Blended learning

Blended learning is a formal education program in which a student learns at least in part through delivery of content and instruction via digital and online media with some element of student control over time, place, path, or pace.[1][2][3] While students still attend "brick-and-mortar" schools, face-to-face classroom methods are combined with computer-mediated activities.[4] Blended learning is also used in professional development and training settings.[5]

A lack of consensus on a definition of blended learning has led to difficulties in research about its effectiveness in the classroom.[6] Blended learning is also sometimes used in the same breath as "personalized learning"[7] and differentiated instruction.[8]

Terminology

The terms "blended learning," "hybrid learning," "technology-mediated instruction," "web-enhanced instruction," and "mixed-mode instruction" are often used interchangeably in research literature.[9] Although the concepts behind blended learning first developed in the 1960s, the formal terminology to describe it did not take its current form until the late 1990s. One of the earliest uses of the term appears in a 1999 press release, in which the Interactive Learning Centers, an Atlanta-based education business, announced a change of name to EPIC Learning. The release mentions that "The Company currently operates 220 on-line courses, but will begin offering its Internet courseware using the company's Blended Learning methodology."[10] The term "blended learning" was initially vague, encompassing a wide variety of technologies and pedagogical methods in varying combinations (some making no use of technology whatsoever). In 2006, the term became more concrete with the publication of the first Handbook of Blended Learning by Bonk and Graham. Graham challenged the breadth and ambiguity of the term's definition, and defined "blended learning systems" as learning systems that "combine face-to-face instruction with computer mediated instruction."[11] In a report titled "Defining Blended Learning" researcher Norm Friesen suggests that in its current form, blended learning "designates the range of possibilities presented by combining Internet and digital media with established classroom forms that require the physical co‐presence of teacher and students." [1]

History

Technology-based training emerged as an alternative to instructor-led training in the 1960s on mainframes and mini-computers. The major advantage that blended learning offers is scale, whereas one instructor can only teach so many people.[12] One example is PLATO (Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations), a system developed by the University of Illinois and Control Data. PLATO in particular had a long history of innovations and offered coursework from elementary to the college level.[13] Mainframe-based training had a number of interface limitations that gave way to satellite-based live video in the 1970s. The advantage here was serving people who were not as computer literate. The major challenge was the expense required to make this work. In the early 1990s, CD-ROMs emerged as a dominant form of providing technology-based learning as bandwidth through 56k modems weren’t able to support very high quality sound and video. The limitation to CD-ROMs was tracking completion of coursework, so learning management systems emerged as a way to facilitate progress tracking. The aviation industry used this heavily to track how well one did on courses, how much time was spent, and where someone left off. AICC, Aviation Industry Computer-Based Training Committee, was formed in 1988 and companies such as Boeing used CD-ROMs to provide training for personnel. Modern blended learning is delivered online, although CD-ROMs could feasibly still be used if a learning management system meets an institution's standards. Some examples of channels through which online blending learning can be delivered include webcasting (synchronous and asynchronous) and online video (live and recorded). Solutions such as Khan Academy have been used in classrooms to serve as platforms for blended learning.[14]

Models

Although there is little consensus on the definition of blended learning and some academic studies have suggested it is a redundant term,[15] there are distinct blended learning models that have been suggested by some researchers and educational think tanks.

Blended learning can generally be classified into six models:[16]

Advantages

Blended instruction is reportedly more effective than purely face-to-face or purely online classes.[25] Blended learning methods can also result in high levels of student achievement more effective than face-to-face learning.[26] By using a combination of digital instruction and one-on-one face time, students can work on their own with new concepts which frees teachers up to circulate and support individual students who may need individualized attention. "Rather than playing to the lowest common denominator – as they would in a traditional classroom – teachers can now streamline their instruction to help all students reach their full potential."[27] Proponents of blended learning argue that incorporating the "asynchronous Internet communication technology" into higher education courses serves to "facilitate a simultaneous independent and collaborative learning experience."[28] This incorporation is a major contributor to student satisfaction and success in such courses. The use of information and communication technologies have been found to improve student attitudes towards learning.[29] By incorporating information technology into class projects, communication between lecturers and part-time students has improved, and students were able to better evaluate their understanding of course material via the use of "computer-based qualitative and quantitative assessment modules."[30]

Blended learning also have the potential to reduce educational expenses, although some dispute that blended learning is inherently less expensive than traditional classroom learning.[31] Blended learning has can lower costs by putting classrooms in the online space and it essentially replaces pricey textbooks with electronic devices that students often bring themselves to class. E-textbooks, which can be accessed digitally, may also help to drive down textbook budgets.[27] Proponents of blended learning cite the opportunity for data collection and customization of instruction and assessment as two major benefits of this approach.[32] Blended learning often includes software that automatically collects student data and measures academic progress, providing teachers, students and parents detailed students data. Often, tests are automatically scored, providing instantaneous feedback. Student logins and work times are also measured to ensure accountability.[27] Schools with blended learning programs may also choose to reallocate resources to boost student achievement outcomes.[33] Students with special talents or interests outside of the available curricula use educational technology to advance their skills or exceed grade restrictions.[34] Blended learning allows for personalized education, replacing the model where a teacher stands in front of the classroom and everyone is expected to stay at the same pace. "Blended learning allows students to work at their own pace, making sure they fully understand new concepts before moving on."[27] Some online institutions connect students with instructors via web conference technology to form a digital classroom. These institutions borrow many of the technologies that have popularized online courses at the university level. Some advantages of blended learning, particularly at a Kindergarten to grade 12 level of education, can be found under the general concept of educational technology. It is also one of the most effective ways for personalized learning at scale. Blended learning supports the Common Core State Standards, which encourage integration of technology into a variety of subjects.[27]

Disadvantages

Blended learning has a strong dependence on the technical resources or tools with which the blended learning experience is delivered. These tools need to be reliable, easy to use, and up to date, for them to have a meaningful impact on the learning experience.[28] IT literacy can serve as a significant barrier for students attempting to get access to the course materials, making the availability of high-quality technical support paramount.[29] Other aspects of blended learning that can be challenging is group work because of difficulties with management in an online setting.[35] Reportedly the use of lecture recording technologies can result in students falling behind on the materials. In a study performed across four different universities, it was found that only half of the students watched the lecture videos on a regular basis, and nearly 40% of students watched several weeks' worth of videos in one sitting.[36]

From an educator's perspective, most recently, it has been noted that providing effective feedback is more time-consuming (and therefore more expensive) when electronic media are used, in comparison to traditional (e.g. paper-based) assessments.[37] Using e-learning platforms can be more time consuming that traditional methods and can also come with new costs as e-learning platforms and service providers may charge user fees to educators.

Community

A learning management system helps develop a better feel for an online community where discussions can be held to better aid students.[38] This Virtual Learning Environment helps connect professors with students without physically being present, thus making this a 'Virtual Cafe'. Many schools use this online tool for online classes, classwork, question & answer forums, and other school related work.[39] Blended learning yielded positive results from the online community. Such results were compared and showed similar results from that of Alcoholics Anonymous and Weight Watchers.[38]

Digital natives

Students who were born in the last twenty years in first world countries are often known as digital natives. Because of the integration of technology into their lives, digital natives are thought to be adept users of technology.[40] Use of mobile technologies including tablets and cellphones allow digital natives to access information quickly, so that it is feasible for blended learning to become part of the digital native’s learning process. The main difference between digital natives and those born prior to this era is that digital natives are active users of IT, they create and share their own work, as opposed to being passive consumers of the work of other digital non-natives.

21st Century Literacies

The term "21st Century Literacies" was coined by The National Council of Teachers of English to describe the social nature of learning that is supported by the ability to collaborate using digital technologies in learning. Tools that support collaborative and blended learning include Facebook, Twitter and wikis.[41] These literacies are dynamic due to the ability to be linked to one another. According do NCTE, active, successful participants in this 21st century global society must be able to:

See also

Wikiversity has learning materials about Blended learning

References

  1. 1 2 Friesen, Norm (2012). "Report:Defining Blended Learning"
  2. ↑ "Blended Learning: A Disruptive Innovation". Knewton.
  3. ↑ "Blended Learning (Staker / Horn – May 2012)" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-10-24.
  4. ↑ Strauss, Valerie (22 September 2012). Three fears about blended learning, The Washington Post
  5. ↑ Lothridge, Karen; et al. (2013). "Blended learning: efficient, timely, and cost effective.". Journal for Forensic Sciences.
  6. ↑ Oliver M., Trigwell, K (2005) "Can 'Blended Learning' Be redeemed", E-Learning, Volume 2, Number 1
  7. ↑ "Blended Learning is Not the Only Way to Personalize Learning". www.personalizelearning.com. September 24, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  8. ↑ Basye, Dale (August 5, 2014). "Personalized vs. differentiated vs. individualized learning". ISTE. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  9. ↑ Martyn, Margie (2003). "The hybrid online model: Good practice.". Educause Quarterly: 18–23.
  10. ↑ Interactive Learning Centers Announces Name Change to EPIC Learning. (1999, March 5). The Free Library. (1999). Retrieved October 18, 2013 from http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Interactive+Learning+Centers+Announces+Name+Change+to+EPIC+Learning.-a054024665
  11. ↑ Bonk, C.J., & Graham, C.R. (2006). The handbook of blended learning environments: Global perspectives, local designs. San Francisco: Jossey‐Bass/Pfeiffer. p.5
  12. ↑ http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/67/07879729/0787972967.pdf
  13. ↑ "Plato Rising". Atarimagazines.com. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
  14. ↑ Coach resources (2012-10-11). "in the real world | Coach resources". Khan Academy. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
  15. ↑ Oliver M, Trigwell K (2005) "Can 'Blended Learning' Be Redeemed?'" E-Learning, Volume 2, Number1
  16. ↑ Friesen (2012) "Report: Defining Blended Learning"
  17. ↑ "6 Models of Blended Learning". DreamBox. Retrieved 2014-11-25.
  18. ↑ DeNisco, Alison. "Different Faces of Blended Learning". District Administration. Retrieved 2014-11-25.
  19. ↑ Anthony Kim. "Rotational models work for any classroom". Education Elements. Retrieved 2014-06-05.
  20. ↑ "The Four Important Models of Blended Learning Teachers Should Know About". Educational Technology and Mobile Learning. Retrieved 2014-11-25.
  21. ↑ "Blended Learning: How Brick-and-Mortar Schools are Taking Advantage of Online Learning Options" (PDF). Connections Learning. Retrieved 2014-11-25.
  22. ↑ "6 Models of Blended Learning". Retrieved 2015-10-28.
  23. ↑ "Blended Learning 101" (PDF). Aspire Public Schools. Retrieved 2014-11-25.
  24. ↑ "6 Models of Blended Learning" (PDF). Idaho Digital Learning. Retrieved 2014-11-25.
  25. ↑ "Top 5 Benefits of a Blended Learning Platform". Retrieved 2015-07-04.
  26. ↑ Saritepeci, Mustafa; et al. (2015). "The effect of blended learning environments on student motivation and student engagement: A study on social studies course.". Education and Science.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 "Five benefits of blended learning - DreamBox Learning". DreamBox Learning. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
  28. 1 2 Garrison, D. R.; Kanuka, H. (2004). "Blended learning: Uncovering its transformative potential in higher education". The Internet and Higher Education 7: 95–105. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2004.02.001.
  29. 1 2 S. Alexander, Flexible Learning in Higher Education, In: Editors-in-Chief: Penelope Peterson, Eva Baker and Barry McGaw, Editor(s)-in-Chief, International Encyclopedia of Education (Third Edition), Elsevier, Oxford, 2010, Pages 441-447, ISBN 9780080448947, doi 10.1016/B978-0-08-044894-7.00868-X.
  30. ↑ Alexander, S., & McKenzie, J. (1998). An Evaluation of Information Technology Projects for University Learning.Canberra, Australia: Committee for University Teaching and Staff Development and the Department of Employment, Education, Training and Youth Affairs
  31. ↑ "The E-Learning Edge: Improving Access With OntarioLearn". www.conferenceboard.ca. Retrieved 2016-03-09.
  32. ↑ Harel Caperton, Idit (2012). "Learning to Make Games for Impact". The Journal of Media Literacy 59 (1): 28–38.
  33. ↑ Jacob, Anna M (2011). "Benefits and Barriers to the Hybridization of Schools" (PDF). Journal of Education Policy, Planning and Administration 1 (1): 61–82.
  34. ↑ publications. "For Frustrated Gifted Kids, A World of Online Opportunities". KQED. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
  35. ↑ Wicks, David A; et al. (2015). "An investigation into the community of inquiry of blended classrooms by a faculty learning community.". The Internet and Higher Education.
  36. ↑ M. Gosper, D. Green, M. McNeill, R.A. Phillips, G. Preston, K. Woo, Final Report: The Impact of Web-Based Lecture Technologies on Current and Future Practices in Learning and Teaching, Australian Learning and Teaching Council, Sydney (2008) <http://mq.edu.au/ltc/altc/wblt/docs/report/ce6-22_final2.pdf>.
  37. ↑ Grieve, Rachel; Padgett, Christine R.; Moffitt, Robyn L. (2016-01-01). "Assignments 2.0: The role of social presence and computer attitudes in student preferences for online versus offline marking". The Internet and Higher Education 28: 8–16. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2015.08.002.
  38. 1 2 http://jite.org/documents/Vol5/v5p235-249Heinze156.pdf
  39. ↑ http://uupinfo.org/research/working/bradford.pdf
  40. ↑ "'Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants'," Marc Prensky, accessed March 1, 2015, http://www.marcprensky.com/writing/Prensky%20-%20Digital%20Natives,%20Digital%20Immigrants%20-%20Part1.pdf.
  41. ↑ Clifton, DeCosta, Roen. 2010. "Collaboration and Social Interaction in English Classrooms." http://www.jstor.org/stable/27807184.
  42. ↑ "The NCTE Definition of 21st Century Literacies". www.ncte.org. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
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