Mohamedou Ould Slahi

Mohamedou Ould Slahi
Born (1970-12-31) December 31, 1970[1]
Rosso, Mauritania[2]
Detained at Jordan
Bagram
Guantánamo
Alternate name Mohammedou Ould Salahi, kunya: Abu Musab
ISN 760
Status Detained under AUMF-AT as a "part of" al Qaeda. Writ of habeas corpus granted his release on March 22, 2010. Vacated by the D.C. Court of Appeals and remanded to the District Court on November 5, 2010.
Occupation Telecommunications Engineer[3]

Mohamedou Ould Slahi (Arabic: محمد ولد صلاحي‎) (born December 31, 1970) is a Mauritanian who has been detained at Guantánamo Bay detention camp since 2002. He is being held under the authority of Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists (AUMF), alleged by the U.S. government to be "part of" al Qaeda at the time of his arrest in November 2001.

Slahi traveled to Afghanistan in December 1990 "to support the mujahideen."[4](p4) At that time, the mujahideen in Afghanistan were attempting to topple the communist government of Mohammad Najibullah. The United States also opposed Najibullah and supported the mujahideen against him. Slahi trained in an al Qaeda camp and swore bayat to al Qaeda in March 1991. He returned to Germany soon after but then traveled back to Afghanistan for two months in early 1992. Slahi states that he "severed all ties with ... al-Qaeda" after he left Afghanistan at that time.[4](p5) The U.S. government maintains that Slahi "recruited for al-Qaeda and provided it with other support" since then.[4](p5)

Slahi turned himself in to Mauritanian authorities for questioning about the Millennium Plot on November 20, 2001. He was detained for seven days and questioned by Mauritanian officers and by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).[5] Then the CIA rendered him to Jordanian prison where he was held for eight months. Slahi states that he was tortured by the Jordanians. After being flown to Afghanistan and held for two weeks, he was transferred to military custody and the Guantánamo Bay detention camp in Cuba on August 4, 2002.[6]

Slahi was subjected to isolation, temperature extremes, beatings and sexual humiliation at Guantánamo. In one documented incident, he was blindfolded and taken out to sea in a boat for a mock execution. Lt. Col Stuart Couch refused to prosecute Slahi in a Military Commission in 2003. He said that "Slahi's incriminating statements—the core of the government's case—had been taken through torture, rendering them inadmissible under U.S. and international law."[7]

Judge James Robertson granted a writ of habeas corpus ordering Slahi to be released on March 22, 2010. In his unclassified opinion, Judge Robertson wrote: "associations alone are not enough, of course, to make detention lawful."[8](p29) The Department of Justice appealed the decision.[9][10][11] The D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals vacated the ruling and remanded the case to the District Court on November 5, 2010 for further factual findings.[4](p3)[12][13]

Slahi wrote a memoir in prison in 2005, which the U.S. government declassified in 2012 with numerous redactions. The memoir was published as Guantánamo Diary in January 2015. It has become an international bestseller.[14] Slahi is the first detainee to publish a memoir while still imprisoned.[15]

1988-1999

Slahi was an exceptional student in high school in Mauritania. In 1988 he received a scholarship from the Carl Duisberg Society to study in Germany, where he earned an electrical engineering degree from the University of Duisburg.[2][5][16] In 1991, Slahi traveled to Afghanistan to join the mujaheddin fighting against the communist central government.[16] He trained for several weeks at the al Farouq training camp near Khost.[17] At the end of his training in March 1991, he swore bayat to al Qaeda and was given the kunya (nom de guerre) of "Abu Musab."[6][18] He returned to Germany.

In February 1992, Slahi traveled again to Afghanistan and was assigned to a mortar battery in Gardez. In March, the Mohammad Najibullah regime fell and he returned to Germany.[8](p12) In hearings in Guantanamo, Slahi has stated that he traveled to Afghanistan twice, attended the al Farouq training camp, and fought against the Afghan central government in 1992, but that he was never an enemy combatant against the United States.[6][10][19](pp2–4)[20](pp4–6) In 1992 the United States supported the mujaheddin fight against the communist government in Afghanistan.[10]

Slahi's cousin and former brother-in-law is Mahfouz Ould al-Walid, also known as Abu Hafs al-Mauritania. Before the September 11 attacks in the United States, Al-Walid was a spiritual adviser to Osama bin Laden, was on the shura council of al Qaeda, and headed the sharia council.[8](p21)[21] However, two months before the attacks, al-Walid, along with several other al Qaeda members, wrote a letter to bin Laden opposing the planned attacks.[22] Al-Walid left al Qaeda after the attacks.

While al-Walid was in Sudan, where al Qaeda was based in the mid-1990s, he twice asked Slahi to help him get money to his family in Mauritania, about $4,000 in December 1997 and another $4,000 in December 1998. In the 2010 habeas corpus opinion for Slahi, the judge wrote: "the government relies on nothing but Salahi's uncorroborated, coerced statements to conclude that the money transfers were done on behalf of and in support of al-Qaida."[8](p26) In 1998, Slahi was heard by U.S. intelligence talking to al-Walid on a satellite phone traced to bin Laden.[18][20][23][24](p12)

The 9/11 Commission Report reported that in 1999, Slahi advised three members of the Hamburg Cell to travel to Afghanistan to obtain training before waging jihad in Chechnya.[25][26] But the federal District Court in 2010 that reviewed Slahi's case found that Slahi "provided lodging for three men for one night at his home in Germany [in November 1999], that one of them was Ramzi bin al-Shibh, and that there was discussion of jihad and Afghanistan."[8](p19)

1999-2002

Slahi moved to Montreal, Canada on November 26, 1999 because German immigration authorities would not extend his visa for residence in Germany.[19] Since he was a hafiz, he was invited by the imam of a large mosque to lead Ramadan prayers.[20][24] Ahmed Ressam, who was caught with explosives crossing the Canadian border in December 1999 as part of the 2000 Millennium Plot, had attended the same mosque.[18] Since Slahi was known to U.S. intelligence through contact with his cousin Mahfouz Ould al-Walid, he was suspected by them of activating Ressam.[23]

The Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) put Slahi under surveillance for several weeks but did not find any grounds to arrest him.[23][27] According to a classified report of German intelligence, "there is not only no evidence of any involvement by Ould Slahi in the planning and preparation of the attacks, but also no indication that Ressam and Ould Slahi knew each other."[5] Slahi left Canada on January 21, 2000 to return to Mauritania.[19]

During his trip home, Slahi was arrested in Senegal at the request of United States authorities and questioned about the Millennium plot.[28] He was transferred to Mauritania to be interrogated by local authorities and United States FBI agents.[27] After three weeks in custody, during which Slahi was accused of being involved in the Millennium Plot, he was released.[23]

Slahi worked at various companies in Mauritania as an electrical engineer from May 2000 until the end of September 2001.[8][19] On September 29, he was again detained by the Mauritanian authorities for questioning.[27] He cooperated with the authorities several more times and finally on November 20, 2001.[23][5] He was interrogated by both Mauritanian officials and the FBI for seven days.

Then the CIA transported him to Jordan using extraordinary rendition. The CIA supervised his interrogation at a Jordanian prison for eight months.[5][29] On July 19, 2002, the CIA transported Slahi to Bagram, Afghanistan, where he was transferred to military custody and held at the detention facility. The US military flew Slahi to Guantanamo Bay detention camp on August 4, 2002.[5]

Guantánamo Bay detention

Slahi was assigned detainee ID number 760 and was initially held in Camp Delta. Officials belonging to Canadian Security Intelligence Service interviewed Slahi in February 2003.[30] By January 2003, US military interrogators pressed to make Slahi their second “Special Project,” drawing up an interrogation plan like that used against Mohammed al-Qahtani. Declassified documents show that Slahi was transferred to an isolation cell near the end of May and abusive interrogation started.[31] He was subjected to extreme cold and noise, extended sleeplessness, forced standing or other postures for extended periods of time, threats against his family, sexual humiliation, and other abuses.[31]

In September 2003, Slahi was moved to Camp Echo.[18] Memos summarizing meetings held on October 9, 2003 and February 2, 2004 between General Geoffrey Miller and Vincent Cassard of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) acknowledged that camp authorities were not permitting the ICRC to have access to Slahi, due to "military necessity."[32][33]

Lt. Col V. Stuart Couch, a Marine Corps lawyer, was appointed as Slahi's prosecutor at Guantanamo. He withdrew from the case in May 2004 after reviewing it in depth.[7][34][35] Couch said that he believed that Slahi "had blood on his hands," but he "could no longer continue the case in good conscience" because of the alleged torture, which tainted all confessions Slahi had made.[7] Couch said that "the evidence is not believable because of the methods used to obtain it and the fact that it has not been independently corroborated."[34]

The Wall Street Journal published a letter that Slahi wrote to his lawyers on November 9, 2006.[36] In the letter, Slahi states that all his confessions of crimes were the result of torture. He laughed at being asked to recount "everything" that he had said during interrogations, joking that it was "like asking Charlie Sheen how many women he dated."[36]

According to Peter Finn of the Washington Post in 2010, Slahi, along with Tariq al-Sawah, were "two of the most significant informants ever to be held at Guantanamo. Today, they are housed in a little fenced-in compound at the military prison, where they live a life of relative privilege -- gardening, writing and painting -- separated from other detainees in a cocoon designed to reward and protect."[18]

Slahi started writing a memoir of his experiences in 2005, continuing into the next year. The more than 400-page manuscript was declassified by government censors in 2012 after numerous redactions. Excerpts were serialized in Slate magazine beginning in April 2013. It was published as a book, Guantánamo Diary, in January 2015.[15]

Joint Review Task Force

When he assumed office in January 2009, President Barack Obama repeated his commitment to close Guantanamo. He convened a six-agency task force to review the detainees and recommend those who could be released.[37][38][39] In its 2010 report, the Guantánamo Review Task Force recommended Slahi be considered for prosecution in a military commission.[40] The task force recommended that detainees deemed too dangerous to release, but without sufficient evidence for prosecution, receive a Periodic Review Board hearing. In 2013, Slahi was listed as one of 71 detainees eligible for a review.[41] In March 2016, Slahi was granted a hearing before the Board in June.[42]

Further interrogation request

US District Court Judge James Robertson had issued an order to the Department of Defense barring them from interrogating Slahi while his habeas corpus case was under consideration. Guantánamo authorities in October 2014 seized all of Slahi's privileged legal papers and all his personal belongings, including a computer.[43] They also stripped Slahi of his "comfort items," including letters from his late mother, in an attempt to force him to agree to interrogations.[14] Slahi wrote in an unclassified letter to his attorneys in April 2015 that officials had offered to return these items if he agreed to interrogations, which had been barred for six years. Prosecutors in the case of Ahmed al-Darbi wanted to interrogate Slahi about him.[14]

Allegations of torture

Slahi was last interrogated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation on May 22, 2003. His FBI interrogator warned him "this was our last session; he told me that I was not going to enjoy the time to come."[7] Three months later Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld approved the use of "enhanced interrogation techniques," which critics have characterized as torture. Slahi was subjected to isolation, temperature extremes, beatings, and sexual humiliation by military interrogators. In one incident, he was blindfolded and taken out to sea for a mock execution.[2][7]

Schmidt-Furlow Report

A 2007 Wall Street Journal report paraphrased an incident described in the 2005 Schmidt-Furlow Report, an investigation by the Department of Defense into detainee treatment at Guantanamo following FBI allegations of torture used by DOD interrogators in the early years of Guantanamo:

On July 17, 2003, a masked interrogator told Mr. Slahi he had dreamed of watching detainees dig a grave.... The interrogator said he saw "a plain, pine casket with [Mr. Slahi's] identification number painted in orange lowered into the ground."[7][44]

In the summer of 2003, Slahi was repeatedly subjected to the use of an interrogation technique which the Schmidt-Furlow Report stated had been prohibited by the Secretary of Defense on December 2, 2002.

What was not revealed until 2008 was that in a March 14, 2003 legal opinion memo issued by John Yoo of the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice, to the General Counsel of the Department of Defense, Yoo advised that federal laws related to torture and other abuses did not apply to interrogations overseas.[45] At that point the Bush administration contended that Guantanamo Bay was outside US jurisdiction. The Defense Department used this memo to authorize the use of enhanced interrogation techniques at Guantanamo and in Iraq.[45][46] Also, by 2005 the New York Times reported that by an April 2003 memo from Rumsfeld to General James T. Hill, Rumsfeld authorized 24 specific permitted interrogation techniques to be used.[47] Jack Goldsmith, head of the Office of Legal Counsel, withdrew the Yoo Torture Memos in June 2004 and advised federal agencies not to rely on them.[46]

Slahi's lawyers in 2008 threatened to sue Mauritanian, Jordanian, and US officials over his torture.[48]

Senate Armed Services Committee Report

The United States Senate Committee on Armed Services produced a report titled "Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees in U.S. Custody" on November 20, 2008. It contains information about the treatment of Slahi and others at Guantanamo before 2005.[16]

Habeas corpus proceedings

In Rasul v. Bush (2004), the United States Supreme Court ruled that detainees at Guantánamo Bay detention camp had the right of habeas corpus to challenge their detention. Slahi had habeas petitions submitted on his behalf. In response, the Department of Defense published 27 pages of unclassified documents from his CSRT on July 14, 2005.[49]

The Military Commissions Act of 2006 mandated that Guantánamo detainees were no longer entitled access to the U.S. federal courts, so all pending habeas petitions were stayed. However, in June 2008, the Supreme Court ruled in Boumediene v. Bush that the MCA of 2006 could not remove detainees' right to habeas and access to the federal court system. All previous habeas petitions were eligible to be re-instated.

Before submitting briefs in the habeas case, the U.S. government dropped its previous allegations that Slahi had participated in the Millennium Plot and that he knew about the 9/11 attacks before they happened.[6]

Release order

After review of the case, US District Court Judge James Robertson granted the writ of habeas corpus and ordered Slahi's release on March 22, 2010.[50] Robertson's ruling was criticized by several GOP politicians.[51] Slahi was the 34th detainee whose release was ordered by a federal district court judge reviewing government materials associated with his habeas petition.[52] The unclassified decision was filed on April 9, 2010.[9]

Referring to the government's charge that Slahi gave "purposeful and material support" to al Qaeda, Judge Robertson wrote:

Salahi may very well have been an al-Qaida sympathizer, and the evidence does show that he provided some support to al-Qaida, or to people he knew to be al-Qaida. Such support was sporadic, however, and, at the time of his capture, non-existent. In any event, what the standard approved in Al-Bihani actually covers is "those who purposefully and materially supported such forces in hostilities against U.S. Coalition partners." 530 F.3d at 872 (emphasis added). The evidence in this record cannot possibly be stretched far enough to fit that test.[8](p5)

Judge Robertson addressed the other government allegation, that Slahi was "part of" al Qaeda at the time of his capture. He said the law was not as clear in this instance:

neither Al-Bihani nor any other case provides a brightline test for determining who was and who was not 'part of' al-Qaida at the time of capture. The decision, in other words, depends on the sufficiency of the evidence." In regard to Slahi's case, Judge Robertson wrote, "The question of when a detainee must have been a 'part of' al-Qaida to be detainable is at the center of this case, because it is clear that Salahi was at one point a sworn al-Qaida member.[8]

Judge Robertson discusses other factors in his decision, including which side had the burden of proof and considering the reliability of coerced or hearsay testimony.[8](pp7–12) In conclusion, Judge Robertson stated:

The government had to adduce evidence - which is different from intelligence - showing that it was more likely than not that Salahi was "part of" al-Qaida. To do so, it had to show that the support Salahi undoubtedly did provide from time to time was provided within al-Qaida's command structure. The government has not done so.[8](p31)

Appeal

The Department of Justice appealed the decision.[9] Oral arguments were heard on September 17, 2010 by a three-judge panel for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. In oral arguments, Judge David Tatel questioned whether swearing bayat in 1991 is evidence of actions a decade and more later against the United States. He noted, "When he swore bayat, the United States and al-Qaida had a common goal. Both the United States and al-Qaida were opposing a communist government of Afghanistan."[10] The panel discussed sending the case back to the District Court or over-ruling the decision, based on other recent D.C. Circuit rulings on the criteria that justify detention, which are still being developed.[11]

On November 5, 2010, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals vacated the decision and remanded the case to the D.C. District Court for further factual findings, based on guidance it had given to the D.C. District Court about review of such habeas corpus cases of detainees.[12][53] The Circuit Court panel said the following questions needed to be answered:[53]

Guantánamo Diary

In 2005, Slahi wrote a memoir while held in detention. The 466-page manuscript was in English, a language Slahi learned at Guantánamo.[15] After litigation and negotiation, the US government declassified the memoir six years later, making numerous redactions. Excerpts were published by Slate magazine as a three-part series beginning April 30, 2013.[54] On May 1, 2013, Slate also published a related interview with Col. Morris Davis, the military's chief prosecutor at Guantánamo from September 2005 to October 2007.[55]

The book, Guantánamo Diary, was published in January 2015. It is the first work by a still-imprisoned detainee at Guantánamo. It provides details of Slahi's harsh interrogations and torture,[15] including being "force-fed seawater, sexually molested, subjected to a mock execution and repeatedly beaten, kicked and smashed across the face, all spiced with threats that his mother will be brought to Guantánamo and gang-raped."[56] It has become an international bestseller.

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ "TERRORISM FINANCE: GERMANY PROVIDES ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONCERNING OULD SLAHI". US Embassy Cable. Berlin: WikiLeaks. June 21, 2007. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 Rosenbach, Marcel (April 29, 2011). "Obtained Under Torture: Slahi's Guantanamo File Full of Dubious Information". Der Spiegel. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
  3. ↑ Roger, Olivier (September 29, 2001). "Mauritanian arrested in connection with Bin-Ladin's network". Mauritania. Radio France Internationale. ProQuest DOI: 82368037
  4. 1 2 3 4 Salahi v. Obama, 625 F.3d 745 (D.C. Cir. 2010).
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "From Germany to Guantanamo: The Career of Prisoner No. 760". Der Spiegel. October 9, 2008. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Worthington, Andy (April 21, 2010). "Mohamedou Ould Salahi: How a Judge Demolished the US Government’s Al-Qaeda Claims". Retrieved January 27, 2011.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bravin, Jess (March 31, 2007). "The Conscience of the Colonel". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 28, 2012. mirror
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Salahi v. Obama, 710 F.Supp.2d 1 (D.D.C 2010). mirror.
  9. 1 2 3 Fisher, William (April 12, 2010). "Guantanamo Detainee Ordered Freed". Inter Press Service. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Pickler, Nedra (September 17, 2010). "Appeals court: Once al-Qaida, always al-Qaida?". Seattle Times. Associated Press. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
  11. 1 2 Hsu, Spencer (September 17, 2010). "U.S. appeals court: How do you quit al-Qaeda?". Washington Post. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
  12. 1 2 Rosenberg, Carol (November 5, 2010). "Appeals panel upends judge's order to release Guantánamo captive". Standard.net. McClatchy-Tribune Information Services. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
  13. ↑ Worthington, Andy (September 27, 2010). "The Betrayal of Mohamedou Ould Slahi". Future of Freedom Foundation. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
  14. 1 2 3 Spencer Ackerman (2015-07-29). "Guantánamo detainee says his 'comfort items' were taken to force interrogations". New York City: The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2015-07-31. Retrieved 2015-07-30. Slahi alleged that the military “prosecuting team” pursuing confessed terrorist Ahmed al-Darbi “offered to help me on condition to ask the court to lift its order regarding my interrogation”.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Flood, Allison (August 12, 2014). "Guantánamo prisoner to publish 'harrowing' memoirs". Guardian. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
  16. 1 2 3 Cobain, Ian (January 16, 2015). "Guantánamo diarist Mohamedou Ould Slahi: chronicler of fear, not despair". The Guardian. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
  17. ↑ Tinti, Peter (February 26, 2015). "A Postcard from Guantánamo: How Mohamedou Ould Slahi Became a Suspected Terrorist, Then a Best-Selling Author". Vice. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Finn, Peter (March 24, 2010). "For two detainees who told what they knew, Guantanamo becomes a gilded cage". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  19. 1 2 3 4 "Combatant Status Review Tribunal transcript" (PDF). Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
  20. 1 2 3 "Administrative Review Board Round One transcript" (PDF). Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
  21. ↑ "Former Member Of Al-Qaeda Shura Council, Abu Hafs Al-Mauritani: 'I Advised The Americans… To Reach An Agreement With The Taliban'". Middle East Media Research Institute. October 19, 2012. Archived from the original on February 8, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
  22. ↑ "Cracks in the Foundation: Leadership Schisms in al-Qa'ida from 1989-2006" (PDF). Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. September 2007. p. 18. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 Bravin, Jess (March 31, 2007). "On the Trail of Slahi". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 28, 2012. mirror
  24. 1 2 Freeze, Colin (July 17, 2007). "Tortuous tale of Guantanamo captive". Globe and Mail. Retrieved August 12, 2014. mirror
  25. ↑ 9/11 Commission (July 22, 2004). "The 9/11 Commission Report, Chapter 5" (PDF). pp. 165–166.
  26. ↑ 9/11 Commission (July 22, 2004). "The 9/11 Commission Report, Notes" (PDF). p. 496, notes 89 and 90.
  27. 1 2 3 "CSIS watched terrorist suspect in 1999". CBC News. October 3, 2001. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
  28. ↑ Johnston, David (January 29, 2000). "Terror Suspect Is Rearrested In Africa at U.S. Request". New York Times. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
  29. ↑ "Rendition – torture – trial? The case of Guantánamo detainee Mohamedou Ould Slahi". Amnesty International. September 20, 2006. Retrieved November 15, 2010.
  30. ↑ Shephard, Michelle (July 27, 2008). "CSIS grilled trio in Cuba". Toronto Star. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
  31. 1 2 "The Guantánamo Memoirs of Mohamedou Ould Slahi, Part One: Endless Interrogation". Slate. April 30, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  32. ↑ "ICRC Meeting with MG Miller on 09 Oct 2003" (PDF). Washington Post.
  33. ↑ "ICRC Meeting 2 Feb 2004" (PDF). Washington Post.
  34. 1 2 Scheer, Robert (April 16, 2007). "Leave Your Morals at the Border". The Nation. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  35. ↑ Horton, Scott (April 2, 2007). "Colonel with a Conscience". Harper's Magazine. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
  36. 1 2 Slahi, Mohamedou Ould (November 9, 2006). "Mohamedou Ould Slahi letter to his attorneys" (PDF). Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
  37. ↑ Peter Finn (January 22, 2010). "Justice task force recommends about 50 Guantanamo detainees be held indefinitely". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2015-05-19. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
  38. ↑ Peter Finn (May 29, 2010). "Most Guantanamo detainees low-level fighters, task force report says". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2015-05-19. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
  39. ↑ Andy Worthington (June 11, 2010). "Does Obama Really Know or Care About Who Is at Guantánamo?". Archived from the original on 2010-06-16. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
  40. ↑ Rosenberg, Carol (October 29, 2015). "U.S. repatriates long-cleared Guantánamo detainee to Africa". Miami Herald. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  41. ↑ "71 Guantanamo Detainees Determined Eligible to Receive a Periodic Review Board as of April 19, 2013". U.S. Department of Defense. Archived from the original on May 19, 2015. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
  42. ↑ Hussain, Murtaza (March 15, 2016). "Mohamedou Slahi, Author of "Guantánamo Diary," to Get Hearing on Possible Release". The Intercept. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  43. ↑ Carol Rosenberg (2015-06-10). "‘Guantánamo Diary’ author seeks parole hearing, return of belongings". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 2015-07-26. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
  44. ↑ Lieutenant General Randall Schmidt; Brigadier General John Furlow (June 9, 2005). "Investigation into FBI Allegations of Detainee Abuse at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba Detention Facility: Executive Summary" (PDF). US Department of Defense. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
  45. 1 2 Isikoff, Michael (April 4, 2008). "Justice: Torture Memo Fallout". Newsweek. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
  46. 1 2 Rosen, Jeffrey (September 9, 2007). "Conscience of a Conservative". New York Times. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
  47. ↑ "A Guide to the Memos on Torture". New York Times. 2005. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
  48. ↑ Champagne, Noiselle (March 10, 2008). "Mauritanian was tortured in Guantanamo - lawyers". Reuters. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  49. ↑ OARDEC. "Publicly Filed CSRT Records" (PDF). United States Department of Defense. pp. 1–27. Retrieved November 12, 2010.
  50. ↑ Pelofsky, Jeremy (March 23, 2010). "U.S. judge orders release of Guantanamo detainee". Reuters (U.K.). Retrieved July 3, 2010.
  51. ↑ Crabtree, Susan (March 24, 2010). "GOP denounces terror suspect release". The Hill. Retrieved July 8, 2010.
  52. ↑ Rosenberg, Carol (March 3, 2010). "Judge orders release of detainee abused at Guantánamo". Miami Herald. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
  53. 1 2 Denniston, Lyle (November 5, 2010). "Caution urged in detainee cases". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
  54. ↑ Slahi, Mohamedou (April 30, 2013). "Guantánamo Memoirs: Part One". Slate. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
  55. ↑ Siems, Larry (May 1, 2013). "He Reminded Me of Forrest Gump". Slate. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
  56. ↑ "Blame game: After years of legal wrangling, Mohamedou Ould Slahi’s prison diary finally comes out. A sad and sickening read". The Economist. 31 Jan 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015.

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