Khaling language

Khaling
खालिङ (khāliṅ)
Native to	Nepal
Region	Solukhumbu and Khotang districts
Native speakers	15,000 in Nepal (2011 census)[1] unknown number in India[1]
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Mahakiranti ? Kiranti Western Upper Dudhkosi Khaling
Language codes
ISO 639-3	klr
Glottolog	khal1275[2]

Khaling is a Kiranti language spoken in Solukhumbu district, Nepal. It is one of the few Kiranti languages with tonal contrasts.

Khaling has a complex system of stem alternations: as many as 10 distinct stems have to be posited for a word (Jacques et al. 2012).

Khaling is very unusual in having an auditory demonstrative (see Jacques and Lahaussois 2014).

Geographical distribution

Khaling is spoken in the following VDC's of Nepal (Ethnologue).

• Solukhumbu District, Sagarmatha Zone: Kanku, Basa, Waku, Buksa, Jubing, and Phuleli villages
• Khotang District: Buipa and Kharmi villages
• Sankhuwasabha District, Kosi Zone: Tungkhaling village
• Sunsari District: Dharan
• Ilam District, Mechi Zone: Pang, Sumbek, and Mai Pokhari villages

References

1. Khaling at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Khaling". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

• Hale, Austin, editor. 1973. Collected papers on Khaling, Kulung, Darai, Newari, Chitwan Tharu. Nepal Studies in Linguistics, 1. Kirtipur: Summer Institute of Linguistics and Institute for Nepal and Asian Studies. vii, 87 p.
• Jacques, Guillaume, Aimée Lahaussois, Boyd Michailovsky, and Dhan Bahadur Rai. 2012. An overview of khaling verbal morphology. 'Language and linguistics' 13.6: 1095–1170.
• Jacques, Guillaume; Lahaussois, Aimée (2014). "The auditory demonstrative in Khaling". Studies in Language 38.2: 393–404.
• Jacques, Guillaume Khaling derivational morphology
• Toba, Sueyoshi and Ingrid Toba. 1972. Khaling phonemic summary. Tibeto-Burman Phonemic Summaries, 12. Kirtipur: Summer Institute of Linguistics and Institute of Nepal Studies, Tribhuvan University. 73 p.
• Toba, Ingrid. 1973. "The Khaling verb." Nepal Studies in Linguistics 1: 1-14.
• Toba, Sueyoshi and Ingrid Toba. 1975. A Khaling-English, English-Khaling glossary. Kathmandu: Summer Institute of Linguistics and Institute of Nepal and Asian Studies. xiii, 86 p.
• Toba, Ingrid. 1977. "Folk art and culture change as observed in a Khaling village." Kailash 5(1): 13-27.
• Toba, Sueyoshi. 1981. Khaling texts. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. 97 p.
• Toba, Sueyoshi. 1983. Khaling Texts. YAK 7. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa
• Toba, Sueyoshi. 1984. Khaling. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa