IPv6 deployment

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) is the next generation of the Internet Protocol that is in various stages of deployment on the Internet. It was designed as a replacement for the current version, IPv4, that has been in use since 1982 and is in the final stages of exhausting its unallocated address space.

In December 2008, despite marking its 10th anniversary as a Standards Track protocol, IPv6 still accounted for a minuscule fraction of the used addresses and the traffic in the publicly accessible Internet which is still dominated by IPv4.[1] A study by Google, reported in November 2008,[2] indicated that penetration was still less than one percent of Internet traffic in any country. The leaders were Russia (0.76%), France (0.65%), Ukraine (0.64%), Norway (0.49%), and the United States (0.45%). Although Asia led in terms of absolute deployment numbers, the relative penetration was smaller (e.g., China: 0.24%).

In March 2014, 448 (92.8%) of the 483 top-level domains (TLDs) in the Internet supported IPv6 to access their domain name servers, and 441 (91.3%) zones contained IPv6 glue records, and approximately 5.7 million domains (3.4%) had IPv6 address records in their zones. Of all networks in the global BGP routing table, 17.4% had IPv6 protocol support.[3]

By 2011, all major operating systems in use on personal computers and server systems had production-quality IPv6 implementations. Cellular telephone systems present a large deployment field for Internet Protocol devices as mobile telephone service is making the transition from 3G to "next-generation" 4G technologies, in which voice is provisioned as a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) service. This mandates the use of IPv6 for such networks. In 2009 U.S. cellular operator Verizon released technical specifications for devices to operate on its "next-generation" networks.[4] The specification mandates IPv6 operation according to the 3GPP Release 8 Specifications (March 2009), and deprecates IPv4 as an optional capability.[4]

In the early 2000s, governments increasingly required support for IPv6 in new equipment. The U.S. government, for example, specified in 2005 that the network backbones of all federal agencies had to be upgraded to IPv6 by June 30, 2008; this was completed before the deadline.[5][6][7][8] The government of People's Republic of China implemented a five-year plan for deployment of IPv6 called the China Next Generation Internet (see below).

Major providers of Internet services, both ISPs and content providers, also began to implement IPv6 access into their products.[9]

As of February 2016, IPv6 adoption has crossed the 10% threshold (and shows an exponential growth), with it being more used on weekends,[10] and adoption is very uneven across countries (and providers, with Comcast at 42.01%[11]), with the U.S. roughly double the average and Belgium probably has the highest adoption at 39.91%.

Deployment evaluation tools

Number of IPv6 prefixes and AS on the Internet since 2003
Monthly IPv6 allocations per RIR

Google publishes statistics on IPv6 adoption among Google users. A graph of IPv6 adoption since 2008 and a map of IPv6 deployment by country are available.[12][13]

A global view into the growing IPv6 routing tables can be obtained with the SixXS Ghost Route Hunter.[14] This tool provides a list of all allocated IPv6 prefixes and marks with colors the ones that are actually being announced into the Internet BGP tables. When a prefix is announced, it means that the ISP at least can receive IPv6 packets for their prefix.

The integration of IPv6 on existing network infrastructures current at any time can also be monitored from other sources, for example:

IPv6 testing, evaluation, and certification

A few organizations are involved with international IPv6 test and evaluation, ranging from the United States Department of Defense to the University of New Hampshire.

Major milestones

Year Major development and availability milestones
1996 Alpha quality IPv6 support in Linux kernel development version 2.1.8.[19]
6bone (an IPv6 virtual network for testing) is started.
1997 By the end of 1997 IBM's AIX 4.3 is the first commercial platform supporting IPv6.[20][21]
Also in 1997, Early Adopter Kits for DEC's operating systems, Tru64 and OpenVMS, are made available.[22]
1998 Microsoft Research[23] releases its first experimental IPv6 stack. This support is not intended for use in a production environment.
1999 In February, the IPv6 Forum[24] is founded by the IETF Deployment WG to drive deployment worldwide. This results in the creation of regional and local IPv6 Task Forces.
2000 Production-quality BSD support for IPv6 becomes generally available in early to mid-2000 in FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and NetBSD via the KAME project.[25]
Microsoft releases an IPv6 technology preview version for Windows 2000 in March 2000.[23]
Sun Solaris supports IPv6 in Solaris 8 in February.[26]
Compaq ships IPv6 with Tru64.[22]
2001 In January, Compaq ships IPv6 with OpenVMS.[22]
Cisco Systems introduces IPv6 support on Cisco IOS routers and L3 switches.[27]
HP introduces IPv6 with HP-UX 11i v1.[28]
On April 23, 2001, the European Commission launches the European IPv6 Task Force[29]
2002 Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 2000 SP1 have limited IPv6 support for research and testing since at least 2002.
Microsoft Windows XP (2001) supports IPv6 for developmental purposes. In Windows XP SP1 (2002) and Windows Server 2003, IPv6 is included as a core networking technology, suitable for commercial deployment.[30]
IBM z/OS supports IPv6 since version 1.4 (general availability in September 2002).[31]
2003 Apple Mac OS X v10.3 "Panther" (2003) supports IPv6 which is enabled by default.[32]
2004 In July, ICANN announces that IPv6 address records for the Japan (jp) and Korea (kr) country code top-level domain nameservers are visible in the DNS root server zone files with serial number 2004072000. The IPv6 records for France (fr) are added later. This makes IPv6 DNS publicly operational.
2005 Linux 2.6.12 removes experimental status from its IPv6 implementation.[33]
2007 Microsoft Windows Vista (2007) supports IPv6 which is enabled by default.[30]
Apple's AirPort Extreme 802.11n base station includes an IPv6 gateway in its default configuration. It uses 6to4 tunneling and manually configured static tunnels.[34] (Note: 6to4 was disabled by default in later firmware revisions.)
2008 On February 4, 2008, IANA adds AAAA records for the IPv6 addresses of six root name servers.[35][36] With this transition, it is now possible to resolve domain names using only IPv6.
On March 12, 2008, IETF does an hour long IPv4 blackout at its meeting as an opportunity to capture informal experience data to inform protocol design work going forward;[37] this led to many fixes in operating systems and applications.
On May 27, 2008, the European Commission publish their Action Plan for the deployment of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) in Europe,[38] with the aim of making IPv6 available to 25% of European users by 2010.[39]
2011 On June 8, 2011, the Internet Society together with several other big companies and organizations held World IPv6 Day, a global 24 hour test of IPv6.[40][41]
2012 On June 6, 2012, the Internet Society together with many other big companies and organizations held World IPv6 Launch Day, a global permanent deployment of IPv6.[42][43]

Operating system support

By 2011, all major operating systems in use on personal computers and server systems had production-quality IPv6 implementations.[44] Microsoft Windows has supported IPv6 since Windows 2000, and in production-ready state beginning with Windows XP. Windows Vista and later have improved IPv6 support.[45] Mac OS X since Panther (10.3), Linux 2.6, FreeBSD, and Solaris also have mature production implementations. Some implementations of the BitTorrent peer-to-peer file transfer protocol make use of IPv6 to avoid NAT issues common for IPv4 private networks.[46]

Deployment by country

Algeria

AnwarNet (www.anwarnet.dz); AfriNIC has allocated range of IPv6 address space to AnwarNet. AnwarNet started IPV6 services in 2011.

Australia

Belgium


Bulgaria

has constructed a research center to study the possibilities of adopting IPv6 in the country. The center will operate alongside another facility, which is equipped with an IBM Blue Gene/P supercomputer.[61]

Canada

IPv6 deployment is slow but ongoing, with major Canadian ISPs (notably Shaw Communications, Rogers Cable, Bell Canada, Vidéotron, and Cogeco) lacking in support for its residential customers, and the majority of their business customers (including server packages). Canadian IPv6 usage jumped from 0.5% in July 2015 to 7% in Dec 2015 due to IPv6 deployment at Telus.

China

The China Next Generation Internet (CNGI, 中国下一代互联网) project is a five-year plan initiated by the Chinese government with the purpose of gaining a significant position in the development of the Internet through the early adoption of IPv6. China showcased CNGI's IPv6 infrastructure during the 2008 Summer Olympic Games, being the first time a major world event has had a presence on the IPv6 Internet.[71] At the time of the event, it was believed that the Olympics provided the largest showcase of IPv6 technology since the inception of IPv6.[72] The deployment of IPv6 was widespread in all related applications, from data networking and camera transmissions for sporting events, to civil applications, such as security cameras and taxis. The events were streamed live over the Internet and networked cars were able to monitor traffic conditions readily, all network operations of the Games being conducted using IPv6.[73]

Also, the CERNET (China Education and Research NETwork, 中国教育和科研计算机网, 教育网) set up native IPv6 (CERNET2), and since then many academic institutions in China joined CERNET2 for IPv6 connectivity. CERNET-2 is probably the widest deployment of IPv6 in China. It is managed and operated jointly by 25 universities.[74] Students in Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, for example, get native IPv6.[75][76]

Estonia

Finland

France

Germany

According to Google's statistics, Germany has reached an IPv6 adoption rate of 22% by 25 March 2016.[97][98]

Hong Kong

Date Entity Description
2004 Hong Kong Internet Exchange Hong Kong Internet Exchange (HKIX), the local Internet exchange point, started to operate its IPv6 exchange (HK6IX).
2006 Hong Kong Internet Registration Corporation The Hong Kong Internet Registration Corporation, the administrator of the .hk domain, started offering IPv6 domain name services.
2008 Hong Kong Government Hong Kong Government enhanced the Government Backbone Network to inter-connect the systems of bureaux and departments using IPv6.
2009 Hong Kong Government Hong Kong Government enhanced the Government Internet Gateway systems so that the public can access over 200 Government websites, including GovHK using IPv6 and use Internet mails to communicate with over 60 Government bureaux and departments using IPv6. Also, Government users can access IPv6 resources through the Internet.
2012 Hong Kong Observatory The Hong Kong Observatory launched the IPv6 network time service.[99][100]
2012 Hong Kong Government Hong Kong Government initiated the Next Generation GovWiFi Programme[101] to provide better and faster free Wi-Fi service, which supported IPv6, for the general public.[102]
2013 goIPv6 Consortium[103] The goIPv6 Consortium introduced free IPv6 tunneling service for Hong Kong users to connect to the IPv6 Internet through their existing IPv4 network connection.[104]

Hungary

In Hungary Externet was the first ISP starting deploying IPv6 on its network in 2008 August.[105] The service was commercially available since 2009 May.[106][107]

Magyar Telekom was running tests on its production environments since the beginning of 2009. Free customer trials started on November 2, 2009, for those on ADSL or Fiber Optic.[108][109] Customers are given a /128 via DHCP-ND unless they register their DUID in which case they receive a /56 - using a static configuration results in a single /64.

According to information on telecompaper.com,[110] UPC Hungary will start deploying IPv6 in mid-2013, finishing it in 2013.

So far no other Hungarian ISP offers IPv6 connectivity.

India

Japan

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New Zealand

As of 2012, surveys conducted by the New Zealand IPv6 Task Force indicated that awareness of IPv6 had reached a near-universal level among New Zealand's large public- and private-sector organisations, with adoption mostly occurring as part of normal network refresh cycles. Most of New Zealand's ISP and carrier community have a test environment for IPv6 and many have started bringing IPv6 products and services on-stream.[138] An increasing number of New Zealand Government websites are available over IPv6, including those of the Ministry of Defence (New Zealand), Ministry for Primary Industries (New Zealand), Ministry of Social Development and the Department of Internal Affairs.

Philippines

The government is in process of upgrading its facilities. Globe Telecom has already set in motion the transition of its core IP network to IPv6, noting that it is now fully prepared even as the Internet runs out of IPv4 addresses. Globe claims it is the first local telecommunication company to test IPv6 with Department of Science and Technology (Philippines). In some cases, like test networks or users, IPv6 or both maybe present.[141]

Poland

Romania

Russian Federation

Sudan

The Sudanese IPv6 task Force SDv6TF was formed in 2010 to fellow the implementation of IPv6 migration plan (2011-2015).[147]

By November 2012, all telecom operators are becoming IPv6 enabled, this wast tested for the first time at the AFRINIC-17 meeting held in Khartoum.[148]

SudREN[149] (Sudanese Research and Education Network) is the first ISP to provide native IPv6 connectivity of the member institution. By August 2014, SudREN.edu.sd is fully IPv6 Enabled. Two certification received from IPv6 Forum,[150] for WWW and ISP Enabled Logos.

Sweden

Operators offering native IPv6 access for business clients and collocation customers include:

Switzerland

United Kingdom

United States

Date Entity Description
2000 Stealth Communications Stealth Communications (AS8002) has been providing production IPv6 since 2000 when it received its pTLA status on 6bone.[160] The company later received its sTLA allocation from ARIN in 2001, making it the 12th organization at that time to receive production IPv6 addressing in North America.[161][162]
2005 Sonic.net Sonic.net offers partial support for IPv6. They assign a /60 to any customer requesting address space and deliver the IPv6 packets over a 6in4 tunnel.[163]
2008 Department of Defense As with IPv4, the Department of Defense holds a larger IPv6 allocation than any other entity, a /13 block, enough to create almost 2.3 quadrillion (2.3×1015) local area networks, 64 times as many as the next largest entity.[164]
2008 Hurricane Electric Hurricane Electric (AS6939),[165] an early IPv6 adopter and maintains a native IPv6 backbone and as of 2008 was one of the largest IPv6 connectivity and hosting providers in the United States. It was the first IPv6 backbone operator in the world to reach 200 IPv6 BGP adjacencies. Through its IPv6 tunnel broker service,[166] Hurricane also provides free IPv6 connectivity to users in the United States and in several other countries.
2011 Comcast Comcast started IPv6 pilot market deployment in 2011.[167][168]
2011 Time Warner Cable Time Warner Cable was conducting IPv6 trials for their customers from September 2011.[169]
2011 AT&T AT&T started testing their networks with IPv6 in 2006.[170] and started rolling out IPv6 to customers with compatible CPEs in Q4 2011.[171]
2012 U.S. Department of Education U.S. Department of Education (ED) became the first cabinet-level agency to deploy IPv6 on its DNS services across its 17 .gov domains on August 5, 2012.[172]
2012 Google Fiber Google Fiber launched with IPv6 support in 2012.
2012 Charter Communications Charter Communications offers IPv6 access to all of its customers via a freely accessible IPv6 rapid deployment server since at least March 2012.[173]
2013 T-Mobile T-Mobile has made IPv6 its default phone configuration for all new Android 4.3+ devices.[174] using 464XLAT.[175] As of December 2013, phones configured by default for IPv6 / 464XLAT include the Samsung Galaxy Note 3, Galaxy Light, MetroPCS Samsung Mega, and the Google Nexus 5.[176]
2013 Verizon Wireless As of September 2013, over 33%[11] of all users on Verizon had IPv6.

Other countries

Events

World IPv6 Day

Main article: World IPv6 Day

The Internet Society promoted June 8, 2011, as "World IPv6 Day".[177] The event was described as a "test drive" for full IPv6 rollouts.[178]

World IPv6 Launch

The Internet Society declared June 6, 2012, to be the date for "World IPv6 Launch", with participating major websites enabling IPv6 permanently, participating ISPs offering IPv6 connectivity,[179] and participating router manufacturers offering devices enabled for IPv6 by default.[179][180]

See also

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