Latgalian language

Latgalian
latgalīšu volūda
Native to	Latvia, Russia
Region	Latgalia, Selonia, Vidzeme, Siberia, Bashkiriya
Native speakers	150,000–200,000 (2009)[1]
Language family	Indo-European Balto-Slavic Baltic Eastern Baltic Latvian Latgalian
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ltg
Glottolog	None

Latgalian is spoken in Latgale, the eastern part of Latvia. It is debated whether it is a separate language or a dialect of Latvian.^[2] Its standardized form is recognized and protected as a variety of Latvian language by Latvian law.^[3]

History

Distribution of the Baltic tribes, circa AD 1200 (boundaries are approximate).

Originally Latgalians were a tribe living in modern Vidzeme and Latgale. It is thought that they spoke the Latvian language, which later spread through the rest of the modern Latvia, absorbing features of Old Curonian, Semigallian, Selonian and Livonian languages. The modern Latgale became politically separated during the Polish–Swedish wars, remaining part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as Inflanty Voivodeship, while the rest of Latvians lived in lands dominated by Baltic German nobility. Both centuries of separate development and the influence of different prestige languages likely contributed to the development of modern Latgalian as distinct from the language spoken in Vidzeme and other parts of Latvia.

The modern Latgalian language literary tradition started to develop in the 18th century from vernaculars spoken by Latvians in the eastern part of Latvia. The first surviving book published in Latgalian is "Evangelia toto anno" (Gospels for the whole year) in 1753. The first systems of orthography were borrowed from Polish and used Antiqua letters. It was very different from the German-influenced orthography, usually written in Blackletter or Gothic script, used for the Latvian language in the rest of Latvia. Many Latgalian books in late 18th and early 19th century were authored by Jesuit priests, who came from various European countries to Latgale as the north-eastern outpost of the Roman Catholic religion; their writings included religious literature, calendars and poetry.

Publishing books in the Latgalian language along with the Lithuanian was forbidden from 1865 to 1904. The ban on using Latin letters in this part of the Russian Empire followed immediately after the January Uprising, where Polish insurgents in Poland, and also in Lithuania and Latgale, challenged the czarist rule. During the ban, only a limited number of smuggled Catholic religious texts and some hand-written literature was available, e.g. calendars written by the self-educated peasant Andryvs Jūrdžys.

After the repeal of the ban in 1904 there was a quick rebirth of the Latgalian literary tradition; first newspapers, textbooks and grammars appeared. In 1918 Latgale became part of the newly created Latvian state. From 1920 to 1934 the two literary traditions of Latvians developed in parallel. A notable achievement during this period was the original translation of the New Testament into Latgalian by the priest and scholar Aloizijs Broks, published in Aglona in 1933. After the coup staged by Kārlis Ulmanis in 1934, the subject of the Latgalian dialect was removed from the school curriculum and was invalidated for use in state institutions; this was as part of an effort to standardize Latvian language usage. Latgalian survived as a spoken language during the Soviet annexation of Latvia (1940–1991) while printed literature in Latgalian virtually ceased between 1959 and 1989. Some Latgalian intellectuals in emigration continued to publish books and studies of the Latgalian language, most notably Mikeļs Bukšs, see bibliography.

Since the restoration of Latvian independence there has been a noticeable increase of interest in the Latgalian language and cultural heritage. It is taught as an optional subject in some universities; in Rēzekne the "Latgales kultūras centra izdevniecība" (Publishing House of Latgalian Culture Centre) led by Jānis Elksnis, prints both old and new books in Latgalian.

In 1992 Juris Cibuļs together with Lideja Leikuma published one of the first Latgalian Alphabet books after the restoration of the language.

In the 21st century the Latgalian language has become more visible in Latvia's cultural life. Apart from its preservation movements, Latgalian can be more often heard in different interviews on the national TV channels, and there are modern rockgroups such as Borowa MC and Dabasu Durovys singing in Latgalian who have had moderate success also throughout the country. Today, Latgalian is also found in written form in public signs, such as some street names and shop signs,^[4] evidences of growing use in the linguistic landscape.

Classification

Latgalian is a member of the Eastern Baltic branch of the Baltic group of languages included in the family of Indo-European languages. The branch also includes Latvian, Samogitian and Lithuanian. Latgalian is a moderately inflected language; the number of verb and noun forms is characteristic of many other Baltic and Slavic languages (see Inflection in Baltic Languages).

Geographic distribution

Use of Latgalian in everyday communication in Latvia (2011)

Latgalian is spoken by about 150,000 people,^[5] mainly in Latvia; there are small Latgalian-speaking communities in Russia, Siberia.

Official status

Between 1920 and 1934 Latgalian was used in local government and education in Latgale. Now Latgalian is not used as an official language anywhere in Latvia. It is formally protected by the Latvian Language Law stating that "The Latvian State ensures the preservation, protection and development of the Latgalian literary language as a historical variant of the Latvian language" (§3.4).^[6] There is a state-supported orthography commission of the Latgalian language. Whether the Latgalian language is a separate language or a dialect of Latvian has been a matter of heated debate throughout the 20th century. Proponents of Latgalian such as linguists Antons Breidaks and Lidija Leikuma have suggested Latgalian has the characteristics of an independent language. Officially Latgalian is considered a variety of Latvian, meaning that Latvian language has two different written standards - Latvian and Latgalian.

Dialects

Latgalian speakers can be classified into three main groups – Northern, Central and Southern. These three groups of local accents are entirely mutually intelligible and characterized only by minor changes in vowels, diphthongs and some inflexion endings. The regional accents of central Latgale (such as those spoken in the towns and rural municipalities of Juosmuiža, Vuorkova, Vydsmuiža, Viļāni, Sakstygols, Ūzulaine, Makašāni, Drycāni, Gaigalova, Bierži, Tiļža and Nautrāni) form the phonetical basis of the modern standard Latgalian language. The literature of 18th century was more influenced by the Southern accents of Latgalian.

Alphabet

The Latgalian language uses an alphabet with 35 letters. Its orthography is similar to Latvian orthography, but has two additional letters: ⟨y⟩ represents [ɨ]), an allophone of /i/ which is absent in standard Latvian. The letter ⟨ō⟩ survives from the pre-1957 Latvian orthography.

Alphabet

Upper case	Lower case	Pronunciation
A	a	/a/
Ā	ā	/aː/
B	b	/b/
C	c	/t͡s/
Č	č	/t͡ʃ/
D	d	/d/
E	e	/ɛ/
Ē	ē	/ɛː/
F	f	/f/
G	g	/a/
Ģ	ģ	/ɡʲ/
H	h	/x/
I	i	/i/
Y	y	/ɨ/
Ī	ī	/iː/
J	j	/j/
K	k	/k/
Ķ	ķ	/kʲ/
L	l	/l/
Ļ	ļ	/lʲ/
M	m	/m/
N	n	/n/
Ņ	ņ	/nʲ/
O	o	/ɔ/
Ō	ō	/ɔː/
P	p	/p/
R	r	/r/
S	s	/s/
Š	š	/ʃ/
T	t	/t/
U	u	/u/
Ū	ū	/uː/
V	v	/v/
Z	z	/z/
Ž	ž	/ʒ/

Language examples

Tik skrytuļam ruodīs: iz vītys jis grīžās,
A brauciejam breinums, kai tuoli ceļš aizvess,
Tai vuorpsteite cīši pret sprāduoju paušās,
Jei naatteik – vacei gi dzejis gols zvaigznēs.

Pruots naguorbej ramu, juos lepneibu grūžoj,
Vys jamās pa sovam ļauds pasauli puormeit,
Bet nak jau sevkuram vīns kuorsynoj myužu
I ramaņu jumtus līk īguodu kuormim.

Na vysim tai sadar kai kuošam ar speini,
Sirds narymst i nabeidz par sātmalim tēmēt,
A pruots rauga skaitejs pa rokstaudža zeimem,
Kai riedeits, kod saulei vēļ vaiņuku jēme.

(Poem of Armands Kūceņš)

The Lord's Prayer in Latgalian:

Tāvs myusu, kas esi debesīs,
svēteits lai tūp Tovs vōrds.
Lai atnōk Tova vaļsteiba.
Tova vaļa lai nūteik, kai debesīs,
tai ari vērs zemes.
Myusu ikdīneiškū maizi dūd mums šudiņ.
Un atlaid mums myusu porōdus,
kai ari mes atlaižam sovim porōdnīkim.
Un naīved myusu kārdynōšonā,
bet izglōb myusus nu ļauna Amen.

Phrases

Latgalian	Latvian	Meaning
Vasals!	Sveiks!	Hi! (literally, "Hale and Hearty!", "Sveiks" is more common as "Hi" in Latvian but has a different meaning)
Loba dīna!	Labdien!	Hello, Good day!
Muns vuords Eugeņs.	Mans vārds ir Eugeņs.	My name is Eugene.
Šudiņ breineiga dīna!	Šodien ir brīnišķīga diena!	Today is a wonderful/beautiful day!
Vīns, div, treis, niu tu breivs!	Viens, divi, trīs, nu tu esi brīvs!	One, two, three, now you are free! (Counting game for children)
Asu aizjimts itamā šaļtī!	Esmu aizņemts šobrīd!	I am busy at the moment!
Es tevi mīļoju!	Es tevi mīlu!	I love you!
Asu nu Latgolys.	Esmu no Latgales.	I am from Latgalia. (In Latvian slang, "esu" is short for "es esmu.")
As īšu iz sātu.	Es iešu mājās.	I will go home. (Note, "sēta" in Latvian means the courtyard to a homestead, also homestead; so a more rural/agrarian sense of "home" in the Latgalian than in the Latvian "mājās", which is more evocative of a house.)
Maņ pateik vuiceitīs.	Man patīk mācīties.	I like to learn. (Note, this marked difference between Latgalian and Latvian is quite typical. The set of examples here are quite similar because they relate to basic concepts.)

Common words in Latgalian and Lithuanian, different from Latvian

Note the impact of foreign influences on Latvian (German in Kurzeme and Vidzeme, Polish, Lithuanian in Latgale).

English	Latvian	Latgalian	Lithuanian	Comments
around	apkārt	apleik	aplink	aplinkus in Latvian means "indirectly"
always	vienmēr	vysod	visad(a)	visādi means "various" in Latvian, using it to mean "always" is archaic
everyday-	ikdienas-	kasdīnys-	kasdienis
he	viņš, šis	jis	jis
urgent	steidzams	skubeigs	skubus	skubīgs has the same meaning in Latvian, but is rarely used
to interrogate, to ask	taujāt, izjautāt	klaust	klausti, klausinėti	klausīties in Latvian is "to listen"; klau! means "hey!"; klaušināt means to ask several people
girl, maid	meita, meitene	mārga	mergina, merga	meita in Latvian is used more often as "daughter" while meitene means "girl" exclusively
kerchief	lakatiņš	skareņa	skarelė
dress, frock	kleita	sukne	suknelė	kleita in Latvian is adapted from the German das Kleid, any native term has been lost. Latgalian and Lithuanian - comp. Polish suknia.
top, apical	galotne, virsotne	viersyune	viršūnė
pillar, column	stabs	stulps	stulpas	stulpiņi (diminutive, plural for "stulps") in Latvian is preserved as "leggings"
to read	lasīt	skaiteit	skaityti	skaitīt in Latvian means to count, noskaitīt is to recite
to come	nākt	atīt	ateiti	atiet in Latvian means to depart (the root word "iet" means "to go")
row, range, line	rinda	aiļa	eilė	aile in Latvian means row in very narrow sense - it refers to space between two lines
to sit down	apsēsties	atsasēst	atsisėsti
to answer	atbildēt	atsaceit	atsakyti	atsacīt in Latvian means to reject, refuse (and to do it quickly and sharply), atsakyti can be used with this meaning in Lithuanian too
to torture	mocīt	komuot	kamuoti
to die (about animals)	nosprāgt	nūgaist	nugaišti
to squeeze	maidzīt	maidzeit	maigyti
to catch a cold	saaukstēties	puorsaļt	peršalti	pārsalt in Latvian means to freeze overly (near death)
cold	auksts	solts	šalta	auksts is more common in Latvian for "cold" than "salts" which is a chilling cold
mistake	kļūda	klaida	klaida
page	lappuse	puslopa	puslapis	compound word, in Latvian the order is "leaf"+"side", reverse of the order in Latgalian and Lithuanian
down, downward	lejup	zamyn	žemyn	zemu in Latvian means "low"
and, also	un	i	ir	un and arī are common usage in Latvian, "i" is archaic found mainly in folk songs and poetry
to settle in	iekārtoties	īsataiseit	įsitaisyti
family	ģimene	saime	šeima	"ģimene" is used in Latvian for the core family, saime denotes extended family and household, for example, saimnieks, saimniece are master and mistress, respectively, of the household while in Lithuanian it is giminė which is used for extended family
homeland	tēvzeme	tāvaine	tėvynė
east	austrumi	reiti	rytai	"rīti" is less common, poetic form in Latvian
west	rietumi	vokori	vakarai	"vakari" is less common, poetic form in Latvian
to stand up	piecelties	atsastuot	atsistoti
to sore	sūrstēt	pierkšēt	perštėti
scissors	šķēres	zirklis	žirklės	šķēres in Latvian is adapted from the German die Schere, dzirkles refers to shears

References

2. Druviete, Ina (22 July 2001). "Recenzija par pētījumu "Valodas loma reģiona attīstībā"" (in Latvian). Politika.lv. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
3. "Valsts valodas likums" (in Latvian). Retrieved 15 August 2013.
4. Sanita Lazdina. 2013. A transitions from spontaneity to planning? Economic values and educational policies in the process of revitalizing the regional language of Latgalian (Latvia). Current Issues in Language Planning 14:382-402.
5. UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (Select "Latvia" in the drop-down Country or area menu and then "Latgalian language" from the drop-down suggestion list in the Language field.).
6. Archived March 7, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.

External links

• Latvian–Latgalian Dictionary
• Sanita Lazdiņa, Heiko F. Marten: Latgalian in Latvia: A Continuous Struggle for Political Recognition. In: Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe
• The Two Literary Traditions of Latvians
• Some facts about Latgalian language
• The Grammar of Latgalian Language (in Latvian, PDF document)