Selkup language

Selkup
Native to	Russia
Region	Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Ethnicity	Selkup people
Native speakers	1,000 (2010 census)[1]
Language family	Uralic Samoyedic (core) Kamas–Selkup Selkup
Language codes
ISO 639-2	sel
ISO 639-3	sel
Glottolog	selk1253[2]

Selkup language is the language of the Selkups, belonging to the Samoyedic group of the Uralic language family. It is spoken by some 1,570 people (1994 est.) in the region between the Ob and Yenisei Rivers (in Siberia). The language name Selkup comes from the Russian "cелькупский язык" (selkupsky yazyk), based on the native name used in the Taz dialect, шӧльӄумыт әты šöľqumyt әty, lit. forest-man language. Different dialects use different names.

Selkup is fractured in an extensive dialect continuum whose ends are no longer mutually intelligible. The three main varieties are the Taz (Northern) dialect (тазовский диалект, tazovsky dialekt), which became the basis of the Selkup written language in the 1930s, Tym (Central) dialect (тымский диалект, tymsky dialekt), and Ket dialect (кетский диалект, ketsky dialekt).

Phonology

There are 25 vowel and 16 consonant phonemes in the Taz dialect.

Taz Selkup consonants

	Labial	Dental	Palatal(ized)	Velar	Uvular
Nasals	/m/	/n/	/nʲ/	/ŋ/	[ɴ]
Stops	/p/	/t/	/tʲ/	/k/	/q/
Fricatives	([f])	/s/	/sʲ/	([x])	([χ])
Trills		/r/			[ʀ]
Laterals		/l/	/lʲ/
Semivowels	/w/		/j/

• Voicing is not phonemic. Stops and fricatives may be voiced between vowels or after sonorant consonants.
• The palatalized stop and fricative /tʲ/, /sʲ/ are most typically rendered as an alveolo-palatal affricate [tɕ] and fricative [ɕ].
• Before front vowels, palatalized variants of other consonants are also found.
• [ɴ] and [ʀ] are allophones of /q/ when occurring before nasals and liquids, respectively.
• The non-coronal stops /p/, /k/, /q/ have optional fricative allophones [f], [x], [χ] when occurring before /s/ or /sʲ/.

Taz Selkup vowels

		Front		Central	Back
		Unrounded	Rounded	Unrounded	Rounded
Tense	Close	/i/, /iː/	/y/, /yː/	/ɨ/, /ɨː/	/u/,	/uː/
	Mid	/e/, /eː/	/ø/, /øː/	/ɘ/, /ɘː/	/o/, /oː/
	Open	/æ/, /æː/		/a/, /aː/
Lax	Close	/ɪ/, /ɪː/		[ɪ̈ ~ ə]
	Mid	/ɛ/, /ɛː/			/ɔː/

• Vowel length is phonemic. /ɔː/ alone, deriving from proto-Selkup */aː/, has no short counterpart.
• The tenseness contrast, an innovation of northern Selkup, is independent of length (e.g. /i/, /iː/, /ɪ/, /ɪː/ all contrast).
• The full range of vowel quality contrasts is only possible in the initial syllable of a word: in later syllables, /e/ /ø/ /ɘ/ /y/ /ɨ/ of either length do not occur, nor does long /uː/. (Shown on a darker gray background.)
• The non-phonemic lax central vowel [ɪ̈ ~ ə] only occurs in unstressed non-first syllables; it is normally treated equivalent with short tense /ɨ/.

Selkup has a syllable structure (C)V(C). Word-initial /ŋ/ and word-final /tʲ/ or /w/ do not occur. Various consonant clusters and geminate consonants such as /nt/, /rm/, /sʲsʲ/ may occur, though many potential combinations occurring morphologically are simplified.

Stress in Selkup is marginally phonemic. Generally the rightmost long vowel in a word is stressed, or otherwise the first syllable, but certain suffixes with short vowels may acquire stress, leading to minimal pairs such as [ˈtɕɛlʲtɕalqo] "to stamp down" vs. [tɕɛlʲˈtɕalqo] "to stamp once".

References

1. Selkup at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Selkup". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

• Helimski, Eugene. 1998. "Selkup". In: Abondolo, David (ed): Uralic languages. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08198-X.

External links

• Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia: The Selkup Language
• The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire: The Selkups