South African rand

South African rand
Suid-Afrikaanse Rand (Afrikaans)
South African Banknotes 2012 circulation, beginning 6 November 2012
ISO 4217 code	ZAR
Central bank	South African Reserve Bank
Website	www.reservebank.co.za
Official user(s)	South Africa (Common Monetary Area member) Lesotho (Common Monetary Area member), alongside Lesotho loti Namibia (Common Monetary Area member), alongside Namibian dollar Swaziland (Common Monetary Area member), alongsde Swazi lilangeni
Unofficial user(s)	Zimbabwe^[1]
Inflation	3.6% (South Africa only)
Source	South African Reserve Bank, November 2010
Method	CPI
Pegged with	Lesotho loti, Swazi lilangeni and Namibian dollar at par
Subunit
1/100	Cent
Symbol	R
Cent	c
Plural	rand
Coins	10c, 20c, 50c, R 1, R 2, R 5
Banknotes	R 10, R 20, R 50, R 100, R 200

The rand (sign: R; code: ZAR) is the currency of South Africa. The rand has the symbol "R" and is subdivided into 100 cents, symbol "c". Unlike the dollar, the decimal separator between a rand and cent is expressed by a comma. The ISO 4217 code is ZAR, from Dutch Zuid-Afrikaanse Rand (South African rand). The rand is the currency of the Common Monetary Area between South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho, and Namibia.

Historical users of the South African rand included South-West Africa and the nominally independent bantustans under the apartheid system: Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei and Venda.

Etymology

It takes its name from the Witwatersrand (literally "white waters' ridge" in English), the ridge upon which Johannesburg is built and where most of South Africa's gold deposits were found.

History

The cent was introduced in the then Union of South Africa on 14 February 1961, three months before the Republic of South Africa was established.^[2] A Decimal Coinage Commission had been set up in 1956 to consider a move away from the denominations of pounds, shillings and pence, submitting its recommendation on 8 August 1958.^[3] It replaced the South African pound as legal tender, at the rate of 2 rand to 1 pound, or 10 shillings to the rand. The government introduced a mascot, Decimal Dan, "the rand-cent man" (known in Afrikaans as Dan Desimaal).^[4] This was accompanied by a radio jingle, to inform the public about the new currency.^[5]

Brief exchange rate history

Value of the South African rand to the United States dollar from 1975 to 2015 by the blue columns. The percentage rate of change year-on-year is shown by the black line.^[6]

A rand was worth US$1.40 from the time of its inception in 1961 until 1982, when mounting political pressure combined with sanctions placed against the country due to apartheid started to erode its value. The currency broke above parity with the dollar for the first time in March 1982, and continued to trade between R 1–R 1.30 to the dollar until June 1984, when depreciation of the currency gained momentum. By February 1985, it was trading at over R 2 per dollar, and, in July that year, all foreign exchange trading was suspended for 3 days to try to stop the devaluation.

By the time that State President PW Botha made his Rubicon speech on 15 August 1985, it had weakened to R 2.40 per dollar. The currency recovered somewhat between 1986–88, trading near the R 2 level most of the time and even breaking beneath it sporadically. The recovery was short-lived however, and by the end of 1989 the rand was trading at levels of more than R 2.50 per dollar.

As it became clear in the early 1990s that the country was destined for black majority rule and one reform after the other was announced, uncertainty about the future of the country hastened the depreciation until the level of R 3 to the dollar was breached in November 1992. A host of local and international events influenced the currency after that, most notably the 1994 democratic election which saw it weaken to over R 3.60 to the dollar, the election of Tito Mboweni as the new governor of the South African Reserve Bank, and the inauguration of President Thabo Mbeki in 1999 which saw it quickly slide to over R 6 to the dollar. The controversial land reform program that was kicked off in Zimbabwe, followed by the September 11, 2001 attacks, propelled it to its weakest historical level of R 13.84 to the dollar in December 2001.

Two generations of older notes and coins. The notes of the latter of these two generations (as depicted by the R5 note in this image) were replaced with the iconic "Big Five" notes and these were recently updated to show the face of Nelson Mandela.

This sudden depreciation in 2001 led to a formal investigation, which in turn led to a dramatic recovery. By the end of 2002, the currency was trading at under R 9 to the dollar again, and by the end of 2004 was trading at under R 5.70 to the dollar. The currency softened somewhat in 2005, and was trading at around R 6.35 to the dollar at the end of the year. At the start of 2006 however, the currency resumed its rally, and, as of 19 January 2006, was trading at under R 6 to the dollar again. However, during the second and third quarters of 2006 (i.e. April through September), the rand weakened significantly.

In sterling terms, it fell from around 9.5p to just over 7p, losing some 25% of its international trade-weighted value in just six months. Late in 2007, the rand rallied modestly to just over 8p, only to experience a precipitous slide during the first quarter of 2008.

This downward slide could be attributed to a range of factors: South Africa's worsening current account deficit, which widened to a 36‑year high of 7.3% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2007; inflation at a five-year high of just under 9%; escalating global risk aversion as investors' concerns over the spreading impact of the sub-prime crisis grew; and a general flight to "safe havens", away from the perceived risks of emerging markets. The rand depreciation was exacerbated by the Eskom electricity crisis, which arose from the utility being unable to meet the country's rapidly growing energy demands.

By the end of 2014 the Rand had weakened to R 15.05 per dollar partly due to South Africa's consistent trade account deficit with the rest of the world.

From 9 December 2015 to 13 December 2015, over a four-day period, the rand dropped by over ten percent due to what some suspected was due to President Zuma's surprise announcement that he would be replacing the then Finance Minister Nhlanhla Nene with the little known David van Rooyen. The rapid drop in value was stemmed when the President back-tracked and announced that the better known previous Minister of Finance, Pravin Gordhan, would instead be appointed to the post. Zuma's surprise firing of Nene damaged international confidence in the rand with it experiencing significant exchange volatility throughout much of January 2016, reaching an all-time low of R 17.9169 to the US dollar on the 9 January 2016 before rebounding to R 16.57 later in the same day.^[7] The January drop in value was also partly caused by Japanese retail investors cutting their losses in the currency to look for higher-yield investments elsewhere and due to concerns over the impact of the economic slowdown in China, South Africa's largest export partner.^[8] By mid-January economists were speculating that the rand could expect to see further volatility for the rest of 2016.^[9]^[10] By 29 april it reached its highest performance over the previous 5 months, exchanging at a rate of 14.16 to the United States Dollar ^[11]

Coins

Main article: Coins of the South African rand

A 5 Rand bi-metallic coin issued in 2004.

Coins were introduced in 1961 in denominations of ¹⁄₂, 1, 2 ¹⁄₂, 5, 10, 20, and 50 cents. In 1965, 2-cent coins replaced the 2 ¹⁄₂-cent coins. The ¹⁄₂-cent coin was last struck for circulation in 1973. The 2-rand coin was introduced in 1989, followed by 5-rand coins in 1994. Production of the 1- and 2-cent coins were discontinued in 2002, primarily due to inflation having devalued them, but they remain legal tender.^[12]^[13]^[14] Shops normally round the total purchase price of goods to the nearest 5 cents (in favour of the consumer).

In an effort to curb counterfeiting, a new R 5 coin was released in August 2004. Security features introduced on the coin include a bi-metal design (similar to the €1 and €2 coins, the Thai 10-baht coin, the British £2 coin and the Canadian $2 coin), a specially-serrated security groove along the rim and micro-lettering.^[15]

Banknotes

The first series of rand banknotes was introduced in 1961 in denominations of 1, 2, 10 and 20 rand, with similar designs and colours to the preceding pound notes to ease the transition. They bore the image of, what was believed at the time to be Jan van Riebeeck, the first V.O.C. administrator of Cape Town. It was later discovered that the image was not in fact Van Riebeeck at all.^[16] Like the last pound notes, they came in two variants, one with English written first and the other with Afrikaans written first. This practice was continued in the 1966 series which included the first 5-rand notes but did not include the 20 rand denomination.

The 1978 series began with denominations of 2, 5 and 10 rand, with 20 and 50 rand introduced in 1984. This series saw a major design change. In addition, the series has only one variant for each denomination of note. Afrikaans was the first language on the 2, 10 and 50 rand, while English was the first language on 5 and 20 rand. The notes bore the image of Jan van Riebeeck. The 1-rand note was replaced by a coin.

In the 1990s, the notes were redesigned with images of the Big Five wildlife species. 10-, 20- and 50-rand notes were introduced in 1992, retaining the colour scheme of the previous issue. Coins were introduced for 2 rand and 5 rand, replacing the notes of the previous series, mainly because of the severe wear and tear experienced with low denomination notes in circulation. In 1994 notes were introduced for 100 and 200 rand.

The 2005 series has the same principal design, but with additional security features such as colour shifting ink on the 50 rand and higher and the EURion constellation. The obverses of all denominations are printed in English, while two other languages are printed on the reverses, thus making use of all eleven official languages of South Africa.

In 2010, the South African Reserve Bank and commercial banks withdrew all 1990 series R 200 banknotes due to relatively high quality counterfeit notes in circulation.^[17]

In 2011, the South African Reserve Bank issued 100-rand banknotes which were defective because they lacked fluorescent printing visible under UV light. In June, printing of this denomination was moved from the South African Bank Note Company to Crane Currency’s Swedish division (Tumba Bruk), which reportedly produced 80 million 100-rand notes.^[18] The South African Reserve Bank shredded 3.6 million 100-rand banknotes printed by Crane Currency because they had the same serial numbers as a batch printed by the South African Bank Note Company. In addition, the notes printed in Sweden were not the correct colour, and they were one millimetre short.^[19]

On 11 February 2012, President Jacob Zuma announced that the country would be issuing a complete set of banknotes bearing Nelson Mandela's image.^[20]^[21] They were entered into circulation on 6 November 2012.^[22]

In 2013, the 2012 series was updated with the addition of the EURion constellation to all five notes.^[23]

First series

Banknotes of the South African rand (1961 First Issue)
Value	Obverse	Reverse	Colour	Language
1 rand	Jan van Riebeeck	Lion	Brown	Afrikaans, English
2 rand		Lion	Blue	Afrikaans, English
10 rand		Ship	Green	Afrikaans, English
20 rand		Mine	Purple	Afrikaans, English

Second series

Banknotes of the South African rand (1970 Second Issue)^[24]
Value	Obverse	Reverse	Colour	Language
2 rand	Jan van Riebeeck and infrastructure	Mining	Blue	Afrikaans, English
5 rand	Jan van Riebeeck and diamonds	Mining	Maroon	English, Afrikaans
10 rand	Jan van Riebeeck and protea	Agriculture	Green	Afrikaans, English
20 rand	Jan van Riebeeck and Groot Constantia	Jan van Riebeeck's landing party and South African Coat of Arms	Brown	English, Afrikaans
50 rand	Jan van Riebeeck and lion	Natural environment	Red	Afrikaans, English

Third series

Banknotes of the South African rand (1992 Third Issue "Big Five")^[25]
Value	Obverse	Reverse	Colour	Language	Size(mm)
10 rand	Rhinoceros	Agriculture	Green	Afrikaans, English	128×70
20 rand	Elephants	Mining	Brown	English, Afrikaans	134×70
50 rand	Lions	Manufacturing	Red	Afrikaans, English	140×70
100 rand	Cape buffalo	Tourism	Blue	English, Afrikaans	146×70
200 rand	Leopards	Transport and communication	Orange	Afrikaans, English	152×70

Fourth series

Banknotes of the South African rand (2005 Fourth Issue "English & Other Official Languages")^[24]
Value	Obverse	Reverse	Colour	Language	Size(mm)
10 rand	Rhinoceros	Agriculture	Green	English, Afrikaans, Swati	128×70
20 rand	Elephants	Mining	Brown	English, Southern Ndebele, Tswana	134×70
50 rand	Lions	Manufacturing	Red	English, Venda, Xhosa	140×70
100 rand	Cape buffaloes	Tourism	Blue	English, Northern Sotho, Tsonga	146×70
200 rand	Leopards	Transport and communication	Orange	English, Sotho, Zulu	152×70

Fifth series

Banknotes of the South African rand (2012 Fifth Issue "Nelson Mandela")
Value	Obverse	Reverse	Colour	Language	Size(mm)
10 rand	Nelson Mandela	Rhinoceros	Green	English, Afrikaans, Swati	128×70
20 rand		Elephants	Brown	English, Southern Ndebele, Tswana	134×70
50 rand		Lions	Red	English, Venda, Xhosa	140×70
100 rand		Cape buffaloes	Blue	English, Northern Sotho, Tsonga	146×70
200 rand		Leopards	Orange	English, Sotho, Zulu	152×70

Current ZAR exchange rates
From Google Finance:	AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR
From Yahoo! Finance:	AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR
From XE:	AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR
From TransferWise:	AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR
From OANDA:	AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR
From fxtop.com:	AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR
From Currency.Wiki:	AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR

References

↑ Alongside Zimbabwean dollar (suspended indefinitely from 12 April 2009), euro, US dollar, Pound sterling, Botswana pula, Indian rupee, Australian dollar, Chinese yuan and Japanese yen. The US dollar has been adopted as the official currency for all government transactions.
↑ "From Van Riebeeck to Madiba". News24. 2012-09-12.
↑ "The Reserve Bank and the Rand: Some historic reflections". Resbank.co.za. 29 November 2001. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
↑ A General's Story: from an Era of War and Peace, page 32
↑ "'Decimal Dan' Sings: Catchy Tune Teaches New Currency". The Spokesman-Review. 10 January 1961. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
↑ "Exchange Rates Between the United States dollar and South African rand". Measuring Worth. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
↑ Paul Vecchiatto Michael Cohen (11 January 2016). "Zuma Begins Fightback as South Africa's Rand Gets Hammered". Bloomberg. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
↑ Patrick McGroarty and Joe Parkinson (11 January 2016). "Africa Hit by China’s Woes". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
↑ Candice Zachariahs (11 January 2016). "Why the rand will face more manic Mondays after plunging 9%". Fin24. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
↑ Candice Zachariahs (11 January 2016). "Rand sinks most in 7 years as traders fret over China, liquidity". Fin24. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
↑ http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4836251&Itemid=15
↑ "One Cent (1c)". South African Mint. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
↑ "Two Cent (2c)". South African Mint. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
↑ "South African currency". South African Reserve Bank. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
↑ "South Africa's new R5 coin". SouthAfrica.info. 28 July 2004.
↑ http://www.iol.co.za/business/news/so-whose-face-was-on-old-sa-money-1.1802578#.VaP2wahVhBc. Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ "Statement issued by the SARB Governor, Ms G Marcus on counterfeit notes in circulation". South African Reserve Bank. 21 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
↑ "South Africa faulty 100-rand notes reported | Africa". BanknoteNews.com. 2010-12-05. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
↑ "South Africa shreds 3.6 million defective 100-rand notes | Africa". BanknoteNews.com. 2012-05-20. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
↑ "Nelson Mandela banknotes to be issued by South Africa". BBC. 11 February 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
↑ "Announcement of the Introduction of a New Note Series". Resbank.co.za. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
↑ "Nelson Mandela banknotes issued in South Africa". BBC Online.
↑ "South Africa new banknotes with Omron rings reported". BankNote News. 6 November 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
1 2 "South African Rand". Retrieved 2012-11-19.
↑ "Banknotes". Where's My Moola. Retrieved 2012-11-19.

External links

US Federal Reserve Bank historical exchange rate data
South African Currency Page, with a short description of each note.
South African Currency Page (old rand), a short description of pre-1994 (apartheid-era) notes.

Preceded by: South African pound Reason: decimalization Ratio: 2 rand = 1 South African pound = 1 British pound	Currency of South Africa 1961 –			Succeeded by: Current
	Currency of South West Africa 1961 – 1990 Note: administered by/occupied by South Africa since 1915	Currency of Namibia 1990 – 1993	Legal tender in Namibia 1993 –	Succeeded by: Namibian dollar Reason: withdrawal from Common Monetary Area Ratio: at par Note: dollar introduced in 1993, with South African rand remaining legal tender
	Currency of Basutoland 1961 – 1966	Currency of Lesotho 1966 – 1980	Legal tender in Lesotho 1980 –	Succeeded by: Lesotho loti Note: loti introduced in 1980, with South African rand remaining legal tender
	Currency of Swaziland 1961 – 1974	Legal tender in Swaziland 1974 – 1986	Circulates in Swaziland 1986 –	Succeeded by: Swazi lilangeni Note: lilangeni introduced in 1974. South African rand continues to circulate unofficially
	Currency of Bechuanaland Protectorate 1961 – 1966	Currency of Botswana 1966 – 1976		Succeeded by: Botswana pula Reason: creation of independent currency

Economy of South Africa

By province	Western Cape Gauteng

Natural resources	Mining industry Coal Agriculture Whaling

Services	Banks Gambling Tourism Ecotourism LGBT tourism Telecommunications Nuclear power Power stations

Economic history	Mineral Revolution Witwatersrand Gold Rush Great Depression Disinvestment

Affirmative action	Black Economic Empowerment Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Qualifying Small Enterprises Scorecard Exempted Micro Enterprises

Macroeconomics	National Treasury Taxation South African rand Reserve Bank Consumer price index Provinces by HDI

Misc.	Trade unions Corruption Companies JSE Limited Traded companies Krugerrand

Currencies of Africa

North	Algerian dinar Egyptian pound Euro Plazas de soberanía Libyan dinar Mauritanian ouguiya Moroccan dirham Sahrawi peseta (unrecognized) Sudanese pound Tunisian dinar

Central	Angolan kwanza Burundian franc Central African CFA franc Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Congolese franc Rwandan franc

East	Comorian franc Djiboutian franc Eritrean nakfa Ethiopian birr Kenyan shilling Seychellois rupee Somali shilling Somaliland shilling (unrecognized) South Sudanese pound Tanzanian shilling Ugandan shilling

South	Botswana pula British pound sterling Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Zimbabwe Euro French Southern and Antarctic Lands Mayotte Réunion Zimbabwe Lesotho loti Malagasy ariary Malawian kwacha Mauritian rupee Mozambican metical Namibian dollar Saint Helena pound South African Krugerrand gold standard currency (Ashantiland) and South African rand Lesotho Namibia Swaziland Zimbabwe Swazi lilangeni U.S. dollar Zimbabwe Zambian kwacha Zimbabwean dollar (defunct due to hyperinflation since April 2009) Zimbabwean Bond Coins (since 18 December 2014 - denominated in U.S. Cents) Zimbabwean Bond Notes (since 2016 - denominated in U.S. Dollars)

West	Ashanti sika Cape Verdean escudo Euro Canary Islands Madeira Gambian dalasi Ghanaian cedi Guinean franc Liberian dollar Nigerian naira São Tomé and Príncipe dobra Sierra Leonean leone West African CFA franc Benin Burkina Faso Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Mali Niger Senegal Togo

Currency symbols (¤)

Circulating	؋ ฿ ₵ ¢ ₡ $ ₫ ֏ € ƒ ₲ ₴ ₭ ₾ £ / ₤ ₺ ₼ ₦ ₨ ₱ ៛ ₽ ₹ $ ₪ ৳ ₸ ₮ ₩ ¥

Historic	₳ ₢ ₰ DM ₯ ₠ F ℳ ₥ ₧ ℛℳ ₷

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