Kundal Shahi language

Kundal Shahi
Native to	Pakistan
Native speakers	700 (2005)[1]
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Dardic Shina Kundal Shahi
Language codes
ISO 639-3	shd
Glottolog	kund1257[2]

Kundal Shahi is an endangered Dardic language of Pakistan. Speakers are shifting to Hindko.

Phonology

The following tables set out the phonology of Kundal Shahi.^[3]

Vowels

Kandal Shahi is unusual amongst Dardic languages in that it has front rounded vowels.^[3]

	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
Close	i iː	y yː		u uː
Close-Mid	e eː	øː	ə	o oː
Open-Mid	ɛ ɛː		ʌ	ɔ ɔː
Open			a aː

Consonants

Like Kashmiri, Kundal Shahi is unusual amongst Dardic languages in that it lacks retroflex fricatives and affricates.^[3]

		Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ɳ		(ŋ)
Plosive	voiceless	p	t	ʈ		k	(q)
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	ʈʰ		kʰ
	voiced	b	d	ɖ		ɡ
Affricate	voiceless				tʃ
	aspirated				tʃʰ
	voiced				dʒ
Fricative	voiceless	f	ɳ		ʃ	x		h
	voiced		z			ɣ
Lateral			l
Flap			ɾ	ɽ
Approximant					j	w

Tone

Kundal Shahi, like many Dardic languages, has either phonemic tone or, as in Kundal Shahi, pitch accent.^[4] Words may have only one accented mora, which is associated with high pitch; the remaining mora have a default or low pitch.^[3]

References

1. Kundal Shahi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Kundal Shahi". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
3. Baart, Joan L. G. and Khawaja A. Rehman (2005), A First Look at the Language of Kundal Shahi in Azad Kashmir (PDF), SIL International, pp. 10–13
4. Baart, Joan L. G. (2003), Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan (PDF), National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics, pp. 3, 6