal plane loaded with 3.5 tons of additional humanitarian help departed from Lisbon en route to Caracas, Venezuela. From there, the C-130 of the Portuguese Air Force already in Haiti would deliver the supplies from Venezuela to Port-au-Prince. Supplies in this second shipment include tents, bathrooms, blankets, water purifiers, medicine, and food products.[204] On 30 January 2010 the "humanitarian team" left Port-au-Prince back to Portugal, ending their mission. Seven elements of AMI remained on the ground providing medical assistance to the people affected by the earthquake. Six hundred (600) Haitians are living in the Campo Azul da União Portugal Haiti (Blue Camp of the Portugal Haiti Union).[205]

The fourth plane included 15 rescuers on board. The aircraft also delivered special hardware for search work, which made it possible to move heavy beams and make passages on the ground floors of destroyed buildings. It also had a light helicopter BK-117 on board, which made possible air reconnaissance and airlifts gravely wounded people from hard-of-access areas.[215] The total cost of the Russian operations stand at $5 million as of 20 January.[216] On 1 April 2010 Russia's envoy to the UN, Vitaly Churkin, said Russia will donate $8 million to help rebuild Haiti, bringing the total sum of the Russian aid to $13 million.[217] Russia delivered a total of 30 metric tons of humanitarian aid to Haiti.

The Spanish national and regional governments as well as semi-public medical and SAR agencies have contributed the following to the humanitarian effort:

The Spanish Navy has dispatched the SPS Castilla (L52), a Galicia class landing platform dock vessel. The vessel is manned by 423 persons, and is fully equipped to function as a real hospital, with two operating theaters, a laboratory, intensive care unit and other X-rays facilities, as well as additional facilities. In addition it carries 4 helicopters.[225] It is to arrive at Petit-Goâve in February.[226]

North America

Canada

Prior to the disaster, Haiti was Canada's second largest aid recipient.[241] The Minister of Foreign Affairs then announced that Canada, home of a large Haitian community,[241] would be donating an additional five million dollars in emergency aid,[242] as well as matching donations from Canadians to build an emergency fund up to C$100 million to help humanitarian efforts in Haiti.[243] The Canadian government has decided to make Haitian immigrants in the family class a priority.[244] On 19 January, the Canadian government announced an additional C$80 million for relief efforts in Haiti. This includes C$60 million to the UN appeal, including C$39 million to the World Food Program for food security needs and C$15 million to UNICEF; C$11.5 million to six Canadian NGOs; C$8.5 million to the Red Cross; and smaller amounts to other organizations including the International Organization for Migration, the World Health Organization, the Pan-American Health Organization, The United Nations Population Fund, and the United Nations Department for Safety and Security; for a total donation of up to C$135 million including the original C$5 million and the promise to match donations made by Canadians to charities providing Haiti relief up to C$50 million.[245][246]

The Canadian Forces mounted the Operation Hestia,[247] with a mandate to deliver a wide range of services in support, in which the Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART) was sent to Haiti, along with the frigate HMCS Halifax (FFH 330) and the destroyer HMCS Athabaskan (DDH 282),[248][249] and CC-177 Globemaster III transport are delivering with personnel, equipment, and six CH-146 Griffon search and rescue helicopters. The CH-124 Sea King from the HMCS Athabaskan (DDH 282) also participated in the operation including search and rescue and evacuation.[250] An additional CC-177 Globemaster III and CC-130 Hercules carried six G-Wagen armoured cars and other supplies from Canada to Haiti.[251]

The Canadian Forces also deployed 1,200 troops from the 3e Bataillon, Royal 22e Régiment, including two rifle companies and one field engineer.[252] A further 60 vehicles including G-wagen, Light Support Vehicle, Wheeled (LSVW) and Medium Logistic Vehicle, Wheeled (MLVW) will be deployed along with crews and maintenances crews. The total number of troops in Haiti will stand at 2,000, including the 500 sailors on board the Athabaskan and the Halifax. Canadian Forces collaborated directly with Canadian Medical Assistance Team in the operation of their field hospital in Léogâne. This civil-military collaboration was unprecedented in the NGO's history.[253] The Operation Hestia is currently under the command of the Brigadier General Guy Laroche. The deployment will focus on security and reconstruction.[254] On 21 January 2010, Defence Minister Peter MacKay announced that 1 Field Hospital based in Petawawa, Ontario would be sent to Léogâne along with its medical staff of at least 100 personnel in the next couple of days.[255]

As of 21 January 2010, 1765 people have been evacuated from Haiti to Canada on 20 flights.[256] On 23 January 2010, Minister of Foreign Affairs Lawrence Cannon announced that 17 Canadians have died, 1,939 Canadians have been located, and that 236 remain unaccounted for.[257] Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced on 23 January 2010 that the government has removed the C$50 million cap placed on the donation amount the government would match. Approximately C$113 million[258] has been donated by Canadians. An English language Canada for Haiti telethon raised C$16 million and its Francophone counterpart generated C$6.6 million. With the matching donation from the federal government Canada's total aid contribution will be over C$226 million. On 26 January 2010, the DART team established a new 5,000 litre drinking water system in Jacmel.[259]

Central America and the Caribbean

Additionally, Dominica has pledged it will send bottled water and dried goods to Haiti. A special account was set up at the National Bank of Dominica for corporate and private aid donations.[271]

The airport at El Higuero (8 km, 5 miles, north of Santo Domingo) is working as a hub to carry help local and international resources. According to sources, 19 private planes and 14 military helicopters are being used to carry help to Haiti.[274] An air bridge is working between Port-au-Prince and Santiago de los Caballeros where people are being attended at the Hospital Metropolitano de Santiago (HOMS), a private hospital. Among others, Senator Kelly Bastien (president of the Senate of Haiti) is receiving medical assistance there.[275] The hospital director stated that "our hospital intends to open a camp in Haiti in order to assist people in the field".[276] The Dominican government and a large list of contributors from Banks and private companies donated the sum of RD$486 million (US$13.5 Million).

Mexico

Following the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, the Mexican government granted humanitarian visas to the family members of Haitian-Mexicans.[294] As of 27 April 2010, the number of Haitian citizens granted visas was 324, with 250 arriving on the Mexican naval ship ARM Usumacinta (A412).[294]

During a visit to the national Mexican Red Cross Collection Center, President Felipe Calderón announced that Mexico will make a special donation to Haiti of US$8 million, which will be channeled through the United Nations.[295]

As part of an effort to increase humanitarian assistance and help with the recuperation of Haiti, Mexico will give government scholarships to 300 Haitian students to study at Mexican universities.[296] These students will also each receive a US$625 monthly stipend while their studies continue.[296] The first 103 students arrived in 2013, followed by 93 in 2014 and the rest arriving in 2015.[296]

United States

He said: "My thoughts and prayers go out to those who have been affected by this earthquake. We are closely monitoring the situation and we stand ready to assist the people of Haiti."[301] The aid amount was later raised to $379 million. The aid is distributed through the military and through the U.S. Agency for International Development The expected breakdown of aid was:

At the request of President Obama, former Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush have agreed to help, forming the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund, a charity organization to aid the victims of the earthquake.[303][304]

As of 29 January 2010, the US suspended medical evacuations of critically injured victims due to a dispute over who will pay for the medical care. According to Dr. Barth A. Green, co-founder of Project Medishare for Haiti, a nonprofit group affiliated with the University of Miami's Miller School of Medicine that had been evacuating about two dozen patients a day, this suspension could be catastrophic for the injured. patients, adding "People are dying in Haiti because they can't get out."[323] Medical evacuations were resumed on 1 February 2010.[324]

Oceania

Australian Government increased aid with additional $5 million to meet urgent and emergency humanitarian needs such as food, water and sanitation, shelter and medical assistance. The additional assistance in this immediate response phase includes: $3 million to the World Food Programme, $1 million to Australian Non-Government Organisations and $1 million to the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.[326] A team of specialist Royal Australian Air Force air traffic controllers will be sent to Port-au-Prince airport.[327]

South America

A team of White Helmets (Cascos Blancos) arrived Port-au-Prince on 16 January.[332] One of the Hercules aircraft, which also carried aid from Uruguay[332] was first diverted to Santo Domingo Airport until a reporter asked about it to the American militaries which were in control of Port-au-Prince airport.[333] A team of 17 medics set up a new camp at Léogâne being the first to arrive to the scene and doing so 4 days after the earthquake[334] A third C-130 Hercules aircraft was dispatched 24 January. The airplane made also a stop on Paraguay to pick up aid donate for that country[335]

Additionally, Brazil will deploy aid in the form of food and supplies. Two government ministries expect to send 600 tons of rice, beans, and powdered milk.[340] Immediate aid will be dispatched as two C-130 Hercules aircraft carry, in total, 28 tons of food (sugar, powdered milk, sardines and ham), bottled water and other supplies to help the affected people.[341] Four smaller aircraft will also be sent with relief workers, since a larger Boeing KC-137 of the Brazilian Air Force was unable to land on 13 January.[342] In addition, the Brazilian Navy will deploy a ship to Haiti with equipment capable of producing drinkable water.[343] This is Brazil's largest foreign aid contribution in response to a natural disaster.[337] The headquarters of the Brazilian-led MINUSTAH was destroyed in the quake. The Brazilian Army forces' building remains intact, however. The Brazilian army is currently doing its work on foot due to the amount of debris on roads. Brazil's servicemen are providing help in the search for survivors.[344] The Brazilian Army is also sending 18 detection dogs to help with the body search.[345] On 2 February 2010 the Brazilian navy Landing Ship Almirante Saboia (G25) was sent to Haiti with ~700 tons of cargo.[346][347] The Brazilian red cross of the state of ceara has raised 160 tons worth of donations. The Brazilian navy checks the possibility of sending a second ship to Haiti.[348] Brazilian air force has as of 9 February 2010 transported 708 tons of cargo to Haiti.[349] A Second brazilian navy ship, the Landing Ship Garcia D'Avila (G29) was (or is to be) sent to Haiti with 900 tons of cargo.[350][351]

[353][354] The National Defense Ministry and Colombian Air Force enabled several military bases and international airports as regional hubs for humanitarian logistics from other Haiti-supporting countries.[355]

In total Venezuela provided; in kind – 616 tons emergency relief, establishment of shipping and air corridor, medical and SAR teams; 116 tons of special machinery for reconstruction; In addition, the Venezuelan government provided food (10,000 tons), non-food items (30,000 tents), medicines and 225,000 barrels of diesel fuel and gasoline and transported SAR teams on six flights (total 107.5 tons; 520 aid personnel)[45] Two Venezuelan Navy ships are "loading the more than 1,200 tons of food such as pasta, sugar and milk, among others, and once we have filled those ships, undoubtedly will be shipped to Haiti" said Luis Díaz Curvelo, National Chief of Lifeguards.[367] President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez promised to send as much gasoline as Haiti needs for electricity generation and transport.[368] Venezuela also donated 225,000 barrels of diesel fuel and gasoline for hospitals and power generators in Haiti.[45][369][370]

See also

References

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