Pa-Hng language
Pa-Hng | |
---|---|
Pateng | |
Pronunciation | [pa˧˩ŋ̊ŋ˧˥] |
Native to | China, Vietnam |
Native speakers | 34,000 (1995–2009)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 |
pha |
Glottolog |
pahn1237 [2] |
Pa-Hng (also spelled Pa-Hung; Chinese: å·´å“¼è¯ BÄhÄ“ng yÇ”) is a divergent Hmongic (Miao) language spoken in Guizhou, Guangxi, and Hunan in southern China as well as northern Vietnam.
Classification
Pa-Hng has long been recognized as divergent. Benedict (1986) argued that one of its dialects constituted a separate branch of the Miao–Yao family. Ratliff (2010) found it to be the most divergent Hmongic (Miao) language that she analyzed.[3] This Bahengic branch also includes Younuo (Yuno) and Wunai (Hm Nai).[4]
Names
Pa-Hng speakers are called by the following names (Mao & Li 1997).
- pa˧˩ŋ̥ŋ˧˥ (巴哼)
- m̥m˧˥nai˧ (唔奈)
- Red Yao (红瑶)
- Flowery Yao (花瑶)
- Eight Surname Yao (å…«å§“ç‘¶)
In Liping County, Guizhou, the Dong people call the Pa-Hng ka˧˩jiu˧ (嘎优), while the Miao people call them taË¥tia˦˨ju˧ (大达优).[5] In Tongdao County, Hunan, the Pa-Hng (xeŋ˧) are also known as the Seven Surname Yao 七姓瑶, since they have the seven surnames of Shen 沈, Lan å…°, Dai 戴, Deng é‚“, Ding ä¸, Pu è’², and Feng 奉.[6]
In China, Pa-Hng speakers are classified as Yao, even though their language is Hmongic rather than Mienic.
Varieties
Mao & Li (1997) splits Pa-Hng into the following subdivisions, and most closely related to Hm Nai:
- Pa-Hng proper (巴哼 pa˧˩ŋ̥ŋ˧˥)
- Northern
- Southern
- Hm Nai (唔奈 m̥m˧˥nai˧)
Vocabulary word lists for these three Pa-Hng varieties can be found in Mao & Li (1997). An additional dialect is found in Vietnam.
- Northern Pa-Hng: Gundong 滚董, Liping County 黎平, Guizhou
- Southern Pa-Hng: Wenjie 文界, Sanjiang County 三江, Guangxi
- Hm Nai: Huxingshan 虎形山, Longhui County 隆回, Hunan
The Na-e dialect (also known by the Vietnamese rendition of Pa-Hng, Pà Then [Pateng]), is a geographic outlier. Paul Benedict (1986) argued that it is not actually Pa-Hng, or even Hmongic, but a separate branch of the Miao–Yao language family.[7] However, Strecker (1987) responded that it does appear to be a Pa-Hng dialect, though it has some peculiarities, and that Pa-Hng as a whole is divergent.[8]
Jerold A. Edmondson has reported Pa-Hng dialects in Bac Quang District and Hong Quang Village of Chiem Hoa District in northern Vietnam, and found that they were most closely related to the Pa-Hng dialect spoken in Gaoji Township 高基, Sanjiang County, Guangxi.[9]
Distribution
China
Pa-Hng speakers are distributed in the following counties in China. Most of the counties have 1,000 - 6,000 Pa-Hng speakers (Mao & Li 1997).
- Hunan
- Longhui County, Shaoyang (Hm-Nai speakers)
- Hm-Nai: Huxingshan 虎形山乡ã€Xiaoshajiang å°æ²™æ±Ÿä¹¡ã€Motang 磨塘乡ã€Dashuitian 大水田乡
- Dongkou County, Shaoyang (Hm-Nai speakers)
- Chenxi County, Huaihua (Hm-Nai speakers)
- Xupu County, Huaihua (Hm-Nai speakers)
- Tongdao County, Huaihua (Hm-Nai speakers): 1,779 people (2000), in Chuansu Township ä¼ ç´ ç‘¶æ—乡 and Linkou Township 临å£é•‡ (in Shangdong ä¸Šæ´žæ‘ and Xiadong ä¸‹æ´žæ‘ villages).[6] Highly endangered status.[10]
- Chengbu Miao Autonomous County, Shaoyang
- Xinning County, Shaoyang
- Suining County, Shaoyang (100+ speakers)
- Longhui County, Shaoyang (Hm-Nai speakers)
- Guizhou
- Liping County
- Northern Pa-Hng: Gundong 滚董乡ã€Shunhua 顺化乡
- Congjiang County
- Southern Pa-Hng: Gaomang 高忙乡
- Liping County
- Guangxi
- Rongshui County (12,000+ speakers)
- Northern Pa-Hng: Dalang 大浪乡ã€Danian 大年乡ã€Antai 安太乡ã€Dongtou 洞头乡ã€Gunbei 滚è´ä¹¡ã€Wangdong 汪洞乡ã€Gandong æ†æ´žä¹¡; Huaibao 怀å®é•‡[10]
- Southern Pa-Hng: Baiyun 白云乡ã€Dalang 大浪乡ã€Anchui 安陲乡ã€Xiangfen 香粉乡
- Sanjiang County
- Northern Pa-Hng: Tongle åŒä¹ä¹¡ã€Laobao è€å ¡ä¹¡
- Southern Pa-Hng: Wenjie 文界乡ã€Liangkou 良å£ä¹¡
- Longsheng County
- Southern Pa-Hng: Sanmen 三门乡ã€Pingdeng å¹³ç‰ä¹¡
- Lingui County
- (13 other counties)
- Rongshui County (12,000+ speakers)
Vietnam
Pa-Hng is also spoken in small pockets of northern Vietnam. In Vietnam, the Pa-Hng are an officially recognized ethnic group numbering around a few thousand people, where they are called Pà Thẻn. Na-e as reported by Bonifacy (1905) is also found in northern Vietnam.
- Tân Trịnh, Quảng Bình District, Hà Giang Province, Vietnam (Niederer 2004)
- Bắc Quang District, Hà Giang Province, Vietnam[9][11]
- Minh Thương Village, Tân Láºp Township
- Tân Thịnh Township
- Hồng Quang Village, Chiêm Hoá District, Tuyên Quang Province (62 km northwest of Chiêm Hoá City), where the speakers are known as Mèo Hoa (Flowery Miao)[11]
According to Vu (2013:12-15),[12] the ancestors of the Pà Thẻn had first migrated from Guangxi to Hải Ninh (now Quảng Ninh Province), and then from Hải Ninh to the Thái Nguyên area. The Pà Thẻn then split off to settle in three main areas.
- Linh Phú (Chiêm Hóa District, Tuyên Quang) and Trung Sơn (Yên Sơn District, Tuyên Quang)
- Lăng Can (Na Hang District, Tuyên Quang), Hồng Quang (Chiêm Hóa District, Tuyên Quang), and Hữu Sản (Bắc Quang District, Hà Giang)
- From Xuân Minh (Quang Bình District, Hà Giang), the Pà Thẻn migrated to the communes of Yên Bình, Yên Thà nh, Tân Trịnh, Tân Nam (all in Quang Bình District, Hà Giang) and Tân Láºp (Bắc Quang District, Hà Giang).
References
- ↑ Pa-Hng at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Pa-Hng". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ↑ Ratliff, Martha. 2010. Hmong–Mien language history. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics.
- ↑ 毛宗æ¦, æŽäº‘å…µ / Mao Zongwu, Li Yunbing. 1997. 巴哼è¯ç ”ç©¶ / Baheng yu yan jiu (A Study of Baheng [Pa-Hng]). Shanghai: 上海远东出版社 / Shanghai yuan dong chu ban she.
- ↑ Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer [贵州çœå¿—. æ°‘æ—å¿—] (2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House [è²´å·žæ°‘æ—出版社].
- 1 2 Tongdao Dong Autonomous County Ethnic Gazetteer 通é“ä¾—æ—自治县民æ—å¿— (2004).
- ↑ Benedict, Paul. 1986. "Miao–Yao Enigma: The Na-e language". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 9.1:89–90.
- ↑ Strecker, David. 1987. 'Some Comments on Benedict's "Miao–Yao Enigma: The Na-e language".' Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 10:22–42; and Addendum, pp 43–53.
- 1 2 http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/research/map.html
- 1 2 æ¯›å®—æ¦ / Mao Zongwu. 优诺è¯ç ”ç©¶ / Younuo yu yan jiu (A Study of Younuo). Beijing: æ°‘æ—出版社 / Min zu chu ban she, 2007.
- 1 2 Edmondson, J.A. and Gregerson, K.J. 2001, "Four Languages of the Vietnam-China Borderlands", in Papers from the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, ed. K.L. Adams and T.J. Hudak, Tempe, Arizona, pp. 101-133. Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies.
- ↑ VÅ© Quốc Khánh. 2013. Ngưá»i Pà Thẻn ở Việt Nam [The Pa Then in Vietnam]. Hà Ná»™i: Nhà xuất bản thông tấn.
- Mao Zongwu [毛宗æ¦], Li Yunbing [æŽäº‘å…µ]. 1997. A study of Pa-Hng [巴哼è¯ç ”ç©¶]. Shanghai: Shanghai Far East Publishing House [上海远东出版社].
External links
- http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/edmondson1992pa-hng.pdf
- Pa-Hng and Hm Nai comparative vocabulary list on Wiktionary (6 dialects compared)
- ABVD: Pa-Hng (Gundong) word list
- Hm Nai of Longhui County, Hunan
- Yao of Malin Township, Xinning County, Hunan
- http://cema.gov.vn/modules.php?name=Content&op=details&mid=524
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